著者

梶 茂樹

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.142, pp.1-28, 2012

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<p>サハラ以南のアフリカは,いわゆる無文字によって特徴づけられてきた。しかし無文字社会というのは,文字のある社会から文字を除いただけの社会なのだろうか。実際に現地で調査をしてみると,そうではなく,われわれの想像もつかないようなものがコミュニケーションの手段として機能していることがわかる。本稿では,私が現地で調査したもののうち,モンゴ族の諺による挨拶法と太鼓による長距離伝達法,テンボ族の人名によるメッセージ伝達法と結縄,そしてレガ族の紐に吊るした物による諺表現法を紹介し,無文字社会が如何に豊かな形式的伝達法を持ちコミュニケーションを行っているかを明らかにする。無文字社会では,言語表現が十分定形化せず,いわば散文的になるのではないかという一般的想像とは逆に,むしろ彼らのコミュニケーションは形式的であり韻文的である。それは文字がないことへの対応様式であり,共時的に,そして世代を通して伝達をより確かなものにする努力の表れと理解できるのである。</p>

著者

田中 聡子

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1996, no.110, pp.120-142, 1996-12-20 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

14

---

This paper presents an analysis of the polysemic structure of the verb‘mire (see)’. The word is used with various meanings. But all of its meanings, including those which seem to be arbitrarily extended, can be proved to be motivated and characterized by the nature of human cognition.Its meanings are not discrete but in their typical uses they are discernable by semantic features. The fundamental meaning (m.1) of ‘mire’may be expressed in terms of the semantic features: <visual‹ <perception› . This assumption is supported by the fact that it is usually received in this meaning when it lacks the object word i.e. in the default case.The other meanings can be accounted for based on three principles of derivation which can be said to be psychologically valid: (1) incorporation of interpretive inferences into lexical meaning, (2) metaphor, and (3) metonymy.principle (1) ...... m.2: <visual‹ <perception› <judgement‹ ; m.3: <judgement› ; m.4: <visual‹ <perception› <judgement‹ <taking measures›principle (2) ...... m.5: <non-visual‹ <perception› <judgement‹principle (3) ...... m.6: varying from <experience of a state of affairs› to <occurrence of a state of affairsThe variations of m.6 reflect the degrees of “subjectification”(Langacker 1990: 316) of the viewer construed by the conceptualizer.

著者

梅田 博之

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1994, no.106, pp.1-22, 1994

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In the Seoul dialect, the pronunciation of vowels is different according to the age of speakers, and so the vowel system is also different. Generally speaking, speakers over sixty years of age pronounce the vowel e in two ways;one is [*] and the other is [*:].The former [*] corresponds to the Middle Korean vowel e in a low or high accent and the latter [*:] to e in a low-high accent.These two vowels appear almost complementary to each other, i.e. [*] appears as a short vowel and [*] appears as a long vowel in most cases.In spite of that, I think that each of these two vowels falls to a different phoneme for the following reasons: (1)each vowel of the Seoul dialect, except [*] and [*], has an opposition of quantity in the word-initial syllable, but the sound value of a long vowel is not different from the correspnding short vowel, (2) usually, [*] appears as a long vowel and [*] as a short vowel, but there are a few examples where [*] appears as a short vowel and we can also find a few examples where [*] appears as a long vowel.Therefore I consider [*] and [*] correspond to different phonemes.Consequently, there are nine vowel phonemes, /i, e, e, a, a, o, u, i, a/;and each vowel has the opposition of quantity in the word-initial syllable in older people's pronunciation.The vowel system of speakers over sixty years of age is shown as [2] of table 1.<br>In contrast to older speakers, younger people have a very simple vowel system which consists of seven vowels, /i, e, a, o, u, i, A/. Thus we find the very interesting situation that speakers of the Seoul dialect have different vowel systems depending on their age group.This is the result of diachronic changes that have occurred over the last few decades.<br>I investigated eighteen informants who were native to the mid-town area of Seoul in 1988 and 1989 to clarify how vowels changed according to the age of speakers.The types of vowel systems shown at table 1 were found in the investigation.<br>The vowel changes according to the speakers'age groups can be pictured as shown at the table 5.<br>[*:] of groups [1] and [2] phonemically changed into [i:] in groups [3] and [4] for basic words which they learned orally in their childhood, but in literary words they borrowed [*:] from the older people's pronunciation.<br>[*:] was brought into the pronunciation of group [5] by the influence of the written language, i.e.spelling pronunciation, as language education began to follow a regulated curriculum from primary school, and additionally due to the analogical change in the verb conjugation which first occurs in this group. In group [6], [i:] and [*:] joins [*:] due to the increasing influence of the written language and in addition by the analogical change in verb conjugation.<br>In group [7], long vowels lose length and accordingly [*:] changes into [A], losing lip-rounding.<br>With respect to the front vowel opposition, group [1] and [2] have a clear distinction in initial syllables, but in non-initial syllables it hasalready disappeared as a rule except in morpheme-boundary position. Roughly speaking, most informants of groups that follow group [3] show unstable distinction even in initial syllables.<br>Considering the above-mentioned vowel change, it can be summarized that the change goes on very gradually in each age group because it occurs under the linguistic influence of elderly groups to restrain from the change and also being receded by interference of the written language and analogical change.Thus we see the reason why the different vowel systems can exist synchronically in the same speech community.

