著者

宮良 信詳

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2002, no.122, pp.79-113, 2002-09-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

17

---

In the present investigation, it is claimed that, in the group of dialects spoken in the central and southern parts of the Okinawan mainisland, there is a position of modality signaled by inflectional forms of verbs. The modality involves the notion of certainty, and occupies its own morphological position in the ordering of Verb Root (+ Aspect [durative]) (+Negative) (+Style [{honorific, polite}]) (+Modal) (+Tense)+Mood. Modal distinctions are made by the morpheme /+yi/ ‘to be certain, ’ conveying information about a past, event directly acquired through observation, and the other /+tee/‘to be less certain, ’conveying information about the preceding event inferred from observation at the time of the utterance. In the case of the absence of such distinctions, information about the past is taken to be through hearsay. As expected, the two modal forms neither co-occur with the first person subject in the declarative sentence nor with the second person subject in the interrogative, because neither the speaker nor the hearer can observe his/her own act. It is shown that the modal form /+yi/ neither co-occurs with the non-past tense nor with the negative, because only the past event can be subjectively observed and the negated event itself cannot be observed. However, it is argued that, if the speaker's act is in his/her dream or in the subjunctive world, it can be the object of direct observation.

著者

服部 四郎

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1954, no.26-27, pp.29-77, 1954-12-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

40

---

The author introduces Morris Swadesh's method of lexical statistics or glotnchronology to the linguistic circle of Japan, applying it to the comparative study of Old Japanese and modern dialects.He discusses its significance as a comparative method of related languages, and points out the following two major advancements. While the comparative method so far concerns the phonology and grammar rather than the vocabulary, Swadesh deals with the latter. Swadesh's method is statistical and accordingly more objective than the usual comparative method.Although it is possible to comment critically on the method at several points, its effectiveness in general should be acknowledged. For instance, there are no“concepts and experiences common to all human groups”(Salish Internal Relationships, 157), because the dispositions of the speakers of different languages are often different even to “the same things”, that is, the “sememes”(as the author calls them) of synonymous words of any two languages are often not identical. Thus, Japanese /me/«eye» denotes the eye which opens and closes rather than the eye-ball, while (Chakhar) Mongol/nüdä/ which is the only word for “eye” denotes the latter rather than the former. Nevertheless we can find words which refer to things and events common to all human groups, and thus we can generally fill Swadesh's questionnaire.

著者

森山 倭成 岸本 秀樹 木戸 康人

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.161, pp.35-61, 2022 (Released:2022-05-20)

参考文献数

46

---

肥筑方言における主語は,生起する環境が主節か埋め込み節かにかかわらず,ガ格の代わりにノ格で標示させることが可能である。先行研究では,肥筑方言のノ格主語が,ガ格主語とは異なり,主語移動(A-移動)を起こさず,vP内に留まると主張されてきた。しかし,本論では,肥筑方言のノ格主語は,vP内に留まるのではなく,TPとvPの間に挟まれたAsp(ect)Pの指定部位置へ主語移動を起こすことを論じる。このことを示すために,まず,未確定代名詞束縛とサー感嘆文に関する言語事実から,ガ格主語はTP指定部位置に移動する一方で,ノ格主語はガ格主語よりも低い構造位置で認可されることを示す。次に,vP分裂文に関するデータから,ノ格主語が主語移動を受けてvP指定部よりも高い位置に移動することを示す。特に,vP分裂文のデータはノ格主語が動詞句内に留まることができないことを示す強い経験的な証拠を提供する。

著者

松本 克己

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.86, pp.5-32, 1984-12-01 (Released:2010-12-22)

