著者

橋本 剛明 白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.13-23, 2012-08-31 (Released:2017-03-01)

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The present study examined the determinants of people's attitudes toward the Japanese government's income inequality policies. We focused particularly on people's perceived inequality of opportunity and self-perceptions of social class, and their effects on the perceived responsibility of income inequality. General survey data of 798 individuals indicated that when people perceive education/work opportunities as generally controllable through personal ability and effort, they attribute both onset and offset responsibilities more to the poor and less to the government, consequently showing less support for government intervention. Moreover, people's perception of social class moderated how they view opportunity: only among low-class respondents did the perception that opportunities are influenced by one's parents' income or their gender lead to the perception that opportunity is uncontrollable. High-class individuals, on the other hand, perceived the effects of parental income and gender on opportunity to be independent of the controllability of opportunities, suggesting that they believe that ability and effort hold strong power over general opportunity.

著者

橋本 剛明 白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.13-23, 2012

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The present study examined the determinants of people's attitudes toward the Japanese government's income inequality policies. We focused particularly on people's perceived inequality of opportunity and self-perceptions of social class, and their effects on the perceived responsibility of income inequality. General survey data of 798 individuals indicated that when people perceive education/work opportunities as generally controllable through personal ability and effort, they attribute both onset and offset responsibilities more to the poor and less to the government, consequently showing less support for government intervention. Moreover, people's perception of social class moderated how they view opportunity: only among low-class respondents did the perception that opportunities are influenced by one's parents' income or their gender lead to the perception that opportunity is uncontrollable. High-class individuals, on the other hand, perceived the effects of parental income and gender on opportunity to be independent of the controllability of opportunities, suggesting that they believe that ability and effort hold strong power over general opportunity.

著者

清水 佑輔 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012, (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

24

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Negative stereotypes of mental illness have many kinds of undesirable effects on patients. Existing research has mainly investigated stereotypes of “mental illness” as a general term that covers various kinds of illnesses. While there might be differences among the stereotypes of different specific illnesses, this issue has not been fully focused on in Japan. In the current study, we used the Stereotype Content Model to visualize the stereotype of eight mental illnesses and “mental illness (general term).” The result showed that each mental illness is characterized by distinct stereotype patterns, with differences in associations between competence/warmth and various cognitive aspects (e.g., responsibility, dangerousness, and seriousness) being observed, depending on the mental illness. We discuss the cause of differences in stereotypes for each mental illness and suggest the importance of investigating specific stereotypes in future research.

著者

清水 佑輔 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.36-42, 2021-07-31 (Released:2021-07-31)

参考文献数

24

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Negative stereotypes of mental illness have many kinds of undesirable effects on patients. Existing research has mainly investigated stereotypes of “mental illness” as a general term that covers various kinds of illnesses. While there might be differences among the stereotypes of different specific illnesses, this issue has not been fully focused on in Japan. In the current study, we used the Stereotype Content Model to visualize the stereotype of eight mental illnesses and “mental illness (general term).” The result showed that each mental illness is characterized by distinct stereotype patterns, with differences in associations between competence/warmth and various cognitive aspects (e.g., responsibility, dangerousness, and seriousness) being observed, depending on the mental illness. We discuss the cause of differences in stereotypes for each mental illness and suggest the importance of investigating specific stereotypes in future research.

著者

清水 佑輔 ターン 有加里ジェシカ 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.92.20208, (Released:2021-10-15)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

1

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Handicapped people have faced discriminatory attitudes from the non-handicapped. This often deprives them of fundamental human rights and can exacerbate mental illness. Symbolic ableism is one of the key forms of discriminatory attitudes toward the handicapped, and this is regarded as a cause of disagreement with policies to support the handicapped. The propensity of symbolic ableism can be measured by the Symbolic Ableism Scale (SAS; Friedman & Awsumb, 2019), which divides symbolic ableism into four components: individualism, lack of recognition of continuing discrimination, lack of empathy for disabled people, and excessive demands. Although this scale is necessary for understanding people’s attitudes toward the handicapped, it is not available in Japanese. This study was conducted to develop a Japanese version of SAS (SAS-J) and examined its reliability and validity. The result showed that SAS-J was divided into two components (i.e., individualism and lack of recognition of current condition), which is different from the original version. We discussed possible explanations of this difference, the reliability and validity of SAS-J, and future directions of symbolic ableism.