著者

南 不二男

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1966, no.49, pp.11-27, 1966

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The purpose of this study is to analyze morphophonological &ldquo;realization&rdquo; processes of morphemes in the subject dialect, and to represent the results by ordered rules.<BR>Studied here is the dialect of Kuchinotsucho, Minamitakakigun, Nagasaki Prefecture.<BR>Two phases are assumed in the description: morphological phase, and phonological phase. Three units are assumed as constituent elements of the morpheme forms: morphophoneme (keitaionso), morphophone (keitaion), and phoneme (onso).<BR>In the morphological phase, morphophones are selceted from morphophonemes depending on morphological conditions. Morphological conditions are those total conditions in which are found the morphemes constituting the environment and the morphemes having the morphophoneme as a constituent element of their forms, and includes the tactical relation between the two morphemes. The following phenomena are treated in this phase: alternation of phonemes, e. g. t-d, s-h, e-u, e-i o-u, etc. and lengthening of vowels, e. g. toru (bird) qoori (dative form).<BR>In the phonological phase, phonemes are selected from morphophones depending on phonological conditions (the selection is conditioned by the phonemic system of the subject dialect). Phonological conditions are those total conditions in which are found the morphophones constituting the environment for the morphophone which happens to appear, and the tactical (phonotactic) relation between the two morphophones. The following phenomena are treated in this phase: alternation of phonemes as conditioned by the phonemic system, e. g. t-c, d-z etc.; assimilation of phonemes in the final morae of some words, e. g.-bu+bV&rarr;-Q+bV, -bu+mV&rarr;-N+mV etc.; dropping of consonants or semi-vowels, C1C2&rarr;C1, je, ji&rarr;e, i; shortening of long vowels, CVVN&rarr;CVN, CVVQ&rarr;CVQ etc.<BR>Each realization process is represented by a rule. Each rule consits of two parts: conditions, and result. Conditions are comprised of the logical product of the environmental element, tactical relation, and other conditions. e. g.(T<SUB>1</SUB><<M) &cap;(T<SUB>1</SUB>=1) &cap;(M=T<SUB>1</SUB>E<SUB>2</SUB>) &cap;(x<SUB>1</SUB>prM) &cap;(x<SUB>1</SUB>M=II):(T1&rarr;d)<BR>In general, the application of the rules of the morphological phase has precedent over the rules of the phonological phase.