参考文献数

93

---

This is a revised version of the lecture delivered at the 88th General Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan. The paper deals with theproblem of linguistic reconstruction from the standpoint of linguistictypology and language universals, taking up two examples in the fieldof phonology, namely, the stop system of Proto-Indo-European and thevowel system of Old Japanese.As to the PIE stop system, the distributional and hierarchical relationsamong the phonemes in question cannot be adequately accounted for by their traditional interpretation as voiceless (Tenues), voiced (Mediae) and voiced aspirate (Mediae Aspiratae) respectively. Thus the writerconcludes, in agreement with the recent “Glottalic Theory”, that the traditional Mediae must be re-interpreted as glottalized or ejective stopsand the traditional Mediae Aspiratae as usual voiced stops.As to the Old Japanese vowel system, the writer examines the reconstructionsand interpretations recently proposed by various scholars concernningthe so-called Mannyoo-Gana system and concludes that theproblem of i1/i2f and e1/e2 cannot be fully solved without consideringthe phenomenon as a entire diachronic process, which seems to have begunwith the vocalic distinction accompanied by the non-distinctive consonantaldifference (i. e. palatalized/nonpalatalized) of the syllablesin question and to have ended in their complete merger, while the graphemicdistinction of o1/o2 is not to be interpreted as phonemic oppositionconnected with vowel harmony, such as /o/ and /ö/, but rather asallophonic variation reflected on the foreign writing system. The vowelsystem of Pre-or Proto-Japanese is to be reconstructed, in the writer'sopinion, as the four vowel system with /a/ in medial position whichshifted later to /o/ as a result of the appearance of the new vowel /e/from *a-i and *i-a. And the vowel system of the 8th C., which seemsto have been in quite a transitional and fluid state, can be reconstructedas the five or six (if Ci2 is interpreted as /Ci/) vowel system.

著者

村山 七郎

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1970, no.57, pp.22-40, 1970-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

16

---

Man unterscheidet in der Ainu-Sprache drei Dialekte: Hokkaido (Yezo)-Dialekt, Sakhalin-Dialekt und Dialekt der nördlichen Kurilen-Inseln. Die ersteren zwei sind ziemlich gut erforscht, während der letztgenannte restlos verschwand, ohne gut beschrieben und erforscht zu werden. Der letzte Dialekt wurde zuerst von S. P. KRASCHENINNIKOV, obgleich auf unvollkommne Weise, in seinem Lebenswerk “Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka”(russisch, Sankt-Petersburg, 1755) beschrieben. Es ist jetzt klar geworden, dass das Material der Ainu-Sprache in diesem Buch auf der Information eines Ainus aus der Schumusch-Insel und eines Ainus aus der Poromuschir-Insel beruht, die vom 19. bis zum 31. Juli 1738 in Bolscheretsk in Kamtschatka verweilten. Er hatVocabularium Latino-Curilice (Manuskript, Leningrad) hinterlassen, das dem Sprachmaterial in seinem Buch zu Grunde liegt. Dieses MS wurde zum erstenmal von dem Verfasser dieser Zeilen in seinem Aufsatz “Ainu in Kamchatka”(Bulletin of the Faculty of Literature, Kyushu University, No.12, Fukuoka 1968) veröffentlicsht. Das Sprachmaterial der Schumusch-Insel, das der polnische Zoologe (später Professor der Krakower Universität) DYBOWSKI während seines Aufenthaltes in Kamtschatka (1879-1883) gesammelt hat, wurde von RADLINSKI (Forscher des Christentums) veröffentlicht. Dieses Material, das ca.1900 Ainu-Wörter enthalt, ist der Wissenschaft wenig bekannt gewesen. R. TORIIs Sprachmaterial der Ainu auf derselben Insel, das er im J. 1899 auf der Insel Schikotan gesammelt hat (ca. 700 Worter) trägt nicht wenig zur Kenntnis des Dialekts der nördlichen Kuril-Inseln.Anhand dieser Materialien kann man sich jetzt ein Bild des letztgenannten Dialekts verschaffen, was man bisher fiir beinah unmöglich gehalten hat.Von diesem Dialekt ist ein Wort, d. h. urir “Kormoran” ins Russische eingedrungen, und zwar in der Form uvil (ypun) . Dieses Wort wurde zuerst in dem erwahnten Buch KRASCHENINNIKOVs (1755) und dann in dem von der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Petersburg im J. 1847 herausgegebenen “Wörterbuch der Kirchen-Slawischen und der Russischen Sprache” und weiter in dem beruhmten Wiirterbuch von DAL' aufgenommen. Dieses Wort bietet ein gutes Beispiel für “Ferndissimilation” im Russischen; Man vergleich Februar февралъ (fevral') , altrussisch ver'bludz “Kamel”, tschechisch velbloud “id.” еерблоб (verbl'ud.) Ein Uebersetzungslehnwort findet man in dem Toponym Lopatka (russisch “Schulterblatt”), Das ist die russische Uebersetzung des Ainu-Toponyms tapéra.-tapére “Schulterblatt”. Die Ainu, die das südlichste Gebiet der Halbinsel Kamtschatka vor der Ankunft der Russen am Ende des XVII. Jahrhunderts bewohnten, hatten dem Kap den Namen tapéra gegeben, den S. P. KRASCHENINNIKOV, wahrscheinlich durch seine Kenntnis der lateinischen Sprache beeinflusst, in kapury (lat. scápulae) verwandelte. Kapury ist eine Kontamination von tapéra.-tapére und scapulae.