著者

橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり 磯崎 三喜年

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.76-88, 2010 (Released:2010-08-19)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4 2

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大学生が所属するサークル集団は,フォーマルな組織とインフォーマルな集団の双方の特徴を併せ持った集団であり(新井,2004),本研究はこれを準組織的集団と位置づけた。その上で,サークル集団における成員と集団とをつなぐコミットメントのモデルを探り,検討を加えることを目的とした。具体的には,組織研究の領域における3次元組織コミットメントのモデル(Allen & Meyer, 1990)を基盤に,サークル・コミットメントを測る尺度を作成し,学生205名を対象に調査を行った。その結果,サークル集団におけるコミットメント次元として,情緒的コミットメント,規範的コミットメント,集団同一視コミットメントの3因子が抽出された。さらに,それぞれのコミットメント次元の規定要因に関して,集団がフォーマル集団に近い程度を表す集団フォーマル性との関連を含めて分析を行った。情緒的コミットメントは課題および成員への集団凝集性により規定されており,また,課題凝集性と集団フォーマル性の交互作用が示唆された。規範的コミットメントと集団同一視コミットメントはともに,集団フォーマル性と成員凝集性によって規定されていることが認められた。

著者

ターン 有加里 ジェシカ 橋本 剛明 シュミット マンフレッド 唐沢 かおり

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.18234, (Released:2019-09-20)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

4

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People differ in how sensitive they are to justice or injustice, how easily they ruminate on injustice, and how strongly they feel justice-related emotions such as anger and guilt. This individual difference can be measured by the Justice Sensitivity Inventory (JSI; Schmitt et al., 2010), which is divided into four components: sensitivity to becoming a victim of injustice, sensitivity to observing injustice, sensitivity to passively benefiting from injustice, and sensitivity to actively committing injustice. Each sensitivity has a different effect on various aspects of human behavior (e.g., cooperation) as well as mental and physical health. JSI is available in German, English, Chinese, and many other languages, but not in Japanese. This study (n = 453) aimed to develop a Japanese version of JSI (JSI-J) and a short version of it, examining their reliability and validity. They were confirmed to be reliable and valid, except for some items. An effective usage of JSI-J and its short version will be discussed.

著者

橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.104-117, 2011 (Released:2012-03-24)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

6

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本研究は,侵害者が行う謝罪に対して,実際の被害者と,被害の観察者とが異なる反応を示すという傾向を検討した。特に,謝罪によってもたらされる「許し」の動機づけと,さらにその規定因となる責任帰属や情緒的共感といった変数に注目し,被害者と観察者の謝罪に対する反応の差異を検討した。大学生136名に対して,被害者/観察者の視点を操作した被害場面シナリオ,及び侵害者による自発性を操作した謝罪シナリオを段階的に提示し,各段階で侵害者への反応を測定した。その結果,「許し」の動機づけに関しては,視点と謝罪タイプの交互作用が見られ,非自発的な謝罪は,観察者のみに対して「許し」の促進効果を持っていた。さらに,謝罪が「許し」を規定する媒介過程においても,視点間の非対称性が示された。観察者においては,謝罪は責任判断と情緒的共感の両者の変数と介して「許し」を規定していたのに対して,被害者においては,情緒共感のみがそのような役割を担っていた。以上の結果から,対人葛藤場面においては,その被害者と観察者の判断を動機づける要因が異なることが示唆される。

著者

福本 都 苫米地 飛 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.73-80, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

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Existing research have investigated the effects of free will belief on aggressive behaviours. So far, studies have shown that when people's free will belief is denied, their motivation of self-control decreases, thereby increasing aggressive behaviours. An alternative and inconsistent account is that people who have strong belief in free will attributes the other party's attack to the actor's intention, which lead them to take revenge. Given that aggressions practically occur within a social interaction, the present study examined the relationship between free will belief and aggression in a social interactive situation. We hypothesized that people who have high free will belief will behave more aggressively when they are attacked by another individual. Based on a sample of 45 undergraduates, we measured free will beliefs and trait aggression as an individual-difference variable. We employed a modification of the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm in order to measure participants' aggressive behaviours. As a result, the effects of fatal determinism - a subscale of free will - were found significant. Specifically, when participants were unattacked by their interactive partner, those with low fatal determinism belief behaved less aggressively. Incurring no attack from the partner, participants may have experienced higher responsibility for taking aggressive actions themselves. Under such circumstance, having a low fatal determinism belief, and thus regarding their behaviour as undetermined by nature, may have further increased their sense of responsibility, consequently decreasing aggression. In contrast, when participants were attacked by their partner, aggressive behaviours increased on the whole relative to the non-attacked condition; receiving an attack may have simply provoked participants' motivation to revenge. This study highly suggests the relationship between fatal determinism belief and aggression in social interaction situations, offering a ground for future investigations including parameters to further explain the relationship.

