著者
富永 健一 友枝 敏雄
出版者
The Japan Sociological Society
雑誌
社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.2, pp.152-174,268, 1986-09-30 (Released:2009-11-11)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
1 1

戦後四十有余年を経た今日、日本の社会科学は戦後の社会変動の帰結を実証的に明らかにする時期にきている。本稿の目的は、SSM調査三時点 (一九五五年、一九六五年、一九七五年) データの分析によって戦後日本社会の地位非一貫性の趨勢を明らかにすることである。この目的のために用いた分析手法は、 (1) 地位非一貫性スコアによる分析と (2) クラスター分析である。分析の結果、 (1) 一九五五年から一九七五年までの二〇年間に地位の非一貫性が増大したこと (2) 地位の非一貫性の増大は、この二〇年間の高度経済成長が下層一貫の人びとの地位の部分的な改善をなしとげることによっておこったこと (3) 主観的階層帰属や政党支持などの社会的態度に関して、非一貫の人びとは、上層一貫の人びとと下層一貫の人びとの中間に位置しており地位非一貫性が欲求不満やストレスをひきおこし、革新的な政治的態度と結びつきやすいというレンスキーの仮説は、日本社会にはあてはまらないこと、が明らかになった。以上の分析から、地位非一貫性は、地位の結晶化が不十分な場合に生ずる異常な状態ではなくて、むしろ高度産業社会においては正常な状態であり、しかも階層構造の平準化や平等化をもたらす重要なメカニズムであると考えられる。
著者
富永 健一
出版者
日本社会学会
雑誌
社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.49, no.2, pp.325-328, 1998-09-30 (Released:2009-10-19)
著者
富永 健一
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.3, pp.137, 2017 (Released:2017-04-13)

This is a study on the history of Japanese society based on three divisions, namely, the Ancient Stage, the Middle Stage, and the Modern Industrial Stage. As a country, Japan emerged during the fifth century under the name Yamato Chotei. Previously, it consisted of many small Uji and Kabane communities without the integrated and central control of Tenno domination under the name of “shiseisei”(氏姓制). It consisted of many small competing local areas, that fought incessantly between them. The important emperor Tenji Tenno(626–671), leader of the Taika-no-Kaisin , made a significant break to the traditional institution of the “shisei-sei” by introducing a new body that became known as “Handenshuju-sei”(班田収授制 in 律令制) in the year 645. The end result was the founding in 710 of the new capital Heijo-kyo in the city of Nara under the reign of Empress Genmei Tenno . However, the city of Nara was greatly affected by the sudden decision in 794 taken by Emperor Kanmu Tenno to make the city of Kyoto the country's capital. Although some may hold the view that there were similarities between the neighboring cities of Nara and Kyoto, they were dissimilar in most respects . In the city of Nara, land was divided under the measures of the nationalization plan. Conversely, in the city of Kyoto, land was divided according to measures of privatization. Also, in Nara the state drafted the Handenshuju plan, while in Kyoto there were no such plans. The result of these policies was that in Kyoto the land was owned by the wealthy, large religious institutions, and Buke families. In Nara, however, under Ritsryosei , common people were taxed so heavily that they escaped from the city to the countryside. As the premature Tenno continued to expand, it became necessary for them to be covered by “Sessho” and “Kampaku” until the Tenno matured. The growing Tenno needed such support, which led Sessho and Kampaku to acquire additional influence and power. The first Buke Society began in Kamakura Bakufu under Minamoto Yoritomo. Yoritomo married Masako of the Hojo family, and she was an able and strong woman. After the death of her husband, she became the head of the Kamakura Bakufu . Shugo and Jito were both Buke, and Yoritomo appointed them as the lords of the manor(荘園領主). However, Chotei and Bakufu were at odds with each other. Bakufu was stronger than Chotei in terms of military might, when they battled in 1221, in what became known as Jokyu-no-Ran, Bakufu was victorious. After the Jokyu-no-Ran, the large Mongolian Army attacked Japan on two occasions(Bun-ei no-Eki, 1274, and Koan-no-Eki, 1281), but were defeated each time by the Japanese defenders. However, the cost of these battles was great, and the Japanese army found itself impoverished. Another important event resulted from the dispute over the succession of the Tenno throne between the two lines consisting of the Jimyoin-party and the Daigakuji-party. Godaigo Tenno of the Daigakuji-party wanted to gain the crown by overthrowing the Bakufu. However, Godaigo was unsuccessful and this led him to create the “Nancho”(South Side). Meanwhile, Ashikaga Takauji, who supported the “Hokucho”(North Side) of Kyoto, kept to his own side leaving Chotei divided between North and South. As a result, Kamakura Bakufu was ruined, and Muromachi Bakufu was rebuilt by Ashikaga Takauji ]in Kyoto as the second Bakafu. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)
著者
富永 健一
出版者
日本社会学会
雑誌
社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.2, pp.31-55,146, 1957-02-25 (Released:2009-11-11)
参考文献数
66
被引用文献数
1