著者

三根谷 徹

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1965, no.48, pp.13-22, 1965-11-30 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

14

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Though the terminology of the Yfin Ching has been widely used in the studies of Ancient Chinese, it is already proved that the phonemic system on which Yiin Cbing is based is not the same as that of Ancient Chinese, reconstructed through the study of fan-cb'ieb of Cb'ieb Yiin切韵.The writer estimates that Yiin Cbing is a reflex of the tradition of the Buddhists' circle that was different from the Confucianists' standard pronunciation. He attempts a solution of this problem by the peculiar correspondence of the tones in the Sino-Vietnamese as shown on p.16.

著者

スコーフッフ ローレンス

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2002, no.122, pp.1-43, 2002-09-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

32

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間投詞的な談話標識why(具体例:‘Why, that's a brilliant idea!’)は,現代英語では比較的まれで,古めかしさやわざとらしさを連想させる.本稿では,whyがそれに後続する文発話の意味にいかに貢献するかを考察し,文発話に先行して多く用いられる間投詞well(Schourup 2001)と同様,whyは,発話の直前に話し手が持っていた心的状態をジェスチャー的に表すものとして解釈されると主張する.whyは,発話の出だしに用いられると,聞き手に表意(explicature:関連性理論の用語で,発話により伝達される想定を意味し,論理形式を推論によって発展させたものを指す)の構築を促すことで,whyに後続する発話の解釈に貢献していると考えられる.つまり,whyは,それに後続する文発話によって表出される命題を高次の記述に埋め込むことで,表意に貢献すると結論づけられるのである.さらに,wellとwhyの機能に関しても詳細に比較検討した.両者は,本来ジェスチャー的であり,高次表意(higher-1evel explicature)に貢献し,他の様々な特徴を共有するが,この二つの標識によって表される心的状態は本質的に正反対のものである.最後に,whyと他の非命題的な表現との関係についても議論し,疑問詞whyからどのような歴史的過程を経て間投詞whyが生じたのかに対しても,説明を提案する.

著者

金田一 春彦

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1950, no.15, pp.48-63, 1950

著者

日下部 文夫

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1968, no.53, pp.40-68, 1968-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

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The standard to classify the particles or postpositions in the Modern Japanese is led to the scheme for the verbal conjugation.The conjugation has two divisions of mood and two divisions of aspect. Two of mood are indicatives (yomu, yonda, etc.) and optatives (yomô, yondarô, etc.); each division has five subclasses: indefinitive, definitive, copulative, predicative, and attributive (or infinitive). Two of aspect are imperfects (yomu, yomô, etc.) and perfects (yonda, yondarô, etc.); each division has three subclasses: introversive, extroversive, and retroversive.Now about the imperfect-indicatives, there are eleven forms: namely three indefinitives (extroversive “yomi, ” introversive “yomuni, ” and retroversive “yomu to, ”), three definitives (extroversive “yomi, ” introversive “yomu nari, ” and retroversive “yomu to or yomusi, ”), three copulatives (extroversive “yomeba, ” introversive “yomu nara, ” and retroversive “yomu tara, ”), one predicative (“yomu.”), and one attributive or infinitive (“yomu”).And then, in the scheme for the conjugation of the imperfect-indicatives, the basic particles (postpositions) may be put as follow: indefinite-introversive “e (illative), ” indefinite-extroversive “yori (comparative), ” indefinite-retroversive “o (accusative), ” definite-introversive “made (allative), ” definite-extroversive “kara (ablative), ” definite-retroversive “dake (restrictive), ” copulate-introversive “mo (additive), ” copulate-extroversive “wa (topical or themative), ” copulateretroversive “ga (subjective), ” predicative (-extroversive)“sa (designative), ” and attributive or infinitive “no (genitive)”.Additionally socalled postpositions “ni (dative), ”“de (instrumentative), ” and “to (commitative)” should be classify as the three indefinite forms of the copulative auxiliary verb “da.”

