著者

小林 信一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.39-59, 2018-03-31 (Released:2019-08-30)

参考文献数

31

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This paper describes science and politics in the era of post-truth. The post-truth politics looks as if it ignores the scientific evidence. However, anti-scientific U.S. Republican has intended to put emphasis on the scientific evidence. Once Republican's war on science insisted on anti-science. Now, Republican emphasizes ‘sound science' providing an evidence with higher probative value than science. The post-truth politics tends to make full use of the scientific-evidence-like rhetoric to compete the evidence-based policy making. The anti-scientific ideology attacks the irreproducibility issues and dysfunction of quality assurance of science, while it attacks science with an immitated rhetoric of the incertitude of science and the science for policy-making in order to remove science's influence on policies. Weak points are attacked. It is difficult for science to counterattack, because science community is a root cause of the ‘crisis of science.' Science community ought to secure social trust and to reconstruct the governance of science.

著者

長門 裕介 朱 喜哲 岸本 充生

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.296-309, 2022-11-01 (Released:2022-11-14)

参考文献数

18

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Nowadays, businesses that utilize increasingly varied and large-scale data are growing on a global scale. New technologies for data acquisition and analysis are changing at an extremely rapid pace and being implemented in society. In business, where understanding and trust from users and citizens are essential, ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues) framework, which deals with all issues other than technical aspects in a segmented manner, is attracting increasing attention.This paper introduces the results of joint research conducted by Dentsu Inc. and Osaka University, Research Center on ELSI as a practical example of ELSI initiative in the data business. First, as a background of the joint research, we discuss why ELSI is required in the data business, and present the current status and future prospects based on the results of the jointly conducted research. Then, the problems of conventional ELSI are reviewed, especially those related to "consent" are pointed out. As an example of ELSI implementation through industry-academia co-creation, the case of LBMA Japan, a location-based information industry organization, will be discussed. Based on the above, we will look at the future of ELSI initiative from the two perspectives of incorporating ELSI into the development process and human resource development.

著者

標葉 隆馬

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.140-154, 2021-07-19 (Released:2021-07-19)

参考文献数

51

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Under the crisis of the pandemic of COVID-19, various stakeholders should discuss not only scientific risk but also its broader social impacts, including various ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI). In this paper, I describe discussions on ELSI of the pandemic from literature reviews and extracted ELSI agendas for the further discussions. Through analysis of literatures, I will point out that social vulnerability and gender equality is the essential perspectives for academic and policy-making on COVID-19.

著者

中島秀人

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.2-5, 2018-03-31 (Released:2019-08-30)

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In the foreword to the special feature, the author emphasizes the timeliness and importance of this volume. Against the impression of the title, articles in this volume warn the abuses of evidences. For example, Trump administration of US requests unnecessarily strict scientific evidences for the global warming. The lack of them is abused for the skepticism against scientific results. When we reflex the development of philosophy of science, it was not easy to identify ‘what evidences are'. It was, or still is, theoretically difficult to find out relevant ways to establish truth from evidences. We need to take critical and productive attitude on ‘truth and evidence' for the development of science policy studies.

著者

吉澤 剛

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.26-38, 2018-03-31 (Released:2019-08-30)

参考文献数

54

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The post-truth society facilitates diminished scientific authority and superficial political belief. The flag of ‘science for policy' as an imaginary counterpart again falls under a mud wrestling between incumbent leaders. Going beyond conventional citizen science and public engagement, a prospective participatory approach is positive engagement in dark science. Dark science is reflective and reflexive scientific activity with a sense of anxiety, fear, sympathy or sadness against disruptive impacts as a corollary of scientific development, by reference to structural science-society issues and planetary boundaries in the Anthropocene. Flying away from human-centric interests and thoughts on the ground, it aims to understand, talk and collaborate each other with objects arousing a sense of weirdness or wonder. Positive engagement is to nudge the less-engaged to voluntarily and positively engage in science and its policy. Dark science and positive engagement is reciprocal to make sense of our life and the world to come.