1. It would be a theoretical presumption to many sociologists and social psychologists that our societies are not formless but have certain organized pattern. But, on the other hand, there would be various possibilities from what theoretical framework those organized pattern should be abstracted. In this paper, let us think on this point that the societies are not formless because of some pattern uniformities, not randomness, in our interpersonal overt behaviors ; the interpersonal behaviors are observable manifest variables, so all constructive concepts of sociology and social psychology can be inferred from them. 2. On the external objective point of view, a concept that is inferred from the more or less consistent order is what we call the “social system.” Against this, on the internal subjective point of view of motivated individuals, a concept that is inferred from pattern uniformities is what we call the “attitude”. Both social system and attitude are the scientific construct inferred from observable manifest valiables of interpersonal behaviors, and they must be distinguished from each other in terms of object-subject criteria. 3. What is called a “system” is as follows : its two or more units or factors are mutually interdependent such that any change in state of one unit or factor xj is followed by change in state of others x1, …, xi-1, Xi+1, …, xn and the latter is followed again by change in the former and so on. Thus, when we apply this to behabioral units or factors we can speak of the social system that shows the relationship within social objects. 4. We find a series of sociological theories which adopt this concept. In the case of classical Pareto's theory, the social system was considered to be a state of dynamic equilibrium in cycles of interdependence of four factors : a. residues ; b. interests ; c. derivations ; d. social heterogeneity and circulation. Closely related to this theory we can find George C. Horman's theory. He defines the social system as composed of two analytical aspects (i.e., external system and internal system) and three composite factors (i.e., activities, interactions, and sentiments). Therefore, these two I shall name “Pareto-Homans model” of the social system. Pareto's is a priori model, but Homans' is, so to call it, ex post facto model for codification. 5. Tolcott Parsons' famous theory of the social system rests on the same basis, yet the main feature that characterizes his theory lies in the categorization in terms of combinations of five (or recently, chiefly four) “pattern variables”. This way of thinking is akin to that of Allen H. Bartons' “property space.” Combinations of pattern variables are not merely setting of typology but indicate the “phase movement” and the role-differentiation in action space. This Theory, putting its empirical. reference to Robert F. Bales' interaction process analysis, I call “Parsons-Bales model, ” which, as attempt to theorize more than is empirically known, can be termed speculative model. 6. Above two models will be both able to be characterized as a kind of model of dynamic equilbrium. This model always needs some a priori theoretical postulates : that is, automatic control mechanism or feedback system. Because of this postulate, if we are to make use of this model to our empirical reality, the problem of conceptual validity will arise. Strongly contrasted to this model would be the concept of “mass” society.
著者
富永 健一
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.2, pp.139-179, 2014-02
著者
富永 健一
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 組織学会
雑誌
組織科学 (ISSN:02869713)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.4, pp.45-55, 1987 (Released:2022-07-14)

組織学会25年の歴史はバーナード理論への熱烈な関心からスタートし,それがしだいに組織-環境の枠組によってとって代わられてきたと要約し得る.しかし,組織の社会学理論にとっての中心問題の一つが,メゾ水準での組織の機能的要件問題と,ミクロ水準での個人の欲求充足問題との分離にある事情は25年前も現在も変わりがない.これについてのバーナードの二元論的な理論化の意義を再検討する.
著者
富永 健一
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
特定研究
巻号頁・発行日
1985

本プロジェクトの目的は、社会調査データに関するデータバンクを作成することによって、データの共同利用を促進することにある。この目的のために、昭和58年度および59年度において、日本における社会調査データの所在・形状・内容等についてのアンケート調査を実施し、その回答に基づいて社会調査データについてのデータベースを作成した。データベースはパーソナル・コンピューターにファイル化することで必要に応じた検索を可能にするとともに、情報の一部を冊子に編集してアンケート調査に回答した研究者の配布した。本年度の作業は、実際に磁気テープ化された社会調査データを収集し、コードブックを作成してデータの共同利用を可能にすると共に、研究メンバーによるそのデータの分析を行うことである。収集されたデータは、研究メンバーの専攻分野とデータの入手可能性に鑑み、社会階層に関する分野に限定されたが、日本(1955年,1965年,1975年),米国(1962年,1973年),英国(1972年),西独(1980年),ポーランド(1972年)と広く国際的に協力を得ることができた。これらのデータはすべて磁気テープ化されており、SPSSによる集計のための基本プログラムが作成され、東大計算機センターをはじめとする日本の主要な計算機センターでの利用が可能になった。またコードブックについては、日本は研究代表者である富永などによってすでに作成されていたが、諸外国のそれは英語ないし独語で書かれていて使いにくいので、邦訳した上で冊子にまとめ、広く日本の研究者にとって利用できるよう作業中である。以上の作業に基づいて、研究メンバーが各国のデータを分担し、時系列的な社会移動のトレンド分析ないし国際的な社会移動パターンの比較分析を行い、その結果を論文化した上で冊子にまとめることによって社会階層研究に貢献すると共に、データバンクの有効利用の可能性を示すべく作業中である。