著者

笠井 博子 久保田 結

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.138, no.12, pp.1569-1577, 2018-12-01 (Released:2018-12-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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Volatile components originating from Lavandula angustifolia Hidcote and Lavandula x intermedia Grosso plants cultivated in a medicinal plant garden of Hoshi University located in southern Tokyo were investigated using thermal desorption-GC-MS. Sampling of the flowers and herbs of the lavender was performed at different developmental stages, i.e., summer, autumn, and winter (herbs only) using solid phase micro extraction fibers. Linalool, linalyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, β-myrcene, α-ocimene, β-ocimene, and terpinen-4-ol were the predominant constituents originating from the flowers of both plants. Additional volatile compounds such as borneol, eucalyptol, and camphor were found in the Lavandula x intermedia flowers. The number of volatile compounds originating from the Lavandula angustifolia flowers in summer was greater than that in autumn. 3-Hexen-1-ol, 3-carene, and p-cymen-8-ol were volatile compounds characteristic of the herbs, and α-ocimene, allo-ocimene, and terpinen-4-ol were detected only from flowers. In comparing volatile compounds obtained from fresh herbs with those from dried herbs, camphor, β-caryophyllene, and borneol were absent in dried herbs. For people who visit the plant garden, smelling the fragrances of plants directly is believed to deliver not only pleasure but also beneficial therapeutic properties.

著者

内林 政夫

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

藥學雜誌 = Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.12, pp.1341-1349, 2006-12-01

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 1

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;An overview is presented on the reports available so far on sweet potato, <i>Ipomoea batatas</i>, cultivated widely in Polynesia in the pre-Columbian era, with reference to possible ways and presumptive dates of transfer from the Americas to Polynesia, such as (1) Polynesian navigators' travel to Peru, (2) Peruvian fishermen's drift westward, (3) vessel drift, (4) seed drift, (5) root-tuber drift, and (6) transport by birds. The author supports the case (1) as most plausible. <i>Ganshu</i> or <i>Ganchu</i> described in the old Chinese herbal books is identified as <i>Dioscorea esculenta</i>. An introduction of the tuber to China and Japan is briefly mentioned.<br>

著者

前田 真之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.8, pp.995-1000, 2021-08-01 (Released:2021-08-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

---

Over the past few decades, the effectiveness of antibiotics has been diminished owing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance resulting from the overuse of antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship aims to improve the appropriateness of antibiotic use to reduce antimicrobial resistance and benefit patients. Antimicrobial stewardship requires structural prerequisites for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), such as the presence of a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team (AST), to ensure appropriate antimicrobial use at healthcare facilities. However, manpower shortage for ASTs in most Japanese hospitals has resulted in limited implementation of ASPs. Our study provided a directive for promotion of comprehensive ASPs including various outcome measures. Our findings would provide useful benchmarks for hospitals planning to implement ASPs in Japan as well as around the world. This review provides a framework for evaluating the outcome measures and benchmarks of ASPs based on our study.

著者

佐藤 浩輔

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.10, pp.1041-1053, 2013-10-01 (Released:2013-10-01)

参考文献数

46

---

It is important that various lesions in DNA were detected selectively and conveniently to know mechanisms of carcinogenicity and/or aging of cells. However, most detection methods of DNA lesion are complicated and take a long time for enzymatic hydrolysis and analysis by HPLC and/or mass spectrometry. This review shows the new concept for detection of DNA lesion by “fluorogenic reagent”. Inspired by the unique bis-heteroaryl structure of luciferin and 5-heteroaryl-2′-deoxyuridine having good fluorescence properties, we designed and synthesized fluorogenic reagent 4,5-dimethoxy-2-aminothiophenol for a selective and convenient detection for 5-formyl-2′-deoxyuridine, which is generated in yields comparable to that of 2′-deoxy-8-oxoguanosine, in DNA. Generated 5-(5,6-dimethoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)-2′-deoxyuridine has a high quantum yield and larger Stokes shift in aqueous solution. This derivatization of 5-formyl-2′-deoxyuridine in oligodeoxynucleotide occurred quickly and quantitatively. The fluorogenic reagent was also revealed to detect 5-formyl-2′-deoxyuridine in γ-irradiated calf thymus DNA with irradiation dose dependent manner. Thus, our fluorogenic strategy enables to selective and convenient detection of lesion in DNA exposed to various forms of oxidative stress.

著者

鈴木 久美子 采 輝昭 山崎 幹夫

出版者

公益社団法人日本薬学会

雑誌

藥學雜誌 (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.3, pp.221-225, 1988

被引用文献数

7

---

A fraction causing diarrhea to mice with a hemolytic activity was previously isolated from the aqueous extract of a poisonous mushroom Rhodophyllus rhodopolius. In order to clarify the relationship between the enterotoxicity and hemolytic activity, the hemolysin was purified. The hemolysin which was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography, caused diarrhea and intestinal hemorrhage to suckling mice. The molecular weight of the hemolysin was estimated to be about 40000 by SDS-slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The hemolytic activity of the hemolysin was observed to be relatively heat-stable in the crude extract and dependent on the temperature and concentration of erythrocytes.

