著者
小林 信一
出版者
研究・イノベーション学会
雑誌
研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.1, pp.39-59, 2018-03-31 (Released:2019-08-30)
参考文献数
31

This paper describes science and politics in the era of post-truth. The post-truth politics looks as if it ignores the scientific evidence. However, anti-scientific U.S. Republican has intended to put emphasis on the scientific evidence. Once Republican's war on science insisted on anti-science. Now, Republican emphasizes ‘sound science' providing an evidence with higher probative value than science. The post-truth politics tends to make full use of the scientific-evidence-like rhetoric to compete the evidence-based policy making. The anti-scientific ideology attacks the irreproducibility issues and dysfunction of quality assurance of science, while it attacks science with an immitated rhetoric of the incertitude of science and the science for policy-making in order to remove science's influence on policies. Weak points are attacked. It is difficult for science to counterattack, because science community is a root cause of the ‘crisis of science.' Science community ought to secure social trust and to reconstruct the governance of science.
著者
小林 信一
出版者
研究・イノベーション学会
雑誌
研究技術計画 (ISSN:09147020)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, no.4, pp.247-260, 1992-10-15
被引用文献数
7

本論文は、若者の科学技術離れの問題の文化的、社会的背景を明らかにしようとするものである。オルテガは「科学技術文明が高度に発達すると、かえって科学技術を志向する若者が減る事態が発生する」と議論した。これが今日の我が国でも成立するか、成立するとすればそれはどのようなメカニズムによるのかを実証的に検討することが本論文の目的である。このために、まずオルテガの議論を、科学技術と文化・社会の連関モデルとして実証可能な形に定式化した。これを実証するために、世論調査や高校生を対象とする意識調査のデータをログリニア・モデルなどの統計的な連関分析手法で注意深く分析した。その結果、オルテガの仮説は今日の我が国でも概ね成立することが明らかになった。また、短期的な実証分析の結果を外挿的なシュミレーションによって超長期に展開する工夫を施し、その結果がオルテガの文明論的な議論と整合的であることを確認した。分析結果は、オルテガの指摘した逆説的事態は必然的に発生するものであることを示している。
著者
小林 信彦 Nobuhiko Kobayashi 桃山学院大学文学部
雑誌
桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.3, pp.199-215, 2006-03-15

According to the ancient Japanese, women can never be happy during their lives nor can theyget peace after death, because their minds are full of inborn defects such as jealousy, frivolity orcaprice. These defects are said to be sins, to which women themselves are solely responsible.The Japanese ascribed the authority of this view to Buddhist scriptures. However, descriptionsof such female defects are not found in Buddhist texts. Instead, female bodies are said there tobe disadvantageous to preparation for becaming Buddhas, because of physiological phenomenaconnected with generative function, such as menstruation, morning sickness and labour.Having read a Buddhist reference to disadvantages of female bodies, the Japanese of the ninthcentury mistook it for a reference to defects intrinsic to women's minds. And the well-knownJapanese proposition, "Women are naturally sinful and therefore quite hopeless," was thus establishedto justify the Japanese society in tormenting women for more than 1000 years.
著者
小林 信一
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 組織学会
雑誌
組織科学 (ISSN:02869713)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, no.1, pp.26-36, 2008-09-20 (Released:2022-08-20)
参考文献数
13

イノベーションを促進するために大学に対する研究資金を「選択と集中」の原則に基づいて配分すべきだという議論がある.本稿は「選択と集中」によるイノベーションという考え方の妥当性を,アメリカにおける科学技術政策の歴史的検討,実態分析を通じて検討するものである.分析結果は,「選択と集中」は,すべての経済主体のための研究基盤の強化を指向するイノベーション政策と相容れないことを示唆している.
著者
小林 信彦 Nobuhiko KOBAYASHI 桃山学院大学文学部
雑誌
桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 = ST.ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ISSN:1346048X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.2, pp.89-101, 2000-11-30

