著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

地理空間学会

雑誌

地理空間 (ISSN:18829872)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.1-17, 2011 (Released:2018-04-11)

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明治期,一獲千金をもくろみ,羽毛を獲得するためアホウドリなどの鳥類を追った日本人の行動は,太平洋の島々へと拡大していったが,本研究は南シナ海の東沙(プラタス)島への日本人の進出を考察したものである。東沙島へは1901 年にアホウドリを求めて玉置半右衛門や水谷新六が探検を行ったが,同島にはアホウドリは生息せず,玉置はすぐに断念し,水谷は目的をカツオドリに代えて進出したが失敗した。次に進出した西澤吉治は,当初,鳥類の捕獲を企図したが,鳥糞(グアノ)・リン鉱採取も視野に入れ,大量の労働者を導入した。無人島が一躍,企業(会社)島「西澤島」に変貌し,無人島進出の行為目的が鳥類から鳥糞・リン鉱採取に変わるのである。また,西澤の事業着手後,領土問題化した西澤島事件は,対日ボイコット運動などの中国のナショナリズムの高揚のなかで起こったもので,日本政府はこれらの運動により大きな痛手を受けており,本研究では,同事件について,日本が西澤島を清国領として認め,清国が西澤の資産を買収することで決着したことにも言及した。

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.5, pp.503-518, 2005-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

92

被引用文献数

1 1

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The Senkaku Islands are made up of five uninhabited islands scattered about 170km north of the Yaeyama Islands of Okinawa Prefecture. In recent years the territorial claims on these islands made by China and Taiwan have increased since it was found that under that area there is a lot of petroleum and natural gas. No one has ever sufficiently examined why Japanese people in the Meiji Era started going to these islands made only of rocks. This study discusses the Japanese advance into and the development of the Senkaku Islands. The following is its summary;The territorial possession of the uninhabited Senkaku Islands started with the exploration by the Okinawa Prefectural Government in 1885, and the exploration report says that a large flock of albatross was found there. In the 1890's, the Japanese advance into the Senkaku Islands was accelerated in order to get the albatross plumage and the great green turban. In those days the Okinawa Prefectural Government had to plead with the Meiji Central Government again and again to put national landmarks on the islands because it was not clear whether the islands were actually Japanese or Chinese territory. Finally in 1894, the Meiji Government permitted to put the national landmarks. In 1895 the Senkaku Islands were placed under the jurisdiction of Okinawa Prefecture. In the same year, Tatsushiro Koga, who was a powerful and wealthy shellfish merchant, asked the Meiji Government to lease Kuba Island for the purpose of catching albatross because of the rapid decrease of the great green turban. His business changed from shellfish to albatross. In 1896, the Government not only leased Kuba Island to him but also granted him the lease of another four Senkaku Islands for 30 years.In 1897 Koga started his business in the Senkaku Islands, but albatross, his main resource of business, decreased devastatingly in only three years. Therefore, he diversified his business into stuffed birds, bonito fishing, guano, and phosphate rocks and managed to make an immense profit. But his business didn't last long because he mismanaged the natural resources on the islands. Koga Village, founded in Uotsuri Island with a huge investment of money, disappeared in about 30 years and around 1937 the Senkaku Islands again became uninhabited with no change since then.