著者

村田 忠男

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.85, pp.68-90, 1984-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

44

---

Although the claim has been repeated that some version of “sound hierarchy” is indispensable in the field of phonology, no one has so far offered enough data to prove it.I conducted the statistical investigations to support explicitly the order of “Japanese sound hierarchy” using the artificial onomatopoetic words of AB-type. 582 college students who were mainly from Western Japan were asked if they could find a preferred order in“ pira-pura vs. pura-pira, ” for example. Chi-square test was used to certify the significance levels of all the minimally contrastive pairs that were grouped into 87 terms. Then, the results were combined to obtain the following.Vowel Hierarchy: i<u<e<a<oConsonant Hierarchy: glides<liquids<nanals<fricatives<stops<affricatesIn addition, the double-function system was introduced to some exceptional sounds in the consonant hierarchy.

著者

金田 章宏

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 = Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

no.142, pp.119-142, 2012-09

著者

澤田 治美

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1983, no.83, pp.15-40, 1983-02-28 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

49

---

One of the most important theoretical problems of English imperatives is concerned with whether we can postulate the category AUX and the category COMP in them as in declaratives or interrogatives. The solution of the problem leads to a clearer characterization of AUX and COMP in English grammar in general, and to a correct understanding of the categorical status of ‘imperative’ do and don't.In this paper I analyse the structure of English imperatives making a comparison between them and English infinitives or subjunctives present, and argue for the following points:(a) The is no AUX in English imperatives (or in English infinitives and subjunctives present).(b) There is the category IMP, instead of COMP, in English imperatives.(c)‘Imperative’ do and don't are dominated by IMP, not by AUX, and their lexical category is S-Prt (=Sentence Particle).(d) The do and don't are single lexical items with their own semantic content.Furthermore, I argue that the postulation of the category S-Prt helps explain some syntactic properties of why of ‘why (not) sentences’ or let's in English, and those of various sentence-final particles lik na, ka, etc. in Japanese from a typological point of view.

著者

松森 晶子

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.150, pp.59-85, 2016 (Released:2016-11-17)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3

---

本稿は,琉球八重山諸島の黒島方言に焦点を当てて,この方言のアクセントの仕組みを明らかにする試みを行う。まず本稿では,黒島方言には(一見したところ)原因不明なアクセントの型の交替が見られる,という事実の指摘から始め,このような交替の原因を明らかにするためには,これまで多良間島や池間島などのいくつかの宮古諸島の体系において,そのアクセント位置の算出に機能していることが分かっている「韻律語(音韻語)(PWd)」という韻律範疇を想定することが必要になることを論じる。あわせて本稿では,これまで二型アクセント体系として記述されてきた黒島方言は,実は3種類の型の対立を持つ三型アクセント体系であることも報告する。そして,どのような条件のもとでその3種類の型の区別が明瞭に出現するのかを予測・説明するためにも,やはり上述のPWdという韻律範疇の想定が不可欠であることを論じる。

