著者

宮地 政司

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.61-63, 1950

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最近測地学方面で行われた無線報時の利用による二, 三の研究成果を紹介し, 我國の無線報時の現況とその利用法の概要を述べ, それ藤広い分野を有つ地学のどこかで役立つ事を願5ものである。<BR>測定や観測を静的なものと動的なものに大別する事が出来る。歴史の示す様にそれは静から動へと発展している。近代の科学の発展はこの動的測定に負5ものが非常に多い様である。こゝでいう動的とは「時」の利用によるもので, それが無線報時の手段で簡單に自由にそして必要な精密さで利用出来る様になつたのは極めて最近でこゝ二三十年来の事である。先づ二, 三の最近の研究成果を述べてみよう。

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.7, pp.386-387, 1891

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.7, pp.356a-357, 1893

著者

福井 篤

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.1-10, 1964-02-29 (Released:2009-11-12)

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今日, 雪氷学と称せられる分野において, 氷の結晶の問題から, 積雪・融雪の物理学的問題に至るまで, 学問的体系をととのえてきたのは, 最近ほぼ10年位の進歩によるものであろう。氷の結晶, 雪の結晶及び降雪現象については, 雲物理学の進農も含めて純基礎的学問の分野で進められてきたが, 積雪現象については, 従来主として応用科学的に取扱われ, 特に産業分野における防災対策上の問題として研究が進められてきた。特に, 多雪による大災害の発生を見ると急速にその対策研究が要望され, 昭和9年, 11年, 15年等の大雪年の際は, 農林業・鉄道などの被害が大きく, これらの分野では, 積雪による直接災害に対する対策に必要な調査研究が個々に行なわれるようになった。戦後に至ってやや暖冬の傾向にあった時期においては, 雪に対する研究調査の必要性は, 世間的に認められるところではなかったが, 産業構造の発展によって, 各分野における積は的な対策研究が進められたほか, 積雪現象の純学問的な取扱いがなされるようになってきた。近年に至り, 両者の歩み寄りが次第に深まりつつあるときに当って, 昭和35~36年の新潟における豪雪, そして今回の北陸地方から西日本一帯を襲ったいわゆる38。1豪雪となった。従来の産業分野における十数年にわたる対策研究も相当の効果があったにもかかわらず, 再度大災害をまねく結果になった。このため, 雪害対策について再び大きな話題を呼び, 多くの対策研究の再検討と同時に雪 (この場合降雪積雪現象を対象として) そのものに対する基礎的研究の必要性が論ぜられるようになった。しかしこのことを論じるに当っては, 特に38.1豪雪に際しての災害の実態が何であったか, また今日の雪に関する基礎的研究がどのような現状にあるかを見はめなければならないであろう。38.1 豪雪による災害の実態については, 各方面で調査が試みられ, それぞれの分野における被害の様相が発表されているものもあるが, 相互の関連性についての究明がなされていない面もあり, 真の意味の災害の様相がつかみにくい。また一方一般的に雪害というものがどのような形態で発生するかについてもいままで総合的に調査されたものが少なく, 社会科学に立った対策に至っては全く未開発の問題にもなっている。これらの点も考えて, 現在雪国のおかれている地理的社会的条件と雪との相互関係及びこの問題を解決する基礎的な雪そのものに関する研究との連繋について考える必要があろう。このような意味において, 雪に関する研究調査の現況と問題点を述べてみたいと思うが, 積雪学という立場における理論的発展過程については, 本誌の吉田順五先生によって詳しく述べられておるので, ここでは, 主に雪害の防災的見地に立って述べることにしたい。

著者

金 枓哲

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.5, pp.815-823, 2012-10-25 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

17

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This study reviews current trends and issues in geography and geography education in Korea. The first geographers' society was established in 1945 after the country was liberated from Japan. Despite its short history, geographical studies in Korea have sharply increased during the last 60 years. Against this background, the features of geographical studies in Korea can be summarized as follows: first, geography in Korea was required to emphasize its character as a science of the nation until the 1980s due to its geopolitical situation. Since the 1990s, however, the mainstream of geography in Korea has focused on area studies in other countries. This is partly due to the globalization of the Korean economy and an increase in the number of geographers studying abroad, especially in the United States. It should also be noted that radical geography has contributed to the linearization of Korean society since the 1980s.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.242-242, 1899

