著者

岡部 祐介 友添 秀則 春日 芳美

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.129-142, 2012

被引用文献数

2

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<i>Konjo</i> is the willpower necessary to endure suffering, and for making an effort, having become a word in daily use in society, as well as in sports. The purpose of this study was to clarify the opportunity and the factors responsible for the transformation of <i>konjo</i> in Japanese society in the 1960s. Our study focused on three points: 1) Clarifying how the meaning of the word <i>konjo</i> changed in the 1960s, from its dictionary definition and usage in newspaper articles. 2) Clarifying the situation in which <i>konjo</i> became popular through the Tokyo Olympic Games, and its spread to the sports community and to society. 3) Considering the factors responsible for the transformation of <i>konjo</i>, and to propose a hypothesis that could account for it.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Our conclusions were as follows: 1) The meaning of <i>konjo</i> evolved from a negative context of &ldquo;a fundamental character and mindset with which a person is born&rdquo; to a positive context of &ldquo;a strong, resilient character that cannot be suppressed&rdquo; and &ldquo;a strong motivation to accomplish an aim&rdquo; at the beginning of the 1960s. 2) <i>Konjo</i> was considered to the spiritual keynote for athletes at the Tokyo Olympic Games. Hirobumi Daimatsu's &ldquo;<i>konjo</i> theory&rdquo; had the persuasive reason by winning &ldquo;Oriental Witches&rdquo; championship at the Tokyo Olympics. In view of these factors, we considered that <i>konjo</i> was interpreted as a popularized moral virtue by society, and impacted on both education and popular culture. 3) We considered that the concept of <i>konjo</i> became transformed and was used to promote competitiveness in sports at the Tokyo Olympics as part of the strategy for &ldquo;character building&rdquo;. It also played a role in bolstering human resources that played a key role in economic development during the 1960s, and thus was of strategic value. The considerations listed above show that the Tokyo Olympic Games played an important role in the transformation of the concept of <i>konjo</i> in the 1960s.<br>

著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.149-157, 2014

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&nbsp;&nbsp;In this study, we focused on the collective responsibility of baseball club members who were not directly involved in a scandal, with the aim of providing a new insight into the ethics pertaining to suspension of the club from the Japan Student Baseball Association (JSBA). For this purpose, we referred to R&auml;ikk&auml; and Miller, who had conducted a rigorous analysis of collective responsibility for scandal involving individuals, and on this basis considered the punishment imposed by the JSBA in such cases.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Cases of scandal can be classified broadly into three categories: one in which there is no direct victim, one in which the victim is a member of the same team, and one in which the victim is a member of the public. We assessed the collective responsibility of the baseball club members who were not considered to have committed any misconduct directly related to these categories. The issue of individual scandal in high school baseball was addressed by considering the following four points:<br> 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing without seriously risking their position.<br> 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing by appealing for any facts readily available to them.<br> 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had had an opportunity to oppose any wrongdoing but did not do so because such efforts would have been considered futile.<br> 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not the club members had accepted any wrongdoing without opposition.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;On the basis of these considerations, we considered it reasonable to support disciplinary action from the JSBA in cases where violence and bullying at the club had continued for a long period. On the other hand, in clubs where there is a hierarchy structure of senior students over junior students, we considered it unreasonable to support any action of the JSBA against junior students who are unable to oppose any wrongdoing because of their inferior position. Also, in cases where there are no direct victims, such as those involving smoking and drinking, we considered that it was not appropriate to impose a suspension unless the prevailing ethos within the club promoted such practices. In cases where the victim is a member of the public, we considered it inappropriate to impose any suspension on members who have not been directly involved in misconduct.<br>

著者

梅垣 明美 友添 秀則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, 1991

著者

小野 雄大 友添 秀則 根本 想

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.599-620, 2017

被引用文献数

5

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In recent years, the way university sports are conducted has been under discussion. In particular, there is some concern about the balance between studies and competitive activities, which is important when considering the future of university sports in Japan. As no previous research has focused on sports recommendation admissions to universities in Japan, the present study first attempted to clarify the way in which this system has developed.<br>  The following findings were obtained:<br>  1.&nbsp;In Japan, even before the recommendation admission system was officially approved, athletes had been given preferential treatment in entrance examinations, which was not disclosed to the public or stipulated in application guides.<br>  2.&nbsp;Soon after the recommendation admission system was officially approved, campus disputes worsened, which caused the preferential admission treatment of athletes to be severely criticized, making it difficult to continue with the conventional system any longer. Accordingly, during the period from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, universities abolished the preferential treatment given to athletes in entrance examinations.<br>  3.&nbsp;Since the recommendation admission system was officially approved in 1967, the faculties of physical education at private universities, among others, started to actively admit athletes based on recommendation. These physical education faculties selected students based on physical skill tests to secure competent athletes. Thus, by matching the admission policy of the faculty with the sporting abilities of athletes, universities were able to secure competent athletes without having to impose a special admission quota for athletes.<br>  4.&nbsp;In the 1980s, private universities played a leading role in conducting entrance examinations with a special admission quota for athletes. Waseda University launched the Special Selection System for Physical Education Major, which introduced a special admission quota for athletes, specified the athletic events and performances, and made the selection process widely known to the public. In conducting this selection, however, the university faced a dilemma of whether or not to employ it as the system for strengthening their sports teams.<br>  5.&nbsp;In 1987, the Ad Hoc Council on Education, an advisory body of the Japanese Government on education, recommended that assessment of sports activities be taken into consideration in entrance examinations. The 1989, the Guidelines for University Entrance Examination, revised in accordance with the Council's recommendation, listed &ldquo;adequate assessment of activities in sports, culture, etc.&rdquo; as a selection method for university admission for the first time.<br>