著者

神保 格

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1940, no.5, pp.1-13, 1940

著者

神保 格

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1939, no.1, pp.18-38, 1939

著者

神保 格

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1954, no.26, pp.1-15, 1954

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Take those facts usually called Social Usage, &lsquo;Custom, &rsquo;&lsquo;Convention, &rsquo; etc. By analysing them, we find, among others, the following attributes:(<I>a</I>) Voluntary behaviour, (<I>b</I>) Mutual imitation, (<I>c</I>) Frequent repetition. We take up those facts which contain these attributes, and give them a provisional name &lsquo;Social Usage&rsquo;(or simply &lsquo;Usage&rsquo;). Corollaries to these are-1. Usage requires to be learned and memorized, to be &lsquo;taught&rsquo; by environing persons. 2. Usage is fixed in abstract, as compared with each concrete instance of acts. 3. Number of persons who know and act a given Usage is limited, thus making up a &lsquo;Usage-Community.&rsquo; cf.&lsquo;language (or linguistic) community.&rsquo; 4. Usage has a power outside of individuals, an existence that &lsquo;transcends&rsquo; individuals.(A warning is here necessary, a warning against a confusion of (a) being outside of, transcending individuals and (b) being outside of, transcending all <I>human being</I>.) 5. Usage is subject to historical change.<BR>Each individual has a memory-idea of a usage. He can realize it in actual behaviour, but a voluntary act can be checked at will, or be replaced by other voluntary acts. We combine in daily life many voluntary acts in order to attain a remote end, (non-voluntary behaviours usually accompany them.) E. g. Catching a street-car (remote end). 1st. I rise up from my seat; 2nd. walk toward the door; 3rd. open the door; etc. etc. Each act is a voluntary one, containing in stself an end and a means (muscular movements). It is, so to speak, a &lsquo;Unit&rsquo;.

著者

石黒 魯平

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1950, no.16, pp.29-36,160, 1950

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Although words stand, theoretically speaking, for their referents merely in an indirect relation, and the further advanced the language the more indirect their relations grow, yet some words are in themselves highly suggestive of their referents. Hence are noticed the so-called imitative words, i. e., echoisms and onomatopceias. In those kinds of words our Japanese notably abounds, but besides those we exceptionally indulge in another kind of imitative words: we have a good many words of Mode-Analogy as I freely call them. They are sometliins like such English words as "pall mall", "pit-a-pat", or "zigzag".In closely examining about 700 imitative words of: these three kinds, I can not but complain of the prevailing misinterpretation of their real nature, and have come to take the liberty to suggest a reformed classification of them. They are to be assorted in these three kinds: Imitanturs (模写語), c. 170, Interpretanturs (註写語), c. 80, and Transferranturs (転写語), c. 450. The last are nothing than the so-called Mode-Analogy words. They are invented by, as it were, ql."translating" anything but acoustic phenomena into sounds. This third kind may be subdivided into A. of the Impression by Object and B of the Impression by Subject, each being viewed under two headings:<BR>A,(1) of Visual Impression, c. 180,(2) of General Impression, c. 180;<BR>to B (1) of Sensory & Visceral Impression? c. 40,(2) of the Reflection, of Mental State, c. 50.<BR>The corrected interpretation of the nature of Mode-Analogy words naturally rejects the prevailing name for them, "Gitai-go"(擬能語). The name "words imitating some states or appearances" as they use it is not comprehensive enough. <SUP>s</SUP>n>Moreover, zoologists have "long used the word" "Gitai", and that in the sense of imitative state or appearance not of "imitating other states or appearances" as linguistidians invertedly intend to designate by it Learning requires as little confusion vas possible in conception?

