著者
谷川 卓
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.1, pp.1-13, 2019 (Released:2019-11-07)
参考文献数
24

In this paper, I defend the contingency view on the laws of nature: laws of nature hold in metaphysically contingent way. First, I present an argument to demonstrate that categorical properties exist, and point out that the contingency view follows if we accept the existence of categorical properties. Second, through the critical examination of the view that laws of nature hold in metaphysically necessary way, I point out that we should take the conceivability into consideration in deciding the range of possibility and hence we should accept the contingency view. Third, I argue that this paper's approach to appeal to the conceivability mitigate the severity of a problem with categorical properties, that is, a problem of quiddity. Finally, I argue the philosophical implication of the contingency view in relation to contemporary Humeanism. In my view, though it may sound strange, those who support contemporary Humean metaphysics should take a rationalistic stance.
著者
植原 亮
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.2, pp.77-86, 2008-03-30 (Released:2010-02-03)
参考文献数
22

This paper aims to examine ethical implications of the cognitive enhancement based on neuroscience and neuro-technology: more specifically, its influences on the “self”. In order to do this, I begin with presenting the relevant conception of the self, and then examine how the cognitive enhancement could influence on the self. The opponents of the cognitive enhancement hold that it is self-destructive to accept cognitive enhancement since it will destroy our ordinary practices based on “folk psychology”. The proponents, however, may prefer new, neuroscientific practices, which do not need the concept of the self. Yet, the opponents still have ways out, resorting to our system of values. I will end this paper by pointing out some tasks which we must solve.
著者
岡田 光弘
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.2, pp.59-65, 1987-03-25 (Released:2010-01-20)
参考文献数
14

論理記号の意味を論理記号導入規則と呼ばれる推論規則に基づいて与えて論理的意味論を展開する研究が論理学者達によっていろいろな観点からなされてきた。例えばGentzen ([4] II.§5) による説明はその最初のものであろう。Dummett, PrawitzおよびMartin-Löf等による最近の一連の論理的意味論の運動もこのような流れの上にある。また, LorenzenおよびLorenzの学派によるoperational logicおよびdialogical logicもこのような意味論の変形と考えられる。Gentzenはまた, そのような意味論を彼の与えた数論の整合性証明の哲学的意義の説明に際して展開した。Dummettの意図はそのような意味論に基づいて直観主義推論の哲学的基礎付けを行うことにあった 。これらの哲学的立場の共通する特徴はFrege-Russellのパラドックスの出現以来生じてきた論理学, 数学基礎論における哲学論争を哲学的意味論の論争として捉え直すという前提に立っている点にある。伝統的な捉え方に従うと, QuineやPutnamらが指摘するように, 数学基礎論における論理主義, 直観主義, 形式主義の論争は中世の存在論哲学の普遍論争における実念論, 概念論, 唯名論の間の論争に対応すると考えられてきた。ここで普遍論争とは普遍観念 (または一般観念) の存在論的位置付けに関する論争のことであり, 実念論, 概念論, 唯名論は各々一般観念がプラトンのイデアのような形で実在するという立場, 我々の精神において構成されるという立場, 単に記号として使用しているだけでありその存在を前提する必要がないとする立場, に対応している。数学や論理学で使用される観念についての論争もこのような存在論的なレベルの論争と解釈されてきたわけである。これに対して先に挙げた人々の共通した前提の一つはこの論争を存在論的枠組の中でではなく, 意味論の問題として, つまり言語哲学的レベルの枠組みで捉えようとする傾向があることである。つまり, 論理主義, 直観主義, 形式主義等の立場の違いを同じ数学言語, 論理言語に対して採用される意味論の違いによって説明しようとするわけである。例えば古典論理の立場では正しいとされる「Aまたは非A」という形の排中律は直観主義論理の立場では一般には正しいと見なされないが, この立場の違いもそれぞれが別な意味論体系を採用していて, この別な意味論体系に従って, 「または」という論理結合詞に対して違った意味解釈を与える, ということによるとみなされる。以下において我々はこのような枠組みの中で「論理記号導入規則による意味論」と呼ばれる意味論の採用がいかに我々の論理的数学的言語行為に合ったものであるかをPrawitz-Dummettの議論を踏まえながら述べ (§1), 次にこの意味論の中核部分を最も基本的な形で展開する (§2) 。最後にこの意味論による直観主義論理推論の基礎付けの可能性およびそこに含まれる問題点について検討する (§3) 。
著者
北島 雄一郎
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.1-2, pp.23-34, 2018 (Released:2018-05-07)
参考文献数
24