著者

髙橋 宏和

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.357-370, 2022-11-01 (Released:2022-11-14)

参考文献数

19

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This study analyzed the meaning and penetration rate of DX concept in the business world to address the problem that the meaning of present DX concept is noticed only in the definition advocated by the originator of DX concept such as governments and think tanks.A metric text analysis of annual reports from 2019 to 2021, issued by 158 companies picked up from the Nikkei index, was conducted.The results show that 147 companies, or 93% of the total, mention DX, and moreover, the number of companies mentioning DX is increasing year by year.In addition to the fact that the DX concept has been interpreted in a variety of ways, we have shown that the training of personnel for DX has increased over the years compared to other mentions.Finally, this study showed the possibility of leading to the theoretical development of "Sense Making" and "Management Fashion".

著者

伊藤 裕子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.73-84, 2012

参考文献数

18

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大学等の教員における論文生産性と研究環境等の関連性について明らかにすることを目的として,本論文では,「大学等におけるフルタイム換算データに関する調査(2009年文部科学省発表)」のデータを用い,「過去3年間の査読ありの外国語の論文・記事の件数」の回答を「外国語論文生産の少ないグループ(0〜1件)」と「多いグループ(11件以上)」に分けて再集計し,オッズ比による分析を行った。その結果,外国語論文の生産性の違いに強く関連した因子は,性別,大学等の種類,研究資金の金額,外国語特許取得件数であることが示された。また,論文の多いグループでは,「研究時間の減少」に「学内事務」および「社会サービス」が強い関連を示すことがわかった。これらのことから,大学等において,研究活動の多様性を反映した多様な業績評価の実現,大学等の運営と研究体制の関係の見直しなど,構造的な改善を行うことが必要と考えられた。

著者

松井 誠

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3_4, pp.212-221, 2004-07-10 (Released:2017-12-29)

参考文献数

25

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1981年にG.ビニッヒとH.ローラーによって発明された走査トンネル顕微鏡(STM)は,原子1個1個を解像できるのみならず,物質表面の電子状態を原子スケール分解能で測定でき,また原子1個1個を操作できる。STMはナノ構造の科学技術の進展に大いに貢献し,発明者は1986年度のノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。他方,STMの発明の10年も前に,R.ヤングらは,真空トンネル電流ではなく電界放射電流を検出する方式であるという以外はすべて,STMの特徴を備えた走査型表面起伏測定機「トポグラフィナ」を開発し,さらに,STMの唯一の特徴である真空トンネル現象をも世界で最初に観測していた。しかし,『真空トンネル電流検出方式のトポグラフィナ』へと発想を転換できず,一歩手前で原子スケール分解能顕微鏡の発明を逃した。本論文では,ビニッヒとローラー及び先駆者ヤングによる論文と講演を拠り所として,STMという新概念に至る過程と装置開発の過程,並びに先駆者の失敗事例を検討し,先端科学技術研究における成功要因を抽出する。抽出された成功要因は,『囚われのない自由な発想』,『新概念探索型研究』,『研究目標が明確であること』,『未知への挑戦』,『食いついていくチャレンジ精神』,『夢想し,探求し,過ちを犯し,過ちを正すために必要な自由度を研究者が享受できる研究環境』,『良き研究マネージャ』,『勤勉で熟達した技術的支援』である。

著者

加納 寛之 住田 朋久 佐藤 靖

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.128-139, 2021-07-19 (Released:2021-07-19)

参考文献数

30

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Experts have played active roles in the Japanese government's efforts to respond to novel coronavirus infections. Those who participated in scientific advisory organizations not only expressed their opinions on the government's policies and measures based on their scientific knowledge, but also advised the government on the major directions and strategies to be taken, and took on public communication to encourage people to voluntarily change their behavior. However, given the current institutional framework, such actions of scientific advisors in combating novel coronavirus infections go beyond the prescribed roles and responsibilities of scientific advisors as brokers between science and the government. Public communication is an important means of fostering public trust and consent, which are essential for ensuring the effectiveness of policy responses based on scientific advice. Therefore, there is an urgent need to incorporate public communication more explicitly into scientific advice activities. This paper reviews Japan's national efforts for scientific advice, which accelerated after the Great East Japan Earthquake, as well as efforts on public communication by scientific advisors and advisory organizations, and then points out unresolved issues on the relationships between scientific advice and society, in light of Japan's recent experience with new coronavirus infection.