著者

中林 一樹

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.6, pp.938-949, 2001-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

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In the 21st Century, it has been announced that several earthquakes will occur beneath Tokyo Capital Region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government implements two kinds of hazard assessments for countermeasures against the earthquake disasters. One is the disaster damage estimation for Tokyo and a disaster scenario for Earthquake that occurres just beneath Cental Tokyo. According to the Report published in 1997, approximately 378, 000 buildings will be burnt down, 43, 000 buildings will be demolished, 7, 200 people will be killed. A disturbance of the water supply will continue for one month and the interruption of piped gas will continue for two months, more than two million people will be evacuated to shelters located mainly in public schools. The other assessment concerns research on the vulnerability of built-up areas against earthquakes measured according to each community area. According to the area vulnerability research, the most vulnerable areas are located as a ring-zone around the CBD and as a finger-zone along Japan Railway's Chuo-line from central Tokyo to the west suburban region (Pictorial 4-1). These zones are made up wooden houses in crowded areas without city planning nor building permission.TMG learned much from the Kobe Earthquake of 1995 and has enlarged earthquake countermeasures to make Tokyo an earthquake-resistant city and to secure effective disaster countermeasures, quick recovery and reconstruction to protest the livelihood of the populace, and to ensure urban redevelopment. The most important measure is the Promotion Plan for Earthquake-resistant City Development Projects, because the implementation of such projects can reduce the damage in Tokyo (Pictorial 4-2). The Preparedness Plan for Urban Reconstruction is one of the new measures that was established after the Kobe Earthquake.

著者

CARNEY Judith HIRAOKA Mario 肥田 登

出版者

学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.1, pp.49-60, 1998

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

1 2

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本論では, アマゾン河の河口部における小農が生計の維持に役立てているジュパチヤシjupati (Raphia taedigera) の意義に関する生物地理的, 社会・経済的研究について述べる。特に, 最近関心のもたれている研究, すなわちアマゾン河流域における森林伐採に取ってかわる方法としての土着の農的林業システム, とりわけ市場向きの生産物を生み出すことと持続可能な土地利用システムを備えているヤシの役割に注目する。これまでの研究においては, アサイヤシaçaí (Euterpe oleracea) の実の市場における経済的有用性に着目した事例は見出せはするものの, 同じ湿潤域に存在するヤシでありながら, ジュパチヤシに着目した研究は皆無に等しい。ジュパチヤシは, 土地の人々に対して数々の有用な恩恵を施しているが, 換金作物としての市場性には欠ける。このような特徴を備えたジュパチヤシは, アマゾン河の河口部ににおいて最も広範囲に見出される。葉柄部の外皮は, 小エビを採る道具・筒の材料に好んで使われている。小エビの販売は, 河口部の河畔に住む現地人・リベリーニョの絶好の現金収入となる。本研究では, アマゾン河下流域におけるジュパチヤシについての植物地理的側面からの概観, ジュパチヤシの繁茂にとっての水文条件, リベリーニョが生計の維持に採り入れているジュパチヤシ利用に関する彼ら固有の知恵についてふれる。

著者

松岡 憲知

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.2, pp.v-vi, 2012-04-25 (Released:2012-05-29)

参考文献数

3

著者

宮縁 育夫 杉山 真二 佐々木 尚子

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.1, pp.17-32, 2010-02-15 (Released:2010-05-21)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