Klyachko, Can, Binicioğlu, and Shumovsky (KCBS) have introduced an inequality which holds if there is a noncontextual hidden variable theory. It is called KCBS inequality. Its violation shows a contradiction between predictions of quantum theory and noncontextual hidden variable theories. Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem also shows that there are no noncontextual hidden variable theories in quantum theory by showing that there is no value assignment on a set of all observables. Thus, its approach is different from KCBS inequality. In the present paper, we show a logical relation between KCBS inequality and a value assignment, and examine a consequence of this logical relation.
著者
中村 隆文
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.2, pp.47-55, 2008-03-30 (Released:2010-02-03)
参考文献数
10

There are many problems about causality and identity in Humeanism. Especially, a problem that “Humean Supervenience” allowing many possibilities of various external laws encounters is concerned with the difficulty whether such laws can be coherent with the intrinsic properties of causation. This problem is related to another one whether “Humean Supervenience” is compatible with objectivism in accordance with Hume's original intention. Struggling with a disharmony between Hume's pragmatic epistemology and his realistic ontology, many philosophers have tried to dissolve such a complicated problem. But I think their efforts wouldn't be successful and the disharmony doesn't need to be settled, because the prospective collapses of their efforts wouldn't reduce the meaning of Humeanism. In this paper, I conclude that the seeming incoherence should be retained, because it suggests a moderate scientific attitude to be placed between dogmatism and skepticism. I demonstrate it by emphasizing the significance of some parts included in Hume's Treatise.
著者
鈴木 生郎
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, no.1, pp.13-24, 2011
参考文献数
19

This paper aims to show that the combination of Three-dimensionalism, a theory of persistence, and Eternalism, a theory about the ontological nature of time, gives us the best solution to a widely known problem of the harm of death. To begin with, we argue that the following two claims are plausible: Termination Thesis, which says that people go out of existence when they die, and Harm after Death Thesis, which says that death harms people at some time after their death. Next we point out that there is an apparent conflict between these claims, as Epicurus and other philosophers argued. Then we show that the combination of Three-dimensionalism and Eternalism enables us to settle the conflict. Finally we show that the combination is preferable to two alternatives which have been discussed in the literature, namely, the combination of Four-dimensionalism and Eternalism (H. Silverstein), and the combination of Three-dimensionalism, Presentism and Meinongianism (P. Yourgrau).
著者
源河 亨
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, no.2, pp.81-91, 2014

<p>This paper aims to show that the absence of sounds can be an object of auditory perception. First, I present various types of objections to the possibility of hearing the absence of sounds. Next, I explain that there is a kind of absence of sounds which seems to be heard, namely, the absence of sounds occurred in between sounds. I argue that perception of such an absence can be explained by the same mechanism for hearing sounds and detecting sound sources, that is, auditory scene analysis. I also argue that such an absence can be characterized, analogous to holes, as a dependent object which ontologically depends on previous and succeeding sounds. Based on these considerations, I reply the objections. Finally, I propose a modality-neutral model of absence perception based on the auditory case, and suggest that this model casts a doubt on the basic assumptions about perception.</p>
著者
鈴木 秀憲
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.1, pp.27-42, 2012-09-30 (Released:2017-08-01)
参考文献数
41

In 1980s, Benjamin Libet and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments on voluntary acts. Its result is that certain brain potential (RP) precedes conscious will, which has excited much discussion about the existence and nature of free will. This paper shows that this result admits various interpretations about RP, conscious will, and their relation, depending on philosophical assumptions concerning free will and the relation between mind and brain. I also argue that the process of deliberation, rather than the momentary decision, should be the focus of investigation in order to elucidate the role of conscious will and the nature of free will.
著者
依岡 輝幸
出版者
科学基礎論学会
雑誌
科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.2, pp.45-52, 2009