著者

神吉 直人

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.308-311, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

13

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Mark S. Granovetter's "The strength of weak ties," known for its paradox that "weak ties have more social functions than strong ties," has contributed to academic progress in various fields. This is truly an epoch-making paper.His key findings in this paper can be summarized as follows. First, as a premise of the proposition, Granovetter proposed a viewpoint that focuses on the strength of the relationship (dyadic ties) between two parties. Next, the function of transitivity caused by strong ties is discussed. And it is also emphasized that the process of interpersonal networks should be analyzed as a bridge between micro- and macro-level social theories. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of this paper mainly from the viewpoint of innovation management, focusing on these three points.

著者

岸本 充生

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.116-127, 2021-07-19 (Released:2021-07-19)

参考文献数

32

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The relationship between science and policy remains uncertain regarding the response to the novel coronavirus pandemic. It has long been pointed out that there is a gap between science and policy, and a policy-making process based on solution-focused risk assessment has been proposed. However, except for some fields, there is no established methodology on how to connect science and policy in various fields. Trade-offs with socio-economic factors and other types of risks are ubiquitous, and decisions are made with these factors in mind. It is necessary to visualize such factors and establish a decision-making process that explicitly includes them. As with disaster response context, what you cannot do in normal times cannot be done in an emergency. That also applies to the relationship between science and policy. Therefore, it is necessary to proceed with research and development of methods and tools for bridging those gaps in normal times.

著者

田中 智之 加納 圭 小出 隆規

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.325-338, 2022-11-01 (Released:2022-11-14)

参考文献数

59

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Research integrity is the basis of scientific research practice. These days excessively competitive research environment has generated a negative impact on scientific research including the prevalence of superficial science and research misconduct. Research misconduct does cause serious damage not only to research activity but also to social activity, such as medical care and developing human resources. We could promote research integrity in two integral directions; the researchers' sincere attitude and the system in which reliable science is encouraged. In the former direction, researchers should revisit the significance of the Mertonian norms (CUDOS; Communism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, and Organized Skepticism), which represent how researchers should put the self-correction of science into practice. In the latter direction, the scientific community should consolidate the system, such as education of science history, recognition of the significance of slow science, encouragement of open science, placement of research integrity advisers, and fulfilling institutional supports.

著者

林 隆之

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.257-270, 2021-09-30 (Released:2021-10-21)

参考文献数

30

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While universities have been deregulated over the past three decades, the burden of audits and evaluations from the government and the market has increased, and universities have had to deal with them in a ritualistic way as called as the "audit society". In addition, the funding system that encourages university reform has hindered stable management and created a situation of exhaustion. However, a new image of university is now being sought, a "transformative university" that will lead social transformation within a new autonomous contractual relationship between the state and the university. In this paper, we will first look back at the university reform policies of the past few decades to examine the relationship between the state and universities and the image of universities. We will also examine the structural problems of the allocation of governmental funds to universities and the evaluation of university performance.

著者

渡邉 文隆

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.449-465, 2023-01-31 (Released:2023-02-03)

参考文献数

90

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Monetary donations are becoming an important source of research funding in Japan. I compare two hypothetical nonprofit organizations, a medical research institution and a hospital providing medical assistance to the needy, using the concepts of charity and philanthropy. I use Impact philanthropy and Warm-glow model for the theoretical analysis. I derive some practical implications. Utility-based approach reveals that Impact philanthropy model does not fit the medical research fundraising. Appeal-based approach is suitable for major gift fundraising. There are some effective tactics in major gift fundraising for medical research: legitimizing paltry donations, making victims visible, and others. To decrease the perceived cost of donations, it is helpful to propose periodic donations and bequest donations. Scientific thinking in fundraising and donation allocation will strengthen the donors' perceived utility. Although this study is a review of foreign studies, there is potential for future integration of societal-based studies to discuss applications appropriate for Japan.

著者

標葉 隆馬 飯田 香穂里 中尾 央 菊池 好行 見上 公一 伊藤 憲二 平田 光司 長谷川 眞理子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.90-105, 2014

