著者
佐野 賢治
出版者
日本文化人類学会
雑誌
民族學研究 (ISSN:24240508)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, no.3, pp.235-258, 1976-12-30 (Released:2018-03-27)

The eel is an interesting creature from the standpoint of biology, that is, its migration, its geographical distribution, its transformation of sex and so on. And because of its mysterious life, many legends and beliefs concerning the eel also have been originated and transmitted all over the world since ancient times. What interests the author is the ethnographic information that some ethnic groups don,t eat eels at all in Formosa, Micronesia, the Philippines and so on, with relation to totem ,animal and ancestor worship. Although we can hear a lot of folklore concerning eels in Japan, a non-eel-diet taboo is almost always told with Buddhist Kokuzo-Belief. The folk-explanation is that an eel is the messenger or the favorite food of Kokuzo-Budhisattva (akasa-garbha) and therefore should not eat it. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the development of an interrelationship between eels and Kokuzo-Budhisatta and to analyse several aspects of a non-eel-diet taboo in the historical ,context. Japanese folktales around the eel are classified according to the following items : (a) An eel as the messenger of a Kami (god) or of Buddha. The deities usually represented being that of Suijin (a water deity) , Mishimamyojin (三島明神) , Konpiragongen (金比羅宮) or Kokuzo-Bodhisattva. (b) An eel which transforms itself into a man, usually a monk. This eel usually represents the guardian spirit of a pond or river. (c) A one-eyed eel. These always possess magical powers. (d) An unusual or mutated eel and its activities. (i. e. a red, yellow or white eel an eel having large ears.) (e) The origin of a place name after an eel ; i. e., eel-mound, eel-wamp, eel-abyss, eel-paddy, etc. An overview of these folk tales leads to the following concept : People in early times thought the eel was a water deity itself, or the messenger of a water deity who was the guardian spirit of a pond, marsh, river, deep or lake. The eel inspired apprehension among these primitive folk due to its strange appearance and activities. Also in Japan, there is some evidence which indicates that the eel may be a mythical ancestor. The belief that spiritual creatures in water bodies may change into a one-eyed eel, which indicates the tenement of a god, is an idea promulgated by the late Kunio Yanagita. In another legend, the eel appears in a deluge in which the eel is transformed into a monk who warns the populace of approaching disaster and consequently saves them from catastro-phe. Kokuzo-Bodhisattva beliefs have included the mitigation or avoidance of disaster since the Nara Period. One particular Kokuzo sutra, which prevailed widely among temples practicing Kokuzo beliefs in Japan, portrays Kokuzo-Bodhisattva as an itinerant priest who displays his ability to avert disaster more effectively than any other Bodhisattva. Shingon Sect priests (当山派修験) , as proponents of this Kokuzo belief, have connected this belief with that of the eel and its appearance during innundation. The aforementioned information is the product of research data obtained from Tokurenji Temple (徳蓮寺) in Mie Prefecture. Tokurenji Temple belongs to the Shingon Sect and has tradition that the itinerant Kobodaishi (a founder of the Shingon Sect) stayed at this temple at some point in its early history. Many "Ema" (small wooden tablets with an optative phrase and a suitable picture) are dedicated to this temple and most of them are pictures drawn with a catfish and an eel. we can guess that the catfish was added at a later date because of the synonimity of its name and the name of a skin disease "namazu" and the folk-connection of the catfish to the cure of the disease.