10 11

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Holocene environmental changes and vegetation history are constructed using phytolith and macroscopic-charcoal analyses of a 23-m-deep drilling core obtained at the Senchomuta marsh in Asodani Valley, northern part of Aso caldera, SW Japan. An intra-caldera lake existed in the Asodani Valley prior to approximately 9 cal ka (calibrated 14C age). Multiple large flood events occurred during the period 8.9-8.1 cal ka and emplaced thick sandy deposits in the valley basin. Thereafter, the center of the Asodani Valley (northern part of caldera floor) changed to swampy and fluvial environments. sasa (cool-temperature dwarf bamboo) grasslands and/or forests with understory sasa covered slopes of the Asodani Valley basin between 11 and 9 cal ka. sasa phytoliths significantly increased at ca. 7.3-6.5 cal ka, but thereafter decreased. Miscanthus (Japanese pampas grass) grasslands existed continuously on the slopes. Macroscopic-charcoal particles were abundant during the last 6000 years, and the peak (6.1 cal ka) amount of charcoal particles is consistent with that of Miscanthus phytoliths. This indicates that the existence of Miscanthus grassland might be related to fire events. Inside the Asodani Valley, Phragmites (reed) became established continuously along the shore of the intra-caldera lake (prior to ca. 9 cal ka) and in subsequent marshes. Gramineae phytoliths were detected predominately through all horizons of the drilling core, whereas a small amount of arboreal phytolith was observed at most horizons. We, therefore, believe that forests existed on steep slopes such as the caldera wall where human impacts were small, although sasa and Miscanthus grasslands were maintained by human activity outside Aso caldera.

著者

久城 育夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.7, pp.508-515, 1984-01-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

著者

山本 荘毅

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.7, pp.471-482, 1970

被引用文献数

1

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Taking the good opportunity of International Symposium on Land Subsidence held in Tokyo with excursion to Osaka and Niigata from September 17 to 23 in 1969, the writer tried to review the present situation of land subsidence in the world and its related problems.<BR>He gives definition of land subsidence as the comparatively progressive sinking in a limited area due to the artificial withdrawal of fluids such as ground water, gas, oil and so on. This phenomenon is different from the slower progressive downwarping movement in a tectonic basin or relative sinking due to eustatic movement during Quaternary age with the rate of 1-3 mm per year in Japan. The rate of land subsidence may differ by as much as one or two orders in magnitude. It may also be different from more rapid collapse due to mining of coal, gold and so on. According to R. Dolzal and M. Petersen's definition, <I>subsidence, settlement</I> and <I>lowering</I> are distinguished, the writer's definition corresponds to their settlement and in some case, to lowering.<BR>He reviewed the history of study on land subsidence in Japan, and grouped them to three categories. Leveling net-work covering all over Japan was established as early as the end of 19 centuries and precise geodetic leveling has been repeated at a fixed interval. This was very useful for making clear the phenomenological aspect of land subsidence.<BR>The first researcher, who gave attention to this problem was A. Imamura with his opinion of crustal movement. In an earlier stage of this survey, his successor, N. Miyabe might have the similar opinion, but soon later noticed that its cause was the contraction of the surface soil. Among these geophisicians, K. Wadati and his collaborators pointed out that there existed a proportional relation between the rate of subsidence and that of ground water pressure changes. S. Hayami added other elements such as tidal and artificial periodic changes to this.<BR>The second group was of soil mechanicians who applied Terzaghi's theory on compaction of clay layer. Y. Ishii and his collaborators estimated future amount of land subsidence and S. Murayama conducted laboratory experiments on land subsidence. The third group which is consist of geographers, geologists and hydrologist contributed to give the fundamental knowledges, for example, F. Tada and T. Nakano supplied subsurface topography of the land subsidence areas, S. Aoki and T. Shibasaki furnished Quarternary geology of these areas and I. Kayane and the present writer discussed water balance relations of the subsiding areas. These three groups are elaborating to proceed their researches and investigations with administrative officials. Now, Japan has many observation wells in land subsidence areas. (Tab. 1) <BR>He also summarized recent trend of subsidence in Japan (Tab. 2) collecting available data on the amount and rate of land subsidences in the world (Tab. 3) and pointed out the future problems and further studies.