著者

石黒 魯平

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1942, no.10, pp.53-68, 1942

著者

尾上 圭介

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1973, no.63, pp.1-26, 1973-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

22

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The present paper is an attempt to describe and reorganize the usage of Japanese particles wa and ga and to give it a theoretical interpretation.The author maintains that two elements are involved for sentence formation, i. e. Sentence Kernel and Sentence Frame. Wa is one realization of the Sentence Frame and thus completes sentence formation. Ga is only a component of the Sentence Kernel. A Sentence Kernel has the semantic function as a dictum, i. e. the core material of a Sentence. It is shown that the special constraint on the usage of “near-sentences”containing ga but not any Sentence Frame follows from this hypothesis.

著者

柴田 武

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1952, no.21, pp.1-27,68, 1952-03-31 (Released:2010-12-22)

参考文献数

15

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The author considers vowel harmony as principle concerning the system of vowel phonemes, and from this poiht of view, has thought of organizing a system of vowel harmony for each of the Turk languages and comparing these systems with each other.

著者

有元 光彦

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.158, pp.1-28, 2020 (Released:2021-02-16)

参考文献数

12

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本稿の目的は,九州方言に広く起こるテ形音韻現象を対象とし,そこで分類される様々な方言タイプのバリエーション間に,どのような相関関係があるのかについて考察することにある。従来の研究で提案されていた「非テ形現象化」を分節音レベルで再検討し,それを「方言システムの崩壊」という新たな概念の中で位置づける。そして,テ形音韻現象の中で仮定されていたe消去ルール・e/i交替ルールの適用範囲が狭くなる方向への体系的な変化,特に非適用環境に関して「特殊から一般へ」の変化が起こっていることを明らかにする。また,地理的には,真性テ形現象方言が「五島列島→天草→熊本県南部」という順の崩壊プロセスをとるだけでなく,擬似テ形現象方言も「天草→熊本県北東部・大分県北西部」という崩壊プロセスをとる。異なる地域であっても,方言タイプにおいては同様の崩壊プロセスが起こっていることが明らかとなった。さらに,理論的には,崩壊プロセスが周圏性によって裏付けられることを示した。

著者

平山 輝男

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1979, no.76, pp.29-73, 1979

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The Totsukawa dialect (TD) shares the accent of the Tokyo type, though TD is located in the area of the accent of the Keihan (Kyoto-Osaka) type. The accent of TD is derived originally from the accent of the Keihan type. Actually, the neighbouring dialects of Tanabe, Hongu, etc. exhibit the accent of the Keihan type clearly, namely they have more accent patterns than TD has.<BR>It can be concluded that the accent of TD has been transformed from the original type of acceet which had more patterns. This conclusion is supported by historical developments and the geographical distribution of dialects in the said area.<BR>As for other linguistic features such as segmental phonemes, morphology and vocabulary, TD is similar to the dialects of Tanabe, Hongu, etc.

著者

千野 栄一

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

no.61, pp.1-16, 1972-03

著者

中川 裕 大谷 洋一

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1995, no.108, pp.115-135, 1995-11-30 (Released:2007-10-23)

著者

志波 彩子

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.158, pp.91-116, 2020 (Released:2021-02-16)

参考文献数

60

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古代日本語のラレル構文体系と現代スペイン語の再帰接辞seによる中動態の体系は,外的動作主を介さない自然発生的変化の構文から外的動作主を必ず介する動詞にまで構文を拡張し,受身や可能を表す構文を持つ点では共通する。一方で,日本語のラレル構文は有情者に視点を置いた有情主語の受身を中心的に持つのに対し,スペイン語は中立視点で,事態実現の局面を捉える非情主語受身を中心に発達させている。その事態実現の非情主語受身の領域に,日本語は実現構文(自発・可能)を発達させている。また,日本語の可能は個別一回的な実現系状況可能であるのに対し,スペイン語のse中動態における可能は,潜在系の対象可能ないし場所・時間可能である。さらに,スペイン語の中動態も与格代名詞と組み合わさって「動作主に意志がないのに行為が発生する」という日本語の自発によく似た意味を表すが,中心的に用いられる動詞には両言語で違いがある。