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

下関市立大学

雑誌

萌芽研究

巻号頁・発行日

2004

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平成18年度の研究は、前年に引き続きアホウドリなどの鳥類捕獲を行為目的として、「バード・ラッシュ」といえるほど多くの日本人がミッドウィーなど北西ハワイ諸島へ進出した問題について、具体的に個々の事件について詳細な検討を試みた。概要は、以下の通りである。1903年、アメリカ政府は、これらの日本人の進入を防ぐため鳥類捕獲禁止という法的手段で対応しようとしたが、その後も日本人による鳥類密漁が続き、1904年にはリシアンスキー島で日本人77名がアメリカの巡視船に救助されるという事件が起こった。この事件を検討した結果、鳥類密漁が大規模で、かつ組織的であること、わずか5ヵ月間に鳥類20万羽を捕獲したこと、救助された日本人の3分の1弱は福島県出身であり、同郷のネットワークが確認できたこと、労働者の作業は、補鳥と剥製の製鳥のグループに分けられていたこと、さらに、これらの日本人の3分の2は帰国を希望せず、ハワイでの就業の道を選択したことなどを明らかにした。1908年にも、ハームズ環礁で日本人がアメリカの民間船に救助される事件が発生したが、これも同じく鳥類の密漁を行っていた人々であり、日本の民間会社による組織的な労働者の派遣であった。しかも、密漁に使用された多くの船は、政府の補助事業である遠洋漁業奨励金を得ており、補助事業の目的である漁業ではなく鳥類の密猟を行っていた実態と、これらの船の進出先は、中部太平洋の島々、とくにリシアンスキー島、ウェーク島、スミッス島、ジョンストン島、レイサン島、ハームズ環礁など広範囲にわたっていたことなどを明らかにした。

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

地理空間学会

雑誌

地理空間 (ISSN:18829872)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.53-70, 2008 (Released:2018-04-12)

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行為論で人間行動を解釈する視点から,明治期,日本人の南洋進出の行為目的は,アホウドリであったと想定し,それを追った行動が「帝国」日本の領域拡大につながったことを検討した。アホウドリは小笠原諸島では早くから認識され,1885 年頃には羽毛が外国に輸出されていた。鳥島でアホウドリ撲殺事業を始めた玉置半右衛門は,巨利を得て実業家となり榎本武揚などの南進論者と深くかかわっていた。当時,無人島開拓などの新聞小説が広く読まれるなか,開拓事業に成功した玉置は数々の書物に取り上げられ,無人島探検ブームの一因となった。このブームの中,アホウドリから莫大な利益がもたらされることを認識した人々は,当時の地図に数多く描かれていた疑存島の探検に競って乗り出し,権利獲得競争の果てというべきガンジス島問題も発生した。このようにアホウドリから一攫千金を目論む山師的な人々の行動が,「帝国」日本の領域を東へ,南へと拡大したことを明らかにした。

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.227-252, 1977

被引用文献数

5

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This is a study on historical development of Daito Islands. Daito Islands are highly detached archipelagoes on the Pacific Ocean, located to the east of the main island of Okinawa (Fig. 1). I started the survey on the supposition that the development of these islands was made under the influence of Japanese capitalism, which seems to present some important problems.<br>The summary of the survey is as follows;<br>Daito Islands had been uninhabited until the middle of the Meiji era and were explored. And it was not until 1900 that islanders of Hachijo settled there and made the islands &Ouml;KUMENE. Thereafter the management of the islands was transferred from a trading capital (Tamaoki Company) to a monopolistic capital. And these islands became a single-enterprise-islands (the period of Toyo&sim;Dai-Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Company) after the sale of government property. Then through a large-scale capital investment, phosphate rock mining industry as well as sugar-manufacturing grew prosperous and attracted the suplus population of Okinawa who wanted to work away home (Fig. 8).<br>In the process of time, agglomerated settlements turned into dispersed ones, which contributed to labor efficiency; houses were built in the center of cultivated field in order to increase the labor-efficiency (Fig. 4. 6. 9). It rested with the company to decide how to use the fields and tenants under a sever control of the company were compelled to grow sugarcanes exclusively. The company adopted the policy to take on many laborers from Okinawa at low wages to prevent deviding tenant lands. As a result, the society constituted a hierarchy of company, tenants (people from Hachijo island) and laborers (people from Okinawa). Even among the tenants rose great differences, social or economic, owing to their native places.<br>A self-government system had not been established since the islands were colonized. It was after the war that the two municipal villages were organized, followed by a reconstruction of sugar manufacturing in 1951 (Fig. 10), and the conflict of more than ten years for the ownership of the land between DaiNippon Sugar Manufacturing Company and the villages. And at last in 1964 (64 years after the colonization) tenants became owner farmers.<br>Now for me, the historical development seems to show the island have the phenomena common to other detached insular societies, that is, other detached islands like Daito Islands are easily subjecteted to the administratration which use the natural strong segregation. Daito Islands case, its phenomena were especially observed in the period of plantation management. Economically speaking, the islands were directly connected with Japan proper. In this sense, &ldquo;detachedness&rdquo; of the islands had been subdued. But this means the reinforcement of dependency on the economy of Japan proper and islanders themselves were still confined in the detached, closed society. To put it concretely, the company, taking advantage of &ldquo;detachedness&rdquo; of the islands, checked the flow-in and flow-out of labor, and issued private notes which circulated only in such a closed society. Then, disposal of national property without regard for the islanders profit had long driven settlers to miserable situation. Authorities, leaving the administration of the islands to the monopolistic capital, engaged the islanders as soldiers and imposed tax without any protection to them. Rigid company regulations worked as laws.<br>The historical development of Daito Islands tells the administration was not satisfactory to the islanders. And this remark seems to apply not only to Daito Islands of past, but also to other island today. It is true that economic investment at large has not so much effect on general islands, but the policy for detached islands should be based on the fundamental fact that these islands are &Ouml;KUMENE (people are living, working).

