著者
XING Yuqing 政策研究大学院大学 / National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
出版者
GRIPS Policy Research Center
雑誌
GRIPS Discussion Papers
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22-12, 2023-03

Chinese processing exports use imported intermediates more intensively than its ordinary exports. The share of processing exports in the Chinese exports to high income countries is much higher than that to low income ones. That heterogeneity suggests that the domestic value added of Chinese processing exports differs from that of the ordinary exports, and the domestic value added of Chinese bilateral exports should vary across its trading partners. In this study I estimate the domestic value added of Chinese processing exports, ordinary exports, total exports and bilateral exports to 150 countries from 2004 to 2018, giving consideration to the heterogeneity. The estimates indicate that the domestic value added of processing exports was 30.1% in 2004, about 55 percentage points lower than that of ordinary exports. From 2004 to 2018, the domestic value added of total Chinese exports rose from 54.5% to 63.7%. However, the significant disparity in the domestic value added between processing and ordinary exports was persistent during the period. The domestic value added of Chinese exports also varied significantly across 150 trading partners. In 2004, it ranged from 39.5% to 84.1%. Generally, Chinese exports to developing countries were embedded with higher domestic value added than that to developed countries. Compared with the Chinese domestic value added reported by the OECD TiVA, the estimates of this study are 20 percentage lower on average.
著者
寺田 忠史 藤本 勝彦 野村 誠 山下 純一 / 小武内 尚 武田 節夫 南 慶典 吉田 健一郎 山口 秀夫 山田 雄次 Yuji YAMADA
出版者
The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
雑誌
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, no.5, pp.907-912, 1993-05-15 (Released:2008-03-31)
参考文献数
58
被引用文献数
6 10

1-β-Alkyl derivatives of 1-desoxypodophyllotoxin were synthesized, and their cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects on DNA topoisomerase II (Topo-II) and tubulin polymerization were examined.The reaction of epipodophyllotoxin derivatives (1a-c) with trimethylallylsilane in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate gave 1-β-allylated compounds (2a-c). The regiochemistry and the β-stereochemistry of the 1-allyl group were confirmed by comparison of the 13C-NMR spectra and NOE's (%) of 2c, podophyllotoxin (POD) and epipodophyllotoxin (1b). 1-β-Alkyl-1-desoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives (3-8) were prepared from 2b.None of the tested compounds (3-8) showed any inhibitory effect on Topo-II. 1-β-Propyl compound (3) and its 4'-demethyl compound (4) inhibited tubulin polymerization and the cytotoxicities of these compounds were equal to that of VP-16. 1-β-(2, 3-Dihydroxypropyl) compounds (5 and 8) and 1-β-(2, 3-diacetoxypropyl) compounds (6 and 7)showed no inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerization. Although 5 did not inhibit either Topo-II activity or tubulin polymerization, it showed a high cytotoxicity against sarcoma 180.
著者
尾崎 庄一郎 渡辺 裕 / 長瀬 敏雄 小笠原 富夫 古川 弘幸 上村 敦彦 石川 勝敏 / / 徳善 令子 AKIO HOSHI MASAAKI IIGO REIKO TOKUZEN
出版者
The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
雑誌
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.1, pp.150-157, 1986-01-25 (Released:2008-03-31)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
15 23

With the aim of diminishing the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (1) and obtaining biologically active derivatives of 1 suitable for oral administration, α-alkoxyalkyl groups were introduced at the 1-, 3-and 1, 3-positions of 1. Alkoxyalkylation can be effected by four methods : (i) reaction of 1-alkoxyalkyl chloride (2) with 1, (ii) reaction of acetal with 2, 4-bis (trimethylsiloxy)-5-fluoropy-rimidine, (iii) addition reaction of α-unsaturated ether with 1, (iv) aminolysis of 1-alkylthio-carbonyl-3-(1-alkoxyalkyl)-5-fluorouracil. The toxicity of the products was less than that of 1, and some of these compounds showed moderate antitumor activity against L-1210 leukemia.
著者
仲 修平 / 前田 豊 / 石田 淳
雑誌
大阪経大論集 (ISSN:04747909)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, no.3, pp.139-157, 2013-09-15

本稿の目的は、人びとの「勝ち組・負け組」意識が従業上の地位、世帯所得や婚姻形態とどのように関連しているのかをインターネット調査データの分析を通して明らかにすることである。分析の結果、「勝ち組・負け組」意識は、未婚・離死別であるか既婚であるかという婚姻形態と強く結びついていつことが示された。また、「勝ち組」意識を持つうえで重要だと考えられてきた正規雇用の地位には、強い影響力はみられなかった。しかし、婚姻形態と従業上の地位との交互作用の分析では、未婚・離死別の場合は正規雇用に比べて無職、あるいは非正規雇用であることによって「負け組」意識を持ちやすい一方で、既婚の場合は逆に「勝ち組」意識を持ちやすい傾向であることがわかった。さらに、世帯所得との交互作用においても既婚の場合、世帯所得の増加によって「勝ち組」意識を持ちやすい顕著な傾向が示された。従業上の地位や世帯所得という「地位達成」変数の「勝ち組・負け組」意識に対する効果は、婚姻形態という「ライフスタイル」の地位によって異なることがあきらかになった。
著者
山川 /修治
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.102, no.2, pp.183-195, 1993-04-25
参考文献数
58
被引用文献数
1 5

Natural disasters in Little Ice Age (<I>c</I>. 1550-1850) and its climatic variations which formed a significant background for the disasters are mentioned. Cool summers due to a prevailing Okhotsk High were characteristic of this period. Cold winters, summer heavy rains and unstable atmospheric conditions also constituted essential features of Little Ice Age. Aerosol ejected by a series of major volcanic eruptions partly prevented solar radiation from reaching the earth' s surface (parasol effect), which resulted in cool and unusual weather. Agriculture, in particular, was vulnerable to bad weather damage. As a result of decreasing direct insolation, sometimes together with lowering temperature and/or locally increasing precipitation, seven major famines occurred during the Edo Era (1663-1868) which approximately coincided with Little Ice Age. Several cases in this paper suggest that natural environment in Little Ice Age was marked by both volcanism and weakened solar activities which &ldquo;Maunder Minimum&rdquo;(1645-1715) represented.
著者
奥川 裕 / 工藤 恵理子
雑誌
東京女子大学紀要論集 (ISSN:04934350)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.1, pp.131-143, 2009-03-10

Previous studies have shown that people tend to overestimate the extent to which others can discern their internal states, such that liars tend to overestimate the detectability of their lies (e.g., Gilovich, Savitsky, & Medvec, 1998). In this study, we examined the effect of regulatory focus on the tendency to overestimate the detectability of lies. According to the regulatory focus theory (e.g., Higgins, 1998), prevention-focused people try to avoid failure. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the overestimation of detectability by liars increases when they are prevention-focused rather than promotion-focused. In the experiment, participants were randomly assigned to be an actor (liar) or an observer. Liars overestimated the detectability of their lies by observers and this tendency was more pronounced when liars were prevention-focused.