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知識経済とグローバル化に対応するための方策として,科学技術政策を始めとする種々の政策において高度知識人材の育成が議論されるようになって久しい。その間,大学-大学院レベルの教育において,高度な専門性に加えて,異分野との協働,コミュニケーション,そして説明・応答責任に関する能力の育成が求められるようになってきた。これらの高度知識人材に必要とされる汎用的能力の育成に関して論じられている事柄は,国内外の「科学と社会」教育が試みてきた「幅広い視野」の育成とも重なる議論である。しかしながら,とりわけ日本において大学院重点化が進められてきた状況を意識しつつ国内外の状況に目を向けるならば,大学院レベルにおける高度教養科目としての「科学と社会」教育プログラムの実施は,内外を問わず試行錯誤が重ねられているのが現状である。本稿ではこの状況を俯瞰しつつ,「総合研究大学院大学(総研大)」の事例を中心に,その現状を記述・検討する。総研大では,研究者の「幅広い視野」涵養を目的として,これまでに必修科目も含めた「科学と社会」教育の取り組みを行ってきた経緯がある。この作業を通じて,今後の「科学と社会」教育の可能性と解決すべき課題について考察する。

著者

元橋 一之

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.273-274, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-08-02)

著者

鹿野 祐介 肥後 楽 小林 茉莉子 井上 眞梨 永山 翔太 長門 裕介 森下 翔 鈴木 径一郎 多湖 真琴 標葉 隆馬 岸本 充生

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.279-295, 2022-11-01 (Released:2022-11-14)

参考文献数

35

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The Research Center on Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) at Osaka University and mercari R4D started a practical joint research project in 2021 to innovate based on the concept of ELSI and responsible research and innovation (RRI). This paper describes the research and practice conducted in this joint project on (A) upgrading the ethics review process for research and development, (B) assessing AI-based solution technologies and strengthening AI governance, and (C) conducting a feasibility study for participatory technology assessment on quantum technology, respectively. In this paper, we illustrate the methods and processes of this project, as well as the results of these individual studies, and share critical reflections on the ELSI/RRI knowledge production processes from the perspectives of both ELSI researchers and members of the private sector. Our results provide evidence of the contribution to innovation governance in science and technology from ELSI/RRI research and the knowledge of the humanities and social sciences.

著者

藤垣 裕子

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.108-115, 2021-07-19 (Released:2021-07-19)

参考文献数

14

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This paper examines scientific advice in consideration of "Science in Making" and consists from three parts. First, the concept of "Science in Making" is introduced as follows: scientific knowledge is always in making process, therefore, scientific facts that is "true" now can be re-written afterwards. However, policy makers cannot re-write their policies easily. Thus, there is a very difficult problem in scientific advice which should bridge scientific knowledge and policy making.Second, boundary-work between scientific evidence and decision making in shown. This boundary work invites discussions on responsibility boundaries between scientists and decision makers. Third, the estimation rage of scientific facts under uncertainty is discussed. Finally, it is concluded that scientific advice under uncertainty is affected by matured relationship of citizens, scientists, and policy makers.

著者

鈴木 智気 金間 大介

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.364-377, 2021-12-31 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

74

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Despite the close relationship between the innovation research and the diversity research in innovation activities with diverse members, there seems to be no comprehensive examination of the two research fields. The purpose of this paper is to attempt a multifaceted review of the innovation and diversity researches, and to suggest future directions for advancing researches on diversity managements in innovation activities. Specifically, we clarify that the innovation and diversity researches are complementary to each other in understanding diversity managements in innovation activities. In addition, we propose the design of incentives oriented toward stimulating "diverse contributions by diverse individuals" as a research agenda for the study of effective diversity management in innovation activities.

著者

小林 信一

出版者

研究・イノベーション学会

雑誌

研究 技術 計画 (ISSN:09147020)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.4, pp.247-260, 1992-10-15 (Released:2017-12-29)

被引用文献数

6

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本論文は、若者の科学技術離れの問題の文化的、社会的背景を明らかにしようとするものである。オルテガは「科学技術文明が高度に発達すると、かえって科学技術を志向する若者が減る事態が発生する」と議論した。これが今日の我が国でも成立するか、成立するとすればそれはどのようなメカニズムによるのかを実証的に検討することが本論文の目的である。このために、まずオルテガの議論を、科学技術と文化・社会の連関モデルとして実証可能な形に定式化した。これを実証するために、世論調査や高校生を対象とする意識調査のデータをログリニア・モデルなどの統計的な連関分析手法で注意深く分析した。その結果、オルテガの仮説は今日の我が国でも概ね成立することが明らかになった。また、短期的な実証分析の結果を外挿的なシュミレーションによって超長期に展開する工夫を施し、その結果がオルテガの文明論的な議論と整合的であることを確認した。分析結果は、オルテガの指摘した逆説的事態は必然的に発生するものであることを示している。