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.227-252, 1977-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

68

被引用文献数

3 5

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This is a study on historical development of Daito Islands. Daito Islands are highly detached archipelagoes on the Pacific Ocean, located to the east of the main island of Okinawa (Fig. 1). I started the survey on the supposition that the development of these islands was made under the influence of Japanese capitalism, which seems to present some important problems.The summary of the survey is as follows;Daito Islands had been uninhabited until the middle of the Meiji era and were explored. And it was not until 1900 that islanders of Hachijo settled there and made the islands ÖKUMENE. Thereafter the management of the islands was transferred from a trading capital (Tamaoki Company) to a monopolistic capital. And these islands became a single-enterprise-islands (the period of Toyo∼Dai-Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Company) after the sale of government property. Then through a large-scale capital investment, phosphate rock mining industry as well as sugar-manufacturing grew prosperous and attracted the suplus population of Okinawa who wanted to work away home (Fig. 8).In the process of time, agglomerated settlements turned into dispersed ones, which contributed to labor efficiency; houses were built in the center of cultivated field in order to increase the labor-efficiency (Fig. 4. 6. 9). It rested with the company to decide how to use the fields and tenants under a sever control of the company were compelled to grow sugarcanes exclusively. The company adopted the policy to take on many laborers from Okinawa at low wages to prevent deviding tenant lands. As a result, the society constituted a hierarchy of company, tenants (people from Hachijo island) and laborers (people from Okinawa). Even among the tenants rose great differences, social or economic, owing to their native places.A self-government system had not been established since the islands were colonized. It was after the war that the two municipal villages were organized, followed by a reconstruction of sugar manufacturing in 1951 (Fig. 10), and the conflict of more than ten years for the ownership of the land between DaiNippon Sugar Manufacturing Company and the villages. And at last in 1964 (64 years after the colonization) tenants became owner farmers.Now for me, the historical development seems to show the island have the phenomena common to other detached insular societies, that is, other detached islands like Daito Islands are easily subjecteted to the administratration which use the natural strong segregation. Daito Islands case, its phenomena were especially observed in the period of plantation management. Economically speaking, the islands were directly connected with Japan proper. In this sense, “detachedness” of the islands had been subdued. But this means the reinforcement of dependency on the economy of Japan proper and islanders themselves were still confined in the detached, closed society. To put it concretely, the company, taking advantage of “detachedness” of the islands, checked the flow-in and flow-out of labor, and issued private notes which circulated only in such a closed society. Then, disposal of national property without regard for the islanders profit had long driven settlers to miserable situation. Authorities, leaving the administration of the islands to the monopolistic capital, engaged the islanders as soldiers and imposed tax without any protection to them. Rigid company regulations worked as laws.The historical development of Daito Islands tells the administration was not satisfactory to the islanders. And this remark seems to apply not only to Daito Islands of past, but also to other island today. It is true that economic investment at large has not so much effect on general islands, but the policy for detached islands should be based on the fundamental fact that these islands are ÖKUMENE (people are living, working).

