著者

田口 洋美

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.2, pp.191-202, 2004-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

2 1

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It is generally assumed that the Japanese society and culture have been developed on the basis of the agriculture, especially on the rice field cultivation. Hunting, therefore, has been considered a sub-culture insignificant in the socio-cultural context as a whole. The author, however, is of the opinion that the two activities, agriculture and hunting, which are seemingly unrelated in outlook, have been strongly linked and have played complementary roles to each other.Japanese traditional hunters, Matagi, played an important role here as semi-professional hunters, and their hunting has increasingly become market-oriented.Agricultural activities inevitably destroy the natural habitat of wildlife by reclaiming or clearing forests to make the land suitable for cultivation, thus eliminating wild animals. Ironically, however, crops grown on cultivated land, which are rich in nutrition, attract wild animals. If the farmers intend to keep high productivity, those animals must be efficiently expelled from the man-controlled area. Agriculture is simply incompatible with wild animals.Hunting for a living, on the other hand, in essentially to capture wild animals, they are either consumed as various resources by the hunter himself or sold or exchanged for the necessities of life. To ensure sustainable hunting, the number of wild animals must also be sustained, which means the number of captures and the reproduction of animals must be well balanced. Hunting activities thus inevitably require coexistence with wildlife.Hunting and the agriculture, contradiction in principle, however, could and actually have cooperated to form a complementary relationship, which could be called a system : the hunters eliminated wild animals from cultivated land, and the crops attracted game animals for hunting. Around the peripheries of cultivated areas such complementary relationships have been and still are sustained.Historically, such relationships were gradually established from 17th to 18th centuries, when the Edo Shogunate encouraged as its policy to expand agricultural lands. With the technological advances of irrigation systems, marshlands and shoals were turned into rice fields in the plains, and hills and valleys were cultivated in the mountain regions. Hunting then gradually became involved in the agricultural activities to protect farmland from wild animals.In the later period of the Edo Shogunate, the farmers themselves began to capture or chase wild animals out of farmland. At the same time, some hunters with highly professional hunting techniques began further chasing and hunting game animals beyond the cultivated lands. Villages experiencing greater damage from wild animals often hired such hunters. The resources obtained from the captured animals and birds, such as furs, hides, feathers, tendons, meat, and internal organs and bones for medical use, were supplied to the local markets. Hunting thus found its niche at the peripheries of agriculture and the market that demanded animal resources, though limited in quantities and in the number of consumers the market might have been.The flow of animal resources, from agricultural land, to the hunters, then to the market, seems to have been established as a system around 18th to 19th centuries, as the monetary system began to prevail and currency was widely used.As Japan turned into the Modern Ages, hunting became more market-oriented and also strictly controlled : hunting was encouraged to supply furs for export to Europe and the US, and for the military use under the Imperial militaristic government at the time.A historical review of hunting in Japan suggests that, as for the conservation of wildlife, a historical and socio-cultural viewpoint is essential along with ecological and ethological research.

著者

田口 洋美

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.2, pp.191-202, 2004

被引用文献数

2 1

---

It is generally assumed that the Japanese society and culture have been developed on the basis of the agriculture, especially on the rice field cultivation. Hunting, therefore, has been considered a sub-culture insignificant in the socio-cultural context as a whole. The author, however, is of the opinion that the two activities, agriculture and hunting, which are seemingly unrelated in outlook, have been strongly linked and have played complementary roles to each other.<BR>Japanese traditional hunters, Matagi, played an important role here as semi-professional hunters, and their hunting has increasingly become market-oriented.<BR>Agricultural activities inevitably destroy the natural habitat of wildlife by reclaiming or clearing forests to make the land suitable for cultivation, thus eliminating wild animals. Ironically, however, crops grown on cultivated land, which are rich in nutrition, attract wild animals. If the farmers intend to keep high productivity, those animals must be efficiently expelled from the man-controlled area. Agriculture is simply incompatible with wild animals.<BR>Hunting for a living, on the other hand, in essentially to capture wild animals, they are either consumed as various resources by the hunter himself or sold or exchanged for the necessities of life. To ensure sustainable hunting, the number of wild animals must also be sustained, which means the number of captures and the reproduction of animals must be well balanced. Hunting activities thus inevitably require coexistence with wildlife.<BR>Hunting and the agriculture, contradiction in principle, however, could and actually have cooperated to form a complementary relationship, which could be called a system : the hunters eliminated wild animals from cultivated land, and the crops attracted game animals for hunting. Around the peripheries of cultivated areas such complementary relationships have been and still are sustained.<BR>Historically, such relationships were gradually established from 17<SUP>th</SUP> to 18<SUP>th</SUP> centuries, when the Edo Shogunate encouraged as its policy to expand agricultural lands. With the technological advances of irrigation systems, marshlands and shoals were turned into rice fields in the plains, and hills and valleys were cultivated in the mountain regions. Hunting then gradually became involved in the agricultural activities to protect farmland from wild animals.<BR>In the later period of the Edo Shogunate, the farmers themselves began to capture or chase wild animals out of farmland. At the same time, some hunters with highly professional hunting techniques began further chasing and hunting game animals beyond the cultivated lands. Villages experiencing greater damage from wild animals often hired such hunters. The resources obtained from the captured animals and birds, such as furs, hides, feathers, tendons, meat, and internal organs and bones for medical use, were supplied to the local markets. Hunting thus found its niche at the peripheries of agriculture and the market that demanded animal resources, though limited in quantities and in the number of consumers the market might have been.<BR>The flow of animal resources, from agricultural land, to the hunters, then to the market, seems to have been established as a system around 18<SUP>th</SUP> to 19<SUP>th</SUP> centuries, as the monetary system began to prevail and currency was widely used.<BR>As Japan turned into the Modern Ages, hunting became more market-oriented and also strictly controlled : hunting was encouraged to supply furs for export to Europe and the US, and for the military use under the Imperial militaristic government at the time.<BR>A historical review of hunting in Japan suggests that, as for the conservation of wildlife, a historical and socio-cultural viewpoint is essential along with ecological and ethological research.