著者

黒田 登美雄 小澤 智生

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.3, pp.328-342, 1996-06-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

9 15

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Paleoclimatic and vegetational changes during the Pleistocene and Holocene in the Ryukyu Islands were inferred from pollen assemblages. Pollen analyses of some early Pleistocene to Holocene sections in the Ryukyu Islands show several drastic vegetational changes with climatically meaningful variations.A mixed pollen assemblage containing the warm and cool temperate trees such as Cryptomeria, Abies and Tsuga, and the tropical-subtropical trees including Dacrydium, Liquidambar, , Lagerstroemia and Sapium occurred in the upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene Shinzato Formation and the basal part of the lower Pleistocene Kunigami gravel formation. These pollen assemblages strongly support that there were high mountains over 1, 000 to 1, 500 m above the sea-level in the Ryukyu Islands in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The warm and cool temperate forests in the mountainous areas were disappeared possibly by the subsidence of the basement rocks of the Islands in relation with the opening of the Okinawa Trough. Invasion of evergreen broad-leaved trees to the Ryukyu Islands in the early Pleistocene was indicated by the first occurrence of evergreen broad-leaved tree pollen in the lower Pleistocene Kunigami Gravel Formation.The pollen assemblages in the last Glacial period (ca. 22, 000 y.B.P) are dominated by the coniferous trees such as Pinus and Podocarpus, indicating that an arid climate was prevalent in the Ryukyu Islands. This evidence is consistent with the wide development of ancient dunes and paleosoil of aeolian sand origin in the islands during the last Glacial period. The pollen sequence of the uppermost Pleistocene to Holocene reveals the change of vegetation and climate from the pine forests of the late Glacial period to the climax forests of evergreen broad-leaved trees of the Climatic Optimum. It is suggested that the climatic condition in subtropical Ryukyu Islands around 20, 000 years B.P. was not so much cool but arid than the climate of the present day.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.67-67, 1913-01-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

大森 房吉

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.1-16, 1919-01-15 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

小元 久仁夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.6, pp.xiv-xiv, 2012-12-25 (Released:2013-01-07)

著者

小元 久仁夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.6, pp.1043-1051, 2012-12-25 (Released:2013-01-07)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

4

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A large number of coral boulders are scattered on reef flats and along the shores of Sakishima Islands, SW of Japan. Many were considered to have been cast ashore by huge tsunamis. In this report the author analyzes the distribution and calibrates the 14C ages of coral boulders collected from Maibahbama, southeast of Miyako Island. The calibrated 14C ages indicate a random distribution; however, some coincided exactly with the 1771 Meiwa tsunami. The tsunami travelled from the epicenter northeast and struck the Higashihenna Promontory, then turned westward leaving a large numbers of coral boulders on Maibahbama. Judging from tsunami deposits overlaying the lowest marine terrace the wave height seems not to have exceeded 10m.

著者

若林 芳樹 伊藤 悟

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.3, pp.221-232, 1994-06-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2 6

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Geographical approach to cognitive maps has mainly focused on measurement of their spatial patterns. Recently Lloyd (1989) devised a useful method for analyzing the components of distortions in cognitive maps by means of Euclidean regression. Until now, however, this method has not yet been validated. The purpose of this study was to reexamine his concepts about the distortions in cognitive maps and to test their validity.We pointed out several discrepancies between the concepts of distortions and their operational definitions given by Lloyd (1989). To overcome this problem, the absolute distortion that appears in the configuration before Euclidean regression ought to be distinguished from the systematic distortion that is measured by the parameters of Euclidean regression. While the systematic distortion that indicates a Euclidean property of the distortion can be explained by alignment and rotation heuristics (Tversky, 1981) and implicit scaling model (Holyoak and Mah, 1982), the relative distortion that remains after Euclidean regression cannot be explained by general theories. In addition, these geometrical components of distortion ought to be distinguished from statistical ones, namely, distortion (central tendency) and fuzziness (dispersion) defined by Gale (1982).On the basis of this conceptualization, we carried out an empirical analysis of the distortion in the cognitive map of Kanazawa City. The data used in this study were obtained by a conditional sketch mapping drawn from 113 students of Kanazawa University. Locations to be answered were 21 transportation nodes within the central part of the city known by more than 90 percent of the students. From these locations, two major landmarks of CBD were selected as reference points. Subjects were asked to indicate the remaining 19 locations on the legal-size sheet in which the two reference points were printed.We detected the absolute distortions, overlaying the cognitive maps for all samples on the actual map so as to fit the locations of two reference points into the actual ones. The patterns of the absolute distortion indicated that the amount of errors increased with distance from the reference points, and that the locations in cognitive maps commonly shifted outward from the actual ones. Specifically, these displaced locations in southern or eastern part of the city indicated a counterclockwise shift, which suggested a directional bias in cognitive maps.In order to separate the systematic distortion from the relative one, each of the cognitive configurations was fitted into the actual map by Euclidean regression. Parameter estimates of the scale change averaged 0.593, which suggested that cognitive maps were enlarged about twice the size of the actual map. Mean direction of the rotated angle amounted to-22.2 degrees, which implied that cognitive maps were rotated counterclockwise about 20 degrees from the actual map so as to coordinate the cardinal directions of the cognitive map with the actual one. This tendency can be due to the displacement of two river channels as major reference lines in Kanazawa from cardinal directions.After eliminating the systematic distortions by Euclidean regression, the actual map was overlaid with all the cognitive maps. The overlaid maps indicated that the local patterns of relative distortions reflected hierarchical structure of cognitive maps (Stevens and Coupe, 1978) although the amount of them was smaller than that of the systematic distortions.