著者
佐野 賢治
出版者
日本文化人類学会
雑誌
民族學研究 (ISSN:00215023)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, no.3, pp.235-258, 1976

The eel is an interesting creature from the standpoint of biology, that is, its migration, its geographical distribution, its transformation of sex and so on. And because of its mysterious life, many legends and beliefs concerning the eel also have been originated and transmitted all over the world since ancient times. What interests the author is the ethnographic information that some ethnic groups don,t eat eels at all in Formosa, Micronesia, the Philippines and so on, with relation to totem ,animal and ancestor worship. Although we can hear a lot of folklore concerning eels in Japan, a non-eel-diet taboo is almost always told with Buddhist Kokuzo-Belief. The folk-explanation is that an eel is the messenger or the favorite food of Kokuzo-Budhisattva (akasa-garbha) and therefore should not eat it. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the development of an interrelationship between eels and Kokuzo-Budhisatta and to analyse several aspects of a non-eel-diet taboo in the historical ,context. Japanese folktales around the eel are classified according to the following items : (a) An eel as the messenger of a Kami (god) or of Buddha. The deities usually represented being that of Suijin (a water deity) , Mishimamyojin (三島明神) , Konpiragongen (金比羅宮) or Kokuzo-Bodhisattva. (b) An eel which transforms itself into a man, usually a monk. This eel usually represents the guardian spirit of a pond or river. (c) A one-eyed eel. These always possess magical powers. (d) An unusual or mutated eel and its activities. (i. e. a red, yellow or white eel an eel having large ears.) (e) The origin of a place name after an eel ; i. e., eel-mound, eel-wamp, eel-abyss, eel-paddy, etc. An overview of these folk tales leads to the following concept : People in early times thought the eel was a water deity itself, or the messenger of a water deity who was the guardian spirit of a pond, marsh, river, deep or lake. The eel inspired apprehension among these primitive folk due to its strange appearance and activities. Also in Japan, there is some evidence which indicates that the eel may be a mythical ancestor. The belief that spiritual creatures in water bodies may change into a one-eyed eel, which indicates the tenement of a god, is an idea promulgated by the late Kunio Yanagita. In another legend, the eel appears in a deluge in which the eel is transformed into a monk who warns the populace of approaching disaster and consequently saves them from catastro-phe. Kokuzo-Bodhisattva beliefs have included the mitigation or avoidance of disaster since the Nara Period. One particular Kokuzo sutra, which prevailed widely among temples practicing Kokuzo beliefs in Japan, portrays Kokuzo-Bodhisattva as an itinerant priest who displays his ability to avert disaster more effectively than any other Bodhisattva. Shingon Sect priests (当山派修験) , as proponents of