In eighth century Japan, a number of priests were summoned to recite the Yakusi-kyau. This was called "yakusi-kekwa" (confession of faults to[a image of]Yakusi). In this ritual, however, the Japanese did not confess faults and rather intended to stop misfortunes. As the legal system was established in the Nara Period, the primitive ritual called "harahe". (dusting off) ceased to function for atoning for sins and shifted its target from sins to misfortunes. This new system was called "oho-harahe" (dusting off on a larger scale). It was in the process of reform from harahe to oho-harahe that the Japanese yakusi-kekwa was established. Two kinds of rituals were performed in China before an image of Yao-shih: One is called "yao-shih-ch'ai", in which sinns were confessed so that they might be sunk and consequently future disasters might be prevented. The other is a life-prolonging ritual, in which the Yao-shih-ching was recited so that the supernatural power of Yao-shih might be exercised to cure a sick person. The Japanese yakusi-kekwa is a descendant of the yao-shih-ch'ai in that it is named "kekwa" (confession) and in that it is performed to avert misfortunes by wiping off sinns. And it is a descendant of the Chinese life-prolonging ritual in that sins are not confessed and in that the Yakusi-kyau is recited. However, it is unique and very Japanese in that Yakusi is no longer Bhaisajyaguru nor Yao-shih and functions now as a Japanese kami who has entered the image of Yakusi: Gratified at the recitation, he quells his anger and stops causing misfortunes just like any other kami.
著者
小林 信彦 Nobuhiko Kobayashi
出版者
桃山学院大学総合研究所
雑誌
桃山学院大学人間科学 (ISSN:09170227)
巻号頁・発行日
no.36, pp.81-196[含 英語文要旨], 2009-03

Paul Carus (1852-1919) wrote a short Buddhist narrative called "The Spider-web" in 1894 and Teitaro Suzuki (鈴木貞太郎 1870-1966) translated it into Japanese in 1898. Ryunosuke Akutagawa (芥川龍之介 1892-1927) adapted it for children in 1918. Entitled "Kumo-no-ito" (蜘蛛の糸 a spider's thread), this adaptation was evaluated highly among Japanese critics and adopted in many schoolbooks. In spite of its high reputation among critics, however, Akutagawa's Kumo-no-ito is not a success as an adapted story. Ignorant of the Buddhist tradition, Akutagawa missed Carus's points and failed to construct a coherent story. Modern philological study of Buddhist texts was established in Europe in the nineteenth century and excellent research results were produced there. Having taken advantage of them, Carus knew much about ancient Buddhist literature. His tale is faithful to the Buddhist tradition and coherent as a whole. Carus had diligently studied Buddhism, read almost all translations of Buddhist scriptures then available in Europe, and written many books on Buddhism. So he was following the Buddhist tradition when he wrote "The Spider-web," which runs as follows: A sinner called Kandata has been suffering tortures in Hell. Having appeared on earth, Buddha sheds rays. Spreading everywhere, they reach even Hell. And he sends a spider as his proxy to Kandata, who takes hold of the web and begins to climb up. Soon he feels the thread trembling, for many sinners are climbing after him. Kandata becomes frightened and shouts, "Let go the cobweb. It is mine." At that moment, the spiderweb breaks, and all fall back into Hell. (Here the rays are a symbol of Buddha's teaching.) The meaning of this story is that it is essential to follow Buddha's teaching, according to which there exists no such thing as atman (self). The Hindus believe that an entity called "atman" subists in every human or animal body. In contrast, the Buddhists deny the existence of atman. Kandata falls back into Hell, because he proves that the illusion of atman is still upon him, saying that the cob-web is his alone. In translating "the illusion of atman (self)," the ancient Chinese used the expression "wozhi-wangnian" 我執-妄念, which means "the mistaken idea approving the existence of atman," "wo" 我 (I) being equivalent to the Sanskrit "atman." The ancient Japanese borrowed the word "wo-zhi
著者
小林 信一
出版者
研究・イノベーション学会
雑誌
研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, no.4, pp.247-260, 1992-10-15 (Released:2017-12-29)
被引用文献数
6

本論文は、若者の科学技術離れの問題の文化的、社会的背景を明らかにしようとするものである。オルテガは「科学技術文明が高度に発達すると、かえって科学技術を志向する若者が減る事態が発生する」と議論した。これが今日の我が国でも成立するか、成立するとすればそれはどのようなメカニズムによるのかを実証的に検討することが本論文の目的である。このために、まずオルテガの議論を、科学技術と文化・社会の連関モデルとして実証可能な形に定式化した。これを実証するために、世論調査や高校生を対象とする意識調査のデータをログリニア・モデルなどの統計的な連関分析手法で注意深く分析した。その結果、オルテガの仮説は今日の我が国でも概ね成立することが明らかになった。また、短期的な実証分析の結果を外挿的なシュミレーションによって超長期に展開する工夫を施し、その結果がオルテガの文明論的な議論と整合的であることを確認した。分析結果は、オルテガの指摘した逆説的事態は必然的に発生するものであることを示している。