著者

Meike WOLLKOPF Hans-Friedrich WOLLKOPF

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.57-73, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

22

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The reunification of East and West Germany in the year 1990 signalled the start of a new chapter in the history of the German nation. This reunification took place in a legal sense through the accession of the previous German Democratic Republic (GDR) to the Federal Republic of Germany with its legal and democratic system and its membership in the European Union (EU) and in the military organisation of the NATO. In the short term sense in the economic and social sectors, this lead to an historically unprecedented process of transformation from the forty years of socialist planned economy to the Western style of market economy, which is primarily based on private ownership. This caused deep-rooted changes in the living conditions of almost every citizen of Eastern Germany. The social process of transformation hit the Eastern German agricultural sector with full force, thus causing a structural change. This was not simply a question of privatisation. The task at the same time was to develop the agricultural sector to adopt a market-orientated, internationally competitive, lasting and more environmentally tolerable position and to incorporate it within the EU agricultural policies. On the one hand, the previous course of the agricultural process of transformation in the new Federal States reveals tendencies to align with the West German and West European agricultural conditions, on the other hand however, there are also interesting peculiarities, including the quality of the company forms, unknown in Western Europe-small family farming companies side by side with privately-owned, large expansive companies in a broad range of legal forms. The privatisation of the land will be completed in the near future. However, the clarification of legal matters pertaining to the individual interests of ownership will stretch into the coming century. Family companies and large private agricultural companies are both subject in an equal manner to the competitive pressure of the national and international markets and only have a true perspective for the future if they are based on a stable clarification of land ownership. The agricultural use of the areas of land has changed considerably in comparison to 1990. In plant production-not least as a result of the EU market regulations-a trend towards more extensive utilisation has set in, involving a greater proportion of grain and maize and a marked reduction in root crop, fruit and vegetable production, even in the traditional East German cultivation centres. The East German livestock and agricultural products of animal origin have dropped by 50% in comparison to their previous levels. The East German Federal States are by far no longer self-supporting in terms of meat and dairy production. They are also supplied by the West European markets. The agricultural sector was forced to relinquish its previous stabilising position as a regional employer in the rural regions as a result of the redundancy of several hundred thousand agricultural workers. This lead to a severe level of unemployment and the dismantling of social functions which had been based on professional work. The consequences for the rural regions resulting from this cannot yet be predicted. Whereas the suburban rural municipalities in the close proximity of larger city growth centres developed in a positive and dynamic manner, the larger proportion of the rural municipalities with their often traditionally agricultural or commercial monostructures suffered considerable disadvantage, sometimes to the extent that their very existence has becone endangered. The state subsidies which have been distributed in a relatively generous manner up until now have only been sufficient to balance these deficits to a certain extent.

著者

NGUYEN Huu Ngu KIM Doo-Chul

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.1, pp.79-94, 2009-03-26 (Released:2009-03-26)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1 1

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This research attempts to clarify the characteristics of the “poor” households in Phu An Commune, located on the shore of Tam Giang Lagoon, Central Vietnam. To understand the socioeconomic background of poverty in the area, the authors examine the changes in agriculture as well as shrimp aquaculture since the adoption of “Doi Moi”, an open-door policy, in 1986. Then, the constraints which make it difficult for them to escape from poverty are discussed. The results of this study show that agricultural and aquacultural changes have diversified the locals' livehoods. The positive changes are reflected in the decline of the number of “poor” households as well as in their evaluation of their lives compared with 20 years ago. Nevertheless, there are still many constraints which cause the “poor” households to remain poor in spite of the remarkable economic growth during the last 20 years. Insight into the detailed situation of poverty in the area is given through the categorization of the residents by their livelihood: mobile gear fishing (usually called “Sampan people”), fixed gear fishing, farming, farming and fishing, and service. In the process of the “Doi Moi” policy and following the introduction of shrimp aquaculture around 1999, the water surface of Tam Giang Lagoon, which used to be an open-access common resource, was allocated to individuals for their exclusive use and exploited mainly for shrimp aquaculture. Due to these drastic changes in local resource, the “Sampan people”, who have been engaged in only fishery in Tam Giang Lagoon, have changed their position in the commune from the greatest beneficiaries to those of sacrifices. Now the poorest in this area are those who engage in mobile gear fishing, the “Sampan people”.