this Kokuzo belief, have connected this belief with that of the eel and its appearance during innundation. The aforementioned information is the product of research data obtained from Tokurenji Temple (徳蓮寺) in Mie Prefecture. Tokurenji Temple belongs to the Shingon Sect and has tradition that the itinerant Kobodaishi (a founder of the Shingon Sect) stayed at this temple at some point in its early history. Many "Ema" (small wooden tablets with an optative phrase and a suitable picture) are dedicated to this temple and most of them are pictures drawn with a catfish and an eel. we can guess that the catfish was added at a later date because of the synonimity of its name and the name of a skin disease "namazu" and the folk-connection of the catfish to the cure of the disease.
著者
佐野 賢治 森 武麿 小熊 誠 内田 青蔵 安室 知 泉水 英計 森 幸一
出版者
神奈川大学
雑誌
挑戦的萌芽研究
巻号頁・発行日
2012-04-01

日系南米移民の生活世界の形成において本国の文化はどのような役割を果たし、また、新たな環境のもとでどのような変化を遂げたのか。本研究は、このような問いに対し、日本民俗学が東アジアで蓄積してきた知見と調査法をもって答える可能性を探求したものである。具体的な研究活動は、移民資料の現状確認に赴いたブラジル国サンパウロ州での2度の現地調査である。諸機関が収蔵する生活用具の保管状態を検分して登録記録を収集し、また、日系入植地を巡見して初期の入植者家屋や工場、宗教施設を見学しつつ古老の記憶の聞き書きをすすめた。その結果、本格的な調査研究を展開する適地としてレジストロ植民地が見出され、次期事業が策定された。
著者
福田 アジオ 周 正良 朱 秋楓 白 庚勝 巴莫曲布む 劉 鉄梁 周 星 陶 立ふぁん 張 紫晨 橋本 裕之 福原 敏男 小熊 誠 曽 士才 矢放 昭文 佐野 賢治 小林 忠雄 岩井 宏實 CHAN Rohen PAMO Ropumu 巴莫 曲布女莫 陶 立〓
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国際学術研究
巻号頁・発行日
1989

平成計年〜3年度にわたり中国江南地方において実施した本調査研究は当初の計画どおりすべて実施され、予定した研究目的に達することができた。江蘇省常熟市近郊の農村地帯、特に白茆郷を対象とした揚子江下流域のクリ-クに広がる中国でも典型的な稲作農村の民俗社会の実態とその伝承を記録化することができ、また浙江省の金華市および蘭渓市や麗水市における稲作の民俗社会を調査することが出来た。特に浙江省では中国少数民族の一つであるシェ族の村、山根村の民俗事象に触れることができ、多大な成果を得ることが出来た。2年度は前年度の調査実績を踏まえ、調査地を浙江省に絞り、特に蘭渓市殿山郷姚村、麗水市山根村、同堰頭村の3か所を重点的に調査した。ここでは研究分担者は各自の調査項目に従って、内容に踏み込み伝承事例や現状に関するデ-タを相当量収集することができた。また、この年度には中国側研究分担者8名を日本に招聘し、農村民俗の比較のために日中合同の農村調査を、千葉県佐倉市および沖縄県読谷村の村落を調査地に選び実施した。特に沖縄本島では琉球時代に中国文化が入り込み、民俗事象のなかにもその残存形態が見られることなどが確認され、多大な成果をあげることが出来た。3年度は報告書作成年度にあたり、前年度に決めた執筆要項にもとずき各自が原稿作成したが、内容等が不備がありまた事実確認の必要性が生じたことを踏まえ、研究代表者1名と分担者3名が派遣もしくは任意に参加し、補充調査を実施した。対象地域は前年度と同じく蘭渓市殿山郷姚村、麗水市山根村の2か村である。ここでは正確な村地図の作成をはじめ文書資料の確認など、補充すべき内容の項目について、それを充たすことが出来た。さらに、年度内報告書の作成をめざし報告書原稿を早急に集め、中国側研究分担者の代表である北京師範大学の張紫晨教授を日本に招聘し、綿密な編集打合せを行った。以上の調査経過を踏まえ、その成果を取りまとめた結果、次のような点が明らかとなった。(1)村落社会関係に関する調査結果として、中国の革命以前の村落の状況と解放後の変容過程に関して、個人の家レベルないし旧村落社会および村政府の仕組みや制度の実態について、また村が経営する郷鎮企業の現状についても記録し、同じく家族組織とそれを象徴する祖先崇拝、基制について等が記録された。特に基制については沖縄の基形態がこの地方のものと類似していること、そして沖縄には中国南方民俗の特徴である風水思想と干支重視の傾向があり、豚肉と先祖祭祀が結びついていることなどから、中国東南沿海地方の文化との共通性を見出し、日中比較研究として多大な成果をあげることが出来た。(2)人生儀礼および他界観といった分野では、誕生儀礼に関して樟樹信仰が注目され、これは樹木に木霊を認め、地ー天を考える南方的要素と樹木を依り代と見立て、天ー地への拝天的な北方的要素が融合した形と見られる。また成人儀礼ではシェ族に伝わる学師儀礼の実態や伝承が詳細に記録され、さらに貴州省のヤオ族との比較を含めた研究成果がまとめられた。特に中国古代の成人式の原始的機能が検出され、また先祖祭祀との関わりや道教的要素の浸透など貴重なデ-タが集積された。その他、中国民俗の色彩表徴の事例などの記録も出来た。(3)民間信仰および農耕儀礼として、年中行事による季節観念と農業生産との関係、農耕社会における祭祀の心理的要因や農耕に関する歌謡によって表出された季節的意味などに焦点をあて、ここではさらに日本の沖縄との比較を含めて分析された。さらに建築儀礼に関しても詳細に報告され、沖縄の石敢当を対象に中国との比較研究もまとめられた。(4)口承文芸および民俗芸能については稲作起源神話の伝承例を初めとし、江南地方の方言分布とその特徴ならびに文化的影響の問題について、さらに金華市と沖縄の闘牛行事の比較研究などに多大な成果を得ることが出来た。(これらは報告書として刊行予定)