著者

橋本 征治

出版者

関西大学出版部

巻号頁・発行日

2008-03-31

著者

橋本 征治

出版者

関西大学東西学術研究所

雑誌

関西大学東西学術研究所紀要 (ISSN:02878151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.A49-A67, 2004-04-01

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In order to investigate the process of formation and development of the prehistoric culture of Japan, the cultures of the surrounding regions (East Asian, North Asian, Oceanic, and South East Asian Cultural Spheres) were analyzed in the framework of east-west and north-south axes. Also the races and the four major cultural elements, namely languages, stone tools, earthenware and agriculture were analyzed. According to the result of the analysis, the formation and the development of the prehistoric culture of Japan were very complex and multiplex, which brought the regional diversities. As for the relations with the surrounding regions, multiple axes such as northern axis, east-west axis and southern axis were observed, and a two-way relations developed along each axis. So, in order to explain about this multilayered and complex Japanese culture, it takes patient efforts to try to disentangle the process from time and space axes while keeping the two-way perspective, and to reconstruct it on the mesh of causality. One of the major tasks for that purpose is to regrasp the Japanese culture from the viewpoint of the nanpo, considering the wide range of influence of the southern cultural spheres on the positioning of the prototype of Japanese, Austronesian language element in the old Japanese language, some stone tools leading to Taiwan, southern earthenware, the relations between Jomon cultivation and root-crop cultivation that preceded the rice cultivation. They were examined in this paper.

著者

橋本 征治

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.5, pp.496-523, 1974

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By analyzing how central places and rural regions were related through the medium of production and circulation of commodities in the Edo Period and what influences they had on each other, this article aims to examine the structure of the urban-rural regions of the Tonami District in Kaga-<i>hanryo</i>, the territory which the Maeda clan ruled.<br>To begin with, the author analyzes the regional systems of production and circulation of commodities. In the first-half of the Edo period, <i>machi</i>, authorized cities, with their previleges, took the initiative in the circulation of commodities, whereas other local nuclei had much less centrality. Consequently, tightly integrated regional urban-rural systems were not developed; the systems were quite simple. But, more complicated systems developed in the second-half of the Edo period, when the production and circulation of commodities developed in the rural regions. And some <i>zaimachi</i> unauthorized cities, came to develop based on the regions producing commodities in the rural area and trading with the merchants from other <i>han</i>. At that time, there were a remarkable difference among the central places and the hierarchical divisions of labor. In the rural region, on the other hand, common rural communities remained engaged in primary production process or supplying raw materials to the central places, while some rural communities with access to the central places were engaged in a higher level production process. It has been observed that changes which took place in rural regions had certain regularity. That is, the changes were related to the differences in situational and physical characteristics of the regions. Considering these points, the author has made an effort to examine concretely the structure of urban-rural regions on the basis of the areas receiving annual tributes from rural communities and the areas from which merchants and craftsmen in the central places came. In the first-half of the Edo period, each central place organized urban-rural areas that directely reflected the local characters of its rural hinterland, but this hardly constituted a nodal region. In the latter-half of the Edo period, however, a highly developed nodal region came to exist in the northern part of the Tonami District. That is, the service centers were organized in several classes, hierarchically related. Overlapping of some service areas is also observed. But in the southern region, where the production and circulation of commodities developed later than the one in the north, the structure of urban-rural regions remained more immature; large or small urban-rural areas lay side by side with little functional integration.

著者

橋本 征治

出版者

関西大学東西学術研究所

雑誌

関西大学東西学術研究所紀要 (ISSN:02878151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.55-77, 2007-04-01

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It is essential to investigate the cultural exchange with surrounding areas in analizing the formation and developing process of Japanese prehistoric agriculture. The study on the 'Southern Route' is especially important because it is assumed that the 'Southern Route' had influenced deeply on the formation of farming culture of vegetative root crops which had been the staple crops in the Japanese fundamendal agriculture. In general speaking, the 'Southern Route' consists of the continental route and the islands route. I have mainly studied the islands route, especially the route of the Kuroshio Current, which has Nansei Islands, Formosa, the Philippines along the Kuroshio Current. Comparing similarities of the traditional farming culture, language, rituals, archaeological ruins and remains between the regions along the Kuroshio Current, we can find spatial continuity and discontinuity of the similarities. This discontinuity, however, is not the absolute discontinuity, but is a partial one, and it is considered to be a phenomenon appeared on the outer layer of culture when you see it in time series. Therefore, it is important to investigate what really exists in the depth of such discontinuity, or to find out why it looks discontinued on the outer layer. This paper, as a process of investigating such depth under discontinuity, studied Lanyu (Botel Tobago), the small island in the southeast of Formosa, and recorded and investigated the farming styles, land ownership, and land usage, based on the field study of the farming system of root crops in Lanyu. Then, we compare them with those of Japanese Nansei Islands, Northern Philippines, and Fiji. As the result, Fiji and Nansei Islands showed the distinct contrast. Fiji people have developed the most rich and active farming culture of root crops, but Nansei Islanders have grown a few varieties with dedicated care. The root crops farming culture of Lanyu and Northern Philippines, which basically position between Fiji and Nansei Islands, showed similarity of something in-between concerning their characteristics. With close look, we found less variety in Lanyu which resembles the Nansei Islands, and ample variety in Northern Philippines which resemble Fiji. These positioning of similarity agrees with the idea that Lanyu belongs to the cultural diffusion area of the farming culture of vegetative root crops, following the Kuroshio Current from the Philippines, Formosa, and to the Nansei Islands.