著者

Kunihiko ENDO Itsuki NAKABAYASHI Mitsuhisa WATANABE Fumio TSUNODA Hidehiko KAZAMA Jun-ichi YOSHINO Yasuhiro SUZUKI Hiroyuki SAKAUE Minoru SHIMIZU Hiroshi UNE

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.12, pp.738-743, 2006-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

Kazuko URUSHIBARA-YOSHINO Kazuki MORI Shigeru SHIRASAKA Dan BALTEANU

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.5, pp.271-274, 2006-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

Toshihisa ASANO Tatsuya ITO Yukihiro HIRAI Osamu MATSUDA Doo-chul KIM Seontae HOGN

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.5, pp.317-321, 2005-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Yoshiki WAKABAYASHI Kenji ISHIZAKI Yoshio IGARASHI Yukio SADAHIRO Shin MURAKOSHI Kohei OKAMOTO Kei-ichi OKUNUKI Kumiko SHIMURA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.12, pp.930-933, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Hidenori OKAHASHI Shigeru SHIRASAKA Yoshihisa FUJITA Toshimichi MIYAGUCHI Toshiaki NISHINO Hiroyasu KAMO Megumi OHASHI Tetsuo SUYAMA Kenji TSUTSUMI Akihito NAKAJO Carolin FUNCK Doo-Chul KIM

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.5, pp.377-381, 2003-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Shosuke HOSOI Kazuko UCHIDA Toshihisa ASANO Kayoko YAMAMOTO Seiichi TANIOKA Kunikazu NISHIZAWA Kazuhiko MIZUTANI Atsuyuki OKABE Fumio ADACHI Takuzi SUZUKI Hiroo AOYAMA Syun-iti TOMIHISA Tadamitsu SAITO

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.12, pp.761-766, 2002-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Juichi CHITOSE Kei-ichi OKUNUKI Koji OHNISHI Atsushi SUZUKI Hitoshi HASEGAWA Teruko USUI Takamasa SAKAI Keiji YANO Tomoki NAKAYA Satoshi IWAKIRI Hiroyuki KOHSAKA Tomoko SEKINE

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.12, pp.772-774, 2002-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Koichi TOGASHI Masahiko MIZUNO Katsufumi OHSAWA Akio KONDO Kenji YAMAMOTO Shinji HARA Guo-ping LI Ming-hua LU Satoshi DONO Hiroshi MATSUBARA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.12, pp.774-779, 2002-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Kazuki MORI Michio NOGAMI Shin-ichi ONODERA Tomohiro NARUOKA Osamu SHIMMI Maki TSUJIMURA Norio TASE Yasushi AGATA Koji KODERA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.5, pp.378-383, 2002-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

Yoshinori YASUDA Hitoshi FUKUSAWA Katsuya GOTANDA Takashi NAKAGAWA Pavel E. TARASSOV Kotoba NISHIDA Megumi KATO Yuki SAWAI Arata MOMOHARA Toshiyuki FUJIKI Hiroo NASU Junko KITAGAWA Kazuyoshi YAMADA Chiharu KOROGI Mitsuru OKUNO Shuji IWATA Zhekun ZHOU Toshiro NARUSE Shinichi YATAGAI Manabu KOBAYASHI Manabu TAKAHASHI Tatsunori KAWASUMI Yoshimune MORITA Tomio KURODA Azusa YANO Yo-Ichiro SATO Yuichi MORI Masaaki KANEHARA Yasushi MOTOKI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.5, pp.384-390, 2002-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

JAE-CHEOL KIM BYONG-KOOK YOO

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.193-209, 1992-09-18 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

16

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The present paper examines the welfare effect of ex post rate-of-return regulation. Unlike the traditional rate-of-return regulation on a monopoly, the regulation is mainly for oligopolistic industries and of the ex post nature. At the end of each year, total revenue of the firms as a whole is calculated. If the revenue is greater than the revenue requirement of all firms, a portion of the excess is taxed from the firms according to a certain prescribed rule. On the other hand, if the revenue falls short of the revenue requirement, the agency subsidizes the firms for the shortage. It is shown how the regulation affects social welfare by creating an artificial competitive environment for the firms and by controlling industry cost efficiency. The optimal regulation is also analyzed.