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

地理空間学会

雑誌

地理空間 (ISSN:18829872)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.53-70, 2008

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行為論で人間行動を解釈する視点から,明治期,日本人の南洋進出の行為目的は,アホウドリであったと想定し,それを追った行動が「帝国」日本の領域拡大につながったことを検討した。アホウドリは小笠原諸島では早くから認識され,1885 年頃には羽毛が外国に輸出されていた。鳥島でアホウドリ撲殺事業を始めた玉置半右衛門は,巨利を得て実業家となり榎本武揚などの南進論者と深くかかわっていた。当時,無人島開拓などの新聞小説が広く読まれるなか,開拓事業に成功した玉置は数々の書物に取り上げられ,無人島探検ブームの一因となった。このブームの中,アホウドリから莫大な利益がもたらされることを認識した人々は,当時の地図に数多く描かれていた疑存島の探検に競って乗り出し,権利獲得競争の果てというべきガンジス島問題も発生した。このようにアホウドリから一攫千金を目論む山師的な人々の行動が,「帝国」日本の領域を東へ,南へと拡大したことを明らかにした。

著者

平岡昭利編

出版者

海青社

巻号頁・発行日

2017

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

歴史地理学会

雑誌

歴史地理学紀要 (ISSN:04863461)

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, pp.p273-294, 1976

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Series A (ISSN:18834388)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.3, pp.292-293, 2011-05-01 (Released:2015-09-28)

著者

平岡 昭利

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Series A (ISSN:18834388)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.161-162, 2011-03-01 (Released:2015-09-28)

参考文献数

3

著者

高橋 誠一 野間 晴雄 橋本 征治 平岡 昭利 西岡 尚也 筒井 由起乃 貝柄 徹 木庭 元晴

出版者

関西大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2005

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本研究は、南海地域における歴史地理的実体を多角的に解明することを主目的としたものであった。従来の地理学分野からの琉球研究は、都市、集落、民俗、交易活動などを個別的に扱い、かつ沖縄や奄美の一地方を対象としたものが多かった。しかしこれらの個別事例の蓄積のみでは、東シナ海や南シナ海全域にわたる琉球の実体の把握が困難であったことは言うまでもない。そこで本研究においては、中国沿海州・台湾・ベトナム・フィリピン、沖縄・奄美における現地調査を実施し、都市・集落景観、伝統的地理学観の影響と変容、伝統的農作物栽培の伝播過程、物流と交易活動、食文化の比較、過去と現在の当該地域における地理学教育に見られる地域差などに関して、立体的な分析を行った。以上の研究によって、琉球が果たしてきた重層的な歴史的役割の実態を、かなりの程度まで明らかにできたと考える。これらの成果の一部は各研究者による個別論文のほかに、2007年に沖縄県立公文書館において開催した国際研究集会報告書などにおいても公刊済みである。また全体的な成果の一部を報告書としても提示した。しかし、本研究によって解明できた点は、当初の目的からすれば、やはりまだその一部を果たしたに過ぎないと言わざるを得ない。すなわち南海地域における歴史地理的諸事象の伝播過程やその変容については、かなり解明したとはいうものの、本研究の成果は単方向的な文化事象の伝播や影響の摘出に終始したとの反省がある。文化の交流や伝播は、長い歴史的過程の中では、多方向的に複雑に錯綜することによって新しい様相を生み出すということができる。それらを明らかにすることによって、本究で対象とした地域に関する理解を深化することを今後の課題としたい。