著者

舩田 正彦 富山 健一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

薬学雑誌 (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.140, no.2, pp.205-214, 2020

---

<p>Cannabis use among the younger population in Japan has been steadily increasing. The aim of the present review is to highlight recent knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of action and health risks associated with cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid consumption. We investigated the effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and synthetic cannabinoids on place conditioning in ICR mice. Both Δ⁹-THC and synthetic cannabinoids produce a significant conditioned place preference. These rewarding effects were completely suppressed by the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor type antagonist AM251. The cytotoxicological effects of Δ⁹-THC and synthetic cannabinoids were also characterized in the limbic forebrain of mice in primary culture <i>in vitro</i>. Δ⁹-THC and synthetic cannabinoids caused cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The rank order of cytotoxicological potency was synthetic cannabinoids>Δ⁹-THC and related to the agonistic activities of the CB₁ receptor. A recent review on the harmful effects of cannabis use in humans reported that behavioral impairments, especially in terms of attention, memory, and complex information-processing ability, can last for many weeks after cessation of cannabis use among heavy users. In addition, cannabis use could be a risk factor for drug dependence and later psychosis among adolescents. The results of animal and human studies suggest that CB₁ receptors play an important role in the expression of harmful effects of cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid use. Moreover, concern regarding increasing concentrations of Δ⁹-THC in cannabis in many countries has been noted, because more potent cannabis may be associated with worse adverse effects.</p>

著者

新井 賢 藤本 憲二 橋本 竹二郎 滝島 常雄 小屋 佐久次

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.4, pp.279-286, 1987-04-25 (Released:2008-05-30)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

3 3

---

In order to identify the constituents of ethanol-extractable amino acids from Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. leaves, high performance liquid chromatography (JASCO TWINCLE amino acids analyzer system) was used. According to the results obtained, ethanol-extractable amino acids confirmed to be such 19 different kinds, as Asp, Thr, Ser, Asn, Glu, Gln, Pro, Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Arg and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). There was a seasonal fluctuation in the amount of free amino acids constituent, and three different patterns of changing in the amount were noticed. The major constituents of free amino acids were found to be GABA and Ala. There were similarities in the patterns of free amino acids contents among new buds, one year leaves and two year leaves. However few amount of Met and His were detected from the stage of the new buds than any other. Basic amino acids were found more in the one year leaves and the two year leaves than in the new buds. The contents of Gln, Lys and Arg increased in the germination stage of the new buds, and the contents of GABA, Pro, Ala and Asn decreased in the growing stage of the new shoots. The above facts lead to the conjecture of that these free amino acids were involved deeply in the growth of Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. leaves.

著者

岡 夏未 近藤 真志 松原 秀樹 出石 啓治 田坂 祐一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.7, pp.979-984, 2021-07-01 (Released:2021-07-01)

参考文献数

12

---

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are responsible for an increase in the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Although CYP is known to be involved in metabolic processes, the DDIs among three or more drugs that involve the same CYP molecular species have not been fully investigated. In this study, we retrospectively examined the relationship between the number of drugs and potential DDIs in metabolic processes involving CYPs in patients who picked up their prescribed drugs at 11 pharmacies in the Kojima Branch of the Okayama Pharmaceutical Association. We found that 66.5% of the 924 patients had potential DDIs; more than half of the patients who took six or more drugs had potential DDIs among three or more drugs. The mean number of CYP3A4-related drugs involved in potential DDIs was 3.52±1.56 in patients who took seven drugs, suggesting the need for careful monitoring of specific symptoms and blood test results for the early detection of adverse drug reactions caused by DDIs among three or more drugs.

著者

上村 静香 西原 正和 大住 優子 塩田 裕徳

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.139, no.11, pp.1471-1478, 2019-11-01 (Released:2019-11-01)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3

---

Phellodendron bark (“Obaku”) is an important crude drug used in Kampo-medicine. Recently, powder formulation of phellodendron bark was approved as an “efficacious treatment for bruise, sprain, and periodontal diseases”, and it has been marketed as an OTC agent. To obtain this approval, the examination of quality control-related characteristics is necessary. Therefore, we established a quantitative method for jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and berberine determination. In this study, we compared the contents of the three constituents obtained from the extracts of Japanese and Chinese phellodendron bark and found remarkable difference.

著者

合田 幸広

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.6, pp.787-791, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-01)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

3

---

The author believes that the three pillars of pharmaceutical sciences (PS) in Japan are drug development science, medical pharmacy, and quality management science. Of these, the most PS-like science is quality management science, both historically and presently. Considering the balance of safety and efficacy is the basis of PS. The definition of “quality” is the degree to which a set of inherent properties of a product, system, or process fulfills requirements in Q9 of International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). In our society, pharmaceutical science graduates including pharmacists, are active participants, not only in the pharmaceutical industry, including a pharmacy, but also in the food industry, especially for quality assurance and quality control. This report presents a focused overview of quality in health foods, foods with health claims, and pharmaceutical products and discusses the importance of a curriculum focusing on quality assurance, control, and management in pharmaceutical education.