著者

田口 洋美

出版者

神奈川大学

雑誌

歴史と民俗 : 神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所論集 (ISSN:0912568X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.80-113, 2000-03

著者

田口 洋美 Taguchi Hiromi

出版者

神奈川大学

雑誌

歴史と民俗 : 神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所論集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.80-113, 2000-03-15

著者

田口 洋美

出版者

東北芸術工科大学東北文化研究センター ; 2013-

雑誌

東北学. [第3期]

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.38-60, 2015-07

著者

田口 洋美 佐藤 宏之 辻 誠一郎 佐々木 史郎 三浦 慎悟 高橋 満彦 原田 信男 白水 智 佐藤 宏之 辻 誠一郎 佐々木 史郎 原田 信男 白水 智 三浦 慎悟 神崎 伸夫 前中 ひろみ 高橋 満彦 岸本 誠司 中川 重年 梶 光一

出版者

東北芸術工科大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2006

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本研究が開始された翌年平成18年度においてクマ類の多発出没が発生し、捕殺数は約5000頭、人身事故も多発した。本研究はこのような大型野生動物の大量出没に対する対策を地域住民の歴史社会的コンテクスト上に構築することを主眼とし、東日本豪雪山岳地域のツキノワグマ生息地域における狩猟システムと動物資源利用を「食べて保全」という市民運動へと展開しているドイツ連邦の実情を調査し、持続的資源利用を含む地域個体群保全管理狩猟システムの社会的位置づけとその可能性を追求した。

著者

中村 生雄 岡部 隆志 佐藤 宏之 原田 信男 三浦 佑之 六車 由実 田口 洋美 松井 章 永松 敦

出版者

学習院大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2004

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本研究では、日本および隣接東アジア地域の狩猟民俗と動物供犠の幅広い事例収集を通じて、西洋近代率会において形成された「供犠」概念の相対化と批判的克服を行ない、東アジアにおける人と自然の対抗・親和の諸関係を明らかにすることを目的とした。言うまでもなく、狩猟と供犠は人が自然にたいして行なう暴力的な介入とその儀礼的な代償行為として人類史に普遍的であるが、その発現形態は環境・生業・宗教の相違にしたがって各様であり、今回はその課題を、北海道の擦文・オホーツク・アイヌ各文化における自然利用の考察、飛騨地方の熊猟の事例研究、沖縄におけるシマクサラシやハマエーグトゥといった動物供犠儀礼の実地調査などのほか、東アジアでの関連諸事例として、台湾・プユマ(卑南)族のハラアバカイ行事(邪気を払う行事)と猿刺し祭、中国雲南省弥勒県イ族の火祭の調査をとおして追求した。その結果明らかになったことは、日本本土においては古代の「供犠の文化」が急速に抑圧されて「供養の文化」に置き換わっていったのにたいして、沖縄および東アジアの諸地域においては一連の祭祀や儀礼のなかに「供犠の文化」の要素と「供養の文化」の要素とが並存したり融合して存在する事例が一般的であることであった。そして後者の理由としては、東アジアにおけるdomesticationのプロセスが西南アジアのそれに比して不徹底であったという事実に加え、成立宗教である仏教・儒教の死者祭祀儀礼や祖先観念が東アジアでは地域ごとに一様でない影響を及ぼし、そのため自己完結的な霊魂観や死後イメージが形成されにくかった点が明らかになった。またく狩猟民俗と動物供犠とに共通する「殺し」と「血」の倫理学的・象徴論的な解明、さらには、人間と自然とが出会うとき不可避的に出現する「暴力」の多面的な検証が不可欠であることが改めて確認された。