著者

福本 都 苫米地 飛 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.73-80, 2017

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Existing research have investigated the effects of free will belief on aggressive behaviours. So far, studies have shown that when people's free will belief is denied, their motivation of self-control decreases, thereby increasing aggressive behaviours. An alternative and inconsistent account is that people who have strong belief in free will attributes the other party's attack to the actor's intention, which lead them to take revenge. Given that aggressions practically occur within a social interaction, the present study examined the relationship between free will belief and aggression in a social interactive situation. We hypothesized that people who have high free will belief will behave more aggressively when they are attacked by another individual. Based on a sample of 45 undergraduates, we measured free will beliefs and trait aggression as an individual-difference variable. We employed a modification of the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm in order to measure participants' aggressive behaviours. As a result, the effects of fatal determinism - a subscale of free will - were found significant. Specifically, when participants were unattacked by their interactive partner, those with low fatal determinism belief behaved less aggressively. Incurring no attack from the partner, participants may have experienced higher responsibility for taking aggressive actions themselves. Under such circumstance, having a low fatal determinism belief, and thus regarding their behaviour as undetermined by nature, may have further increased their sense of responsibility, consequently decreasing aggression. In contrast, when participants were attacked by their partner, aggressive behaviours increased on the whole relative to the non-attacked condition; receiving an attack may have simply provoked participants' motivation to revenge. This study highly suggests the relationship between fatal determinism belief and aggression in social interaction situations, offering a ground for future investigations including parameters to further explain the relationship.

著者

福本 都 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.17-24, 2019 (Released:2019-08-05)

被引用文献数

2

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The present research examined the possibility that a victim’s perspective-taking to the perpetrator, which has been argued to be a promotor of the victim’s forgiveness, does not take effect under certain personalities. Based on the finding that perspective-taking positively correlates with two of Big Five personalities (Toto, Man, Blatt, Simmens, & Greenberg, 2015), we examined whether openness and agreeableness moderate the degree of perspective-taking’s effect on forgiveness. In the experiment, we first measured participants’ personality on the Big Five scale and presented them with a vignette describing a situation where one becomes a victim of transgression; participants read the vignette under the manipulation of perspective taking (transgressor perspective or no perspective taking). Lastly, we measured participants’ levels of forgiveness. The results indicated that the participants who took the transgressor’s perspective reported weaker motivations of revenge and avoidance specifically when they were low in openness. Furthermore, perspective-taking mitigated the revenge motivation among people low in agreeableness while not among those high in agreeableness. The results suggest that people either high in agreeableness or in openness are likely to engage in spontaneous perspective-taking while the prompt to do so takes a more strong effect among those low in such personality traits.

著者

橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり 磯崎 三喜年

出版者

The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.76-88, 2010

被引用文献数

2

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大学生が所属するサークル集団は,フォーマルな組織とインフォーマルな集団の双方の特徴を併せ持った集団であり(新井,2004),本研究はこれを準組織的集団と位置づけた。その上で,サークル集団における成員と集団とをつなぐコミットメントのモデルを探り,検討を加えることを目的とした。具体的には,組織研究の領域における3次元組織コミットメントのモデル(Allen & Meyer, 1990)を基盤に,サークル・コミットメントを測る尺度を作成し,学生205名を対象に調査を行った。その結果,サークル集団におけるコミットメント次元として,情緒的コミットメント,規範的コミットメント,集団同一視コミットメントの3因子が抽出された。さらに,それぞれのコミットメント次元の規定要因に関して,集団がフォーマル集団に近い程度を表す集団フォーマル性との関連を含めて分析を行った。情緒的コミットメントは課題および成員への集団凝集性により規定されており,また,課題凝集性と集団フォーマル性の交互作用が示唆された。規範的コミットメントと集団同一視コミットメントはともに,集団フォーマル性と成員凝集性によって規定されていることが認められた。<br>