著者

鈴木 孝夫

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1956, no.30, pp.30-45, 1956-09-30 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

34

---

Though numerous references have so far been made to the song of bird, no systematic treatment ever appeared with a view to incorporating it intothe theory of ‘phylogenesis’ of human language.The author stresses, in this article, the significance of this kind of approachin elucidating the structural relationship between human languageand vocal communication in bird. In this connexion, he pays special attentionto the habit of sound learning commonly possessed by man and bird.After presenting a sketchy review of vocal behaviour in Ayes, of whichthree types are to be distinguished, namely, 1) call-note, 2) song par excellenceincluding love and territory song and 3) joy song, he tries to showthe configurational nature of stimuli birds react to in the visual as well asin the auditory field.For example, gallinaceous birds usually react to flying birds of prey bygiving alarm call. Tests using models of flying birds showed that ‘as longas a model had a short-neck, the experimental birds would show alarm.’Further experiments revealed that ‘it is not the shape as such that actedas a sign stimulus, but shape in relation to direction of movement.’ Suchstrict dependence of an innate reaction on a certain set of sign stimulimakes us postulate, in the mind of animals, the Innate Releasing Mechanismwhich is, to use the metaphor of Konrad Lorenz, the appropriate key-hole matched to the shape of a key.When this concept of ‘key’ is applied to the interspecific reactions, theset of essential stimuli above explained is just what we now call a (social) releaser.The author then introduces the idea of ‘reaction chain’ which consistsof ‘a chain of separate reactions each of which is dependent on a specialset of sign stimuli.’ And each of these stands in a special causal relationto the preceding one. Thus the reaction chain can be looked upon as ahighly specialized combination of releasers. Here he points out that sincereleasers used in reaction chain do elicit appropriate responses only whenused in a definite order peculiar to each species of animals, we mightrecognize here a sort of ‘syntax’ existing between these signs (i.e.releasers). In other words, these signs do not behave as signs unless theyare put in a structural order.Descriptions of mating behaviour in bird abound in the so-called ‘rituals’performed by male and female. These precoital rituals, in whichsong also plays an important role, are nothing but the sort of syntacticcombination of signs just referred to.As compared with song proper just analysed, call-note, which seemsabout the only vocal activity most students in this field take into consideration, presents quite a different picture. In the author's opinion, a callnote is a vocal sign used empractically, to use the terminology of KarlBuhler. It is employed, as it were, in the capacity of diakritikon andrequires no specific structural context of its own. On the other hand, closer examination of joy song reveals that vocal behaviour in general is, by its very nature, apt to free itself from strict dependence on the situationalconditions. This tendency observed in bird, together with the capacityto learn diverse sounds, is, the author maintains, perhaps countedupon as one of the prerequisites needed for the emancipation of sign from‘concrete things’.From these considerations, the author concludes that semiotic analysisof bird song discloses striking similarity obtaining between vocal communicationin bird and human language, and thus helps us to open a new perspective in the theory of signs.

著者

衣畑 智秀

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.151, pp.75-79, 2017 (Released:2017-04-12)

参考文献数

7

著者

峰岸 真琴

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1985, no.88, pp.41-67, 1985-12-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