著者

橋本 征治

出版者

関西大学東西学術研究所

雑誌

関西大学東西学術研究所紀要 (ISSN:02878151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.55-77, 2007-04-01

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It is essential to investigate the cultural exchange with surrounding areas in analizing the formation and developing process of Japanese prehistoric agriculture. The study on the 'Southern Route' is especially important because it is assumed that the 'Southern Route' had influenced deeply on the formation of farming culture of vegetative root crops which had been the staple crops in the Japanese fundamendal agriculture. In general speaking, the 'Southern Route' consists of the continental route and the islands route. I have mainly studied the islands route, especially the route of the Kuroshio Current, which has Nansei Islands, Formosa, the Philippines along the Kuroshio Current. Comparing similarities of the traditional farming culture, language, rituals, archaeological ruins and remains between the regions along the Kuroshio Current, we can find spatial continuity and discontinuity of the similarities. This discontinuity, however, is not the absolute discontinuity, but is a partial one, and it is considered to be a phenomenon appeared on the outer layer of culture when you see it in time series. Therefore, it is important to investigate what really exists in the depth of such discontinuity, or to find out why it looks discontinued on the outer layer. This paper, as a process of investigating such depth under discontinuity, studied Lanyu (Botel Tobago), the small island in the southeast of Formosa, and recorded and investigated the farming styles, land ownership, and land usage, based on the field study of the farming system of root crops in Lanyu. Then, we compare them with those of Japanese Nansei Islands, Northern Philippines, and Fiji. As the result, Fiji and Nansei Islands showed the distinct contrast. Fiji people have developed the most rich and active farming culture of root crops, but Nansei Islanders have grown a few varieties with dedicated care. The root crops farming culture of Lanyu and Northern Philippines, which basically position between Fiji and Nansei Islands, showed similarity of something in-between concerning their characteristics. With close look, we found less variety in Lanyu which resembles the Nansei Islands, and ample variety in Northern Philippines which resemble Fiji. These positioning of similarity agrees with the idea that Lanyu belongs to the cultural diffusion area of the farming culture of vegetative root crops, following the Kuroshio Current from the Philippines, Formosa, and to the Nansei Islands.

著者

高橋 誠一 野間 晴雄 橋本 征治 平岡 昭利 西岡 尚也 筒井 由起乃 貝柄 徹 木庭 元晴

出版者

関西大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2005

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本研究は、南海地域における歴史地理的実体を多角的に解明することを主目的としたものであった。従来の地理学分野からの琉球研究は、都市、集落、民俗、交易活動などを個別的に扱い、かつ沖縄や奄美の一地方を対象としたものが多かった。しかしこれらの個別事例の蓄積のみでは、東シナ海や南シナ海全域にわたる琉球の実体の把握が困難であったことは言うまでもない。そこで本研究においては、中国沿海州・台湾・ベトナム・フィリピン、沖縄・奄美における現地調査を実施し、都市・集落景観、伝統的地理学観の影響と変容、伝統的農作物栽培の伝播過程、物流と交易活動、食文化の比較、過去と現在の当該地域における地理学教育に見られる地域差などに関して、立体的な分析を行った。以上の研究によって、琉球が果たしてきた重層的な歴史的役割の実態を、かなりの程度まで明らかにできたと考える。これらの成果の一部は各研究者による個別論文のほかに、2007年に沖縄県立公文書館において開催した国際研究集会報告書などにおいても公刊済みである。また全体的な成果の一部を報告書としても提示した。しかし、本研究によって解明できた点は、当初の目的からすれば、やはりまだその一部を果たしたに過ぎないと言わざるを得ない。すなわち南海地域における歴史地理的諸事象の伝播過程やその変容については、かなり解明したとはいうものの、本研究の成果は単方向的な文化事象の伝播や影響の摘出に終始したとの反省がある。文化の交流や伝播は、長い歴史的過程の中では、多方向的に複雑に錯綜することによって新しい様相を生み出すということができる。それらを明らかにすることによって、本究で対象とした地域に関する理解を深化することを今後の課題としたい。