著者

小林 貞一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.4, pp.225-240, 1986-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

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IV. Research in geology of Manchuria i.e. Northeast China was commenced with RICHTHOFEN's trip in its southern part in 1869. In 1895 AHNERT's life work on the geology of Central and North Manchuria was started, and KOCHIBE carried out a preliminary survey in South Manchuria. Since 1923 geological papers of Manchuria were published by Y. C. SUN and others in Bull. Geol. Soc. China from 1923. Geological survey founded in South Manchurian Railway Company published Geological Map of South Manchuria, 1918 and Geology and Mineral Resources of the region, 1929. There are many papers in the regional geology written by Japanese geologists and palaeontologists.Besides late Permian naiads Silurian-Permian marine fossils were discovered in Central and North Manchuria and the Manmo group was proposed for the whole sequence of the Palaeozoic rocks accumulated in the Mongolian geosyncline. It was strongly disturbed by the Permo-Triassic orogeny accompanied by the Mongolian granite with the result that the area was consolidated and united with South Manchuria. Small basins were later brought about there and the large Liao-Sungari basin was produced in the late Mesozoic age. Recent studies by Chinese geologists reveal that the Manmo group comprises Cambrian and Ordovician fossils in its lower part and that it is rich in volcanic materials of different ages. Permian plants and lower and middle Triassic non-marine animals were discovered at some places. Further it is known that sea entered into the eastern part of Heilongjiang province temporarily in the late Triassic, middle-upper Jurassic and Cretaceous ages.V. PUMPELLY's geological reconnaissance in 1863-65 was the first in China, followed by RICHTHOFEN and others including Japanese geologists. The Tokyo Geographic Society published Geological Maps of South and North China and then of Eastern Asia all in 1 by 2 mills, scale in 1920, 1922 and 1929 respectively.According to E. T. CHANG (1922) mining was started in China already in prehistoric age. Chinese classics on stone medicine and related knowledge were imported to Korea and Japan. Among Chinese geologists CHANG was first to write geology of Chekiang, 1911. The Central Geological Survey at Nanking, Department of Geology in the National University of Peking and the Geological Society of China were successively founded in 1916, 1920 and 1922. Since then her geology advanced considerably except for some years from 1966. The research activity, however, became quite explosive from about 1973. The Geological Map of China in scale of 1/4 mills. was compiled in 1976 by the Chinese Academy of Geological ScienceAn outline of Tectonic characteristics of China and the Tectonic Map of China were published by T. K. HUANG and his cooperators in 1977 and 1979 respectively.Supplementary notes are given on the Pentsao and world map (1) and the growth of Asia documented in the expansion of the non-marine facies in the continent (2).

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.243-245, 1927-04-15 (Released:2010-12-22)