12

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This paper presents a brief description of Khmer dialects, especially of the phonological and phonetic varieties of some vowels.Transliteration for the modern Khmer orthography is given in section 1. According to its orthography, Khmer consonant letters are divided into two classes, so called ‘voiceless (aghosa)’ and ‘voiced (ghosa)’. On the other hand, each vowel symbol potentially stands for two vowel nuclei, one of which is chosen according to the initial consonant class, and in some cases, to both the initial and the final consonant letters.In section 2 are presented the phonological changes of standard Khmer vowels which are presumed from the orthography. That is, each vowel symbol originally stood for a vowel nucleus; however, the initial ‘voiceless’ and ‘voiced’ contrast exerted an influence on the following vowel nucleus, and later the vowel split into two nuclei (more than two, in some cases, conditioned by the final consonant letters). After that, certain contrasts of initial and final consonants were lost, and finally split vowels obtained the phonological contrast.This assumption, however, is not enough to explain all the phonological phenomena of the Khmer dialects. Section 3 deals with the varieties of modern Khmer dialects. The phonological data were collected by the author mostly in 1984 in Japan, and partly in 1982-3 in Thailand. Maps 2-6 show the phonological and phonetic variations of vowel nuclei. It is discussed that such dialectal variations as are seen in Maps 2-6 are interpreted as follows:All the dialects are derived from the former phonological state assumed from the orthography, because all vowel nuclei can be specified in terms of initial and final consonant letters and vowel symbols. If this is the case, dialectal differences are due to the regional phonological changes to simplify the vowel systems which have been too complex as a result of overwhelming vowel splits.

著者

Željko Bošković(ジェリコ ボシュコヴィッチ)

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.152, pp.31-58, 2017 (Released:2017-12-29)

参考文献数

63

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本論文は,台湾語におけるC 要素のkongについて考察する。Simpson and Wu (2002)に従い,kongがかかわる連続変調が多重スペルアウトを支持することを論じるとともに,kong構文の考察が,多重スペルアウトと連続循環的移動に対する異なるアプローチを区別する根拠となること,具体的には,Phase-Impenetrability Conditionを廃止し,スペルアウトはフェイズに適用され,連続循環的移動はフェイズの上にある句をターゲットにするというBošković(2016a)のアプローチを支持する証拠となることを示す。また,台湾語の連続変調に関する派生的PF効果と,Bresnan(1972)が指摘した英語の第一強勢付与に関する派生的PF効果について統一的な説明を与える。

著者

杉藤 美代子

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1968, no.52, pp.111-113, 1968-01-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

著者

板橋 義三

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2001, no.120, pp.106-116, 2001-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

15

著者

田村 すヾ子

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1978, no.73, pp.84-88, 1978-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

著者

服部 四郎

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1950, no.15, pp.1-26,103, 1950

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The writer of this article classifies linguistic forms as follows _??_ is definition of various forms is as the following:<BR>A form which is never uttered separately (by means of pauses) from other. form (s) is a bound form; all others are free forms. A free form which cannot be uttered alone is a clitic; all others are independent forms.<BR>It is sometimes difficult, however, to distinguish clitics bound forms, because clitics are. generally, although not always, uttered jointly with other form (s)<BR>The author explains first how to identify various fractions of utterances as the same form. Then he proposes three points..s the criteria to determine whether a form-is a clitic or a bound form.<BR>I) If the form in question can be co: ined freely with various independent forms, which belong to different classes because their functions and inflections are different, it, is a free form, i. e. a clitic.<BR>2) If other word (s) or phrase (s) can be inserted freely. between two forms united semantically, both of them are free forms Accordingly the form in question is-a. clitic.<BR>3) If two forms combined can change their order of combination, the two forms are free forms. The phonological structure of a form cannot be utilised as a criterion, because many clitics have similar structtres to those of bound forms. Of course we cannot depend upon the_meaning, too.<BR>It must be noticed, however, that clitics have such phonological&lsquo; structures as can be uttered separately from other forms, and they are very &lsquo;regular&rsquo; in relation to the words, with which they enter into close combinations. Ehglish &rsquo;-s of the possessive case is a bound form, because it has not such a phonological structure as can be uttered alone. The-e of Latin puellae is a bound form, because i t is not regular. Compare puerT, hostis, cornas, diei.

著者

Tooru HAYASHI

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.85, pp.91-107, 1984-03-31 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

21

著者

服部 四郎

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1964, no.45, pp.12-26, 1964-03-30 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

12

著者

西田 竜雄

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, 1960-09