著者

岡部 祐介 友添 秀則 吉永 武史 渡辺 輝也

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

no.61, 2010-09-08

著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則 岡部 祐介

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Education

雑誌

スポーツ教育学研究 (ISSN:09118845)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.13-25, 2012

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In basketball, there is one of the intentional rules violations, which is called "foul game". "Foul game" is the action that a defense player toward the end of a close game will intentionally foul players in possession of the ball in order to stop the clock. Although the dispute has so far been made from a viewpoint whether to be an act morally permitted to "foul game" or not, it has not resulted in the conclusion. The purpose of this study was to examine the point on right or wrong of "foul game" in basketball between Fraleigh and Simon who are regarded as renowned scholars in sport ethics with a fresh eye.<br>There are three points in the controversy between Fraleigh and Simon.<br>1. Role of the penalty for intentional fouls<br>2. Importance of restorative skills<br>3. Agreement of participants for intentional fouls<br>In this study, the three points at issue were examined by considering the contents of "official basketball rule" published in Japan Basketball Association. Especially, we analyzed the transition of the provisions of "intentional foul" and "unsportsmanlike foul" which have specified "foul game". The results here are as follows.<br>1.The role of the penalty for intentional fouls has shifted from the sanction for prohibited acts to the price for options.<br>2.The importance of restorative skills by the free throw accompanying "foul game" has become more significant skills for which participants are asked in a game.<br>3.The agreement of participants for intentional foul in "foul game" has moved turned to be acceptable.<br>As we can see above, it has been evaluated as an act by which a "foul game" is allowed in "official basketball rule".

著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則 長島 和幸

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.473-482, 2013

被引用文献数

1

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In baseball games, there are instances where a pitcher deliberately targets a batsman of the opposing team with a pitch in order to retaliate against a previous strike on their own player by the opposing team. The present study focusing on major league baseball aimed to clarify the nature of the responsibility sensed a pitcher who finds himself in a similar position after a batsman on his team has taken an intentional hit from the opposing team's pitcher in order to analyze the structure of the pitcher's dilemma. We looked at the situation not only from the viewpoint in which the pitcher's responsibility is considered an obligation, as proposed by Takikawa, but also from the obligations concept proposed by Sandel.<br>   We found that there is a responsibility to comply with the official baseball rules to discourage any retaliatory hit on a batsman in order to avoid any intentional injury to a member of the opponent's team. On the other hand, responsibility for an intentional hit on a batman can be considered an obligation in order to implement an unwritten rule that condones such retaliatory action. Therefore the structure of the responsibility is considered to be an obligation that generates a dilemma for the pitcher and promotes conflict. On this basis, the difficulty of resolving the problem related to a retaliatory hit was highlighted. Furthermore, the possibility of analysis in accordance with the responsibility concept for ethical issues in sport was suggested.<br>   We discuss the concept of responsibility as an obligation that presents a conflict, and consider which course of action should have priority in such cases.<br>

著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則 長島 和幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.473-482, 2013

被引用文献数

1

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;In baseball games, there are instances where a pitcher deliberately targets a batsman of the opposing team with a pitch in order to retaliate against a previous strike on their own player by the opposing team. The present study focusing on major league baseball aimed to clarify the nature of the responsibility sensed a pitcher who finds himself in a similar position after a batsman on his team has taken an intentional hit from the opposing team's pitcher in order to analyze the structure of the pitcher's dilemma. We looked at the situation not only from the viewpoint in which the pitcher's responsibility is considered an obligation, as proposed by Takikawa, but also from the obligations concept proposed by Sandel.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;We found that there is a responsibility to comply with the official baseball rules to discourage any retaliatory hit on a batsman in order to avoid any intentional injury to a member of the opponent's team. On the other hand, responsibility for an intentional hit on a batman can be considered an obligation in order to implement an unwritten rule that condones such retaliatory action. Therefore the structure of the responsibility is considered to be an obligation that generates a dilemma for the pitcher and promotes conflict. On this basis, the difficulty of resolving the problem related to a retaliatory hit was highlighted. Furthermore, the possibility of analysis in accordance with the responsibility concept for ethical issues in sport was suggested.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;We discuss the concept of responsibility as an obligation that presents a conflict, and consider which course of action should have priority in such cases.<br>