著者

SHIN-ICHI FUKUDA

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.230-245, 1992-09-18 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

24

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the appropriate stabilization rules among a large number of countries. By decomposing the world system into one aggregate and N-1 difference systems, the paper calculates the desirable monetary rules in the N-country model. we find that the optimal monetary rule is a combination of the global monetary rule and the intervention rule. In general, the derived rule depends on the number of countries and the relative magnitudes of exogenous variances. The paper first analyzes the symmetric world economy and extends the results to the asymmetric world.

著者

CHEN-MIN HSU

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.2, pp.118-128, 1992-06-20 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

25

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This paper extends existing inventory literature by introducing current and future quantity constraints into a model of inventory holding behavior. It provides a framework for the analysis of the impact of future quantity expectations on current decisions, a concept that is used in the temporary equilibrium with quantity rationing literature but lacks a theoretical rationale. And it also shows that the more optimistic the firm is about future sales the more labor it will hire and therefore the more output it will produce. In addition, it shows that the extrinsic uncertainty of sales rationing induces the firm to hold less inventories.

著者

SHIN-ICHI FUKUDA

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.33-51, 1992-03-19 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

19

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This paper investigates a new welfare implication of foreign exchange market intervention under time-consistent monetary policy. When the monetary authority can observe nominal exchange rate instantaneously, there exists an incentive to intervene in foreign exchange market. However, the lower degree of intervention reduces the temptation for the monetary authority to generate unanticipated inflation. Hence, a rise in the variance of import shocks which reduces the degree of intervention might raise the social welfare in a Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, because of these endogenous intervention rules, the gains from coordination depend on the relative magnitude of various exogenous variabilities.

著者

KAZUHARU KIYONO MASAHIRO OKUNO-FUJIWARA KAORU UEDA

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.4, pp.347-361, 1991-12-20 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

17

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This paper inquires into the effect of choice of protection means, tariffs or quotas, on the economy's protection level for a small country within a specific-factor model when the protection level is determined by the lobbying activities by each industry (non-cooperative game) or jointly by negotiations of all the industries concerned (cooperative game). We will see that strategic interaction among lobbying industries gives rise to non-equivalence between tariffs and quotas.

著者

SHIN-ICHI FUKUDA

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.4, pp.289-299, 1990-12-20 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

21

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This paper investigates the optimal choice of monetary policy instrument when the feedback rule on past disturbances is optimally chosen. In the analysis, monetary feedback rule is based not only on current interest rate but also on past disturbances. In the neoclassical model where expectations are rational, the choice of monetary instrument can be redundant in stabilizing output. However, in the sticky price model and the model with adaptive expectations, the choice of monetary instrument in stabilizing output is the Pool's rule whether the feedback rule on past disturbances is optimally chosen or not. A crucial point in the analysis is that the price equation is forward-looking in the neoclassical model with rational expectations but is backward-looking in the sticky price model or the model with adaptive expectations.

著者

MAKOTO TAWADA SEI-ICHI KATAYAMA

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.34-47, 1990-03-20 (Released:2008-02-28)

参考文献数

16

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This paper gives an empirical examination of efficiency of the regulated firm. Rate of return regulation is a typical feature of the public utility environment. The theoretical analysis by Averch-Johnson showed the existence of a regulatory bias toward overcapitalization. We reexamine and elaborate the method of the empirical test for the Averch-Johnson proposition. And we apply it to the Japanese electric power industry. We showed that the Averch-Johnson proposition was not necessarily confirmed and the production in the Japanese electric power industry was efficient for some period in spite of regulation.

著者

KAZUHARU KIYONO MASAHIRO OKUNO-FUJIWARA

出版者

JAPANESE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

雑誌

The Economic Studies Quarterly (ISSN:0557109X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.356-377, 1988-12-20 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

14