著者

柳 奈津代 佐藤 宏樹 澤田 康文

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.21-00001, (Released:2021-05-24)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1

---

Previous studies have reported the inappropriate administration of medication at nursery schools by the staff and a lack of drug-related information from caregivers at the time of request. However, the situation concerning medication administration at nursery schools from the mothers’ perspective is unknown and it is not clear what information the mothers provided to nursery staff at the request. We conducted an online survey between April and May 2019 regarding the administration of medication at the nursery school with input from 600 mothers. Overall, 510 (85%) individuals replied that the requests to administer medication were acceptable for all or some of the medications. Application forms for medications were used by 91% of the 301 mothers who had previously made such requests. Although information including the child’s name, medication times, illness of the child, parent’s name, and dosage form was specified by over 70% of mothers, drug-related information such as effectiveness, side effects, and drug interactions was insufficient. In total, 41 instances of inappropriate medication administration by staff were reported by 35 mothers. It is suggested that the drug information sheets provided by community pharmacies should make up for inadequate drug-related information on application forms for medications to avoid the risk of adverse events and reduce staff burden. Toward this end, it is necessary to provide easily understandable information sheets for nursery staff, as the medication is usually administered by nursery staff, not a nurse. Community pharmacists should support these measures as pharmaceutical professionals.

著者

添田 真司 高柳 理早 渡邊 昌之 山田 安彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.5, pp.589-593, 2017 (Released:2017-05-01)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

---

In this study, we established a methodology to calculate the rate of overlooking a dispensing error (inspecting error rate) as a new index for the purpose of determining dispensing error and malpractice rates. Using data obtained from analyses of these error rates at our and two other hospitals, an inspecting error rate was calculated for each institution. Our results showed that inspecting errors occurred at a frequency 3-5 times greater as compared to dispensing errors at each of the examined hospitals. We concluded that construction of a higher quality safety management system would be enabled by incorporation of an inspecting error rate as a new index to evaluate medical safety in regard to dispensing of medicines and managing inspection accuracy.

著者

堤 康央

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.6, pp.813-816, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-01)

参考文献数

6

---

For human health and welfare, toxicology/safety science is a branch of the pharmaceutical sciences dealing with the risk or benefit of pharmaceutical products derived from organic compounds, proteins, and genes, as well as chemicals contained in cosmetics or food additives. The quality of pharmaceutical products is one of the factors that decide risk or benefit, so quality assurance based on regulatory science is an important research and education area in the field of toxicology/safety science.

著者

国友 順一 山本 知恵子 大槻 多嘉子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.11, pp.1141-1142, 1964-11-25 (Released:2010-02-19)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

3 9

---

Alkaloids contained in the so-called primitive lotus were examined and components similar to domestic lotus (Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN.), roemerine (I), nuciferine (II), nornuciferine (III), and dl-armepavine (IV), were isolated in crystalline form and identified (cf. Table I).

著者

小前 憲久 日比野 康英 菅野 延彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

藥學雜誌 (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.10, pp.763-772, 1999

被引用文献数

15

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The spectral karyotyping (SKY) method is a novel molecular cytogenetic technique which simultaneously discerns entire chromosomes. In order to elucidate the origins of micronuclei induced under hyperthermic conditions in human lymphocyte culture, peripheral blood cells were cultured at 40&deg;C or 42&deg;C for 3-24 h, using the cytokinesis-block method with cytochalasin B. The induced micronuclei were identified by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and SKY methods. At 42&deg;C for more than 6 h, the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei in binucleated cells rose with increasing incubation time. By the FISH method, 83.3% of micronuclei induced in 24 h culture at 42&deg;C were shown to be positive for the human centromeric probes. By the SKY method, each micronucleus induced under the hyperthermic conditions was identified unequivocally and shown to contain a specific chromosome. These results suggest that the micronuclei induced under the hyperthermic conditions in human lymphocyte culture contain chromosomes which do not migrate to the poles at the anaphase of the cell cycle because of the breakdown of the spindle apparatus.

著者

佐藤 悠介 畠山 浩人 兵藤 守 秋田 英万 原島 秀吉

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.132, no.12, pp.1355-1363, 2012-12-01 (Released:2012-12-01)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

5 7

---

The development of a carrier for the delivery of siRNA is a factor in the realization of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics. Modification of siRNA carriers with polyethylene glycol, i.e., PEGylation, is a general strategy for stabilizing a particle in the blood stream and delivering it to tissue or cells. However, it is well-known that, when a carrier is modified by PEGylation, it results in a significant inhibition of both cellular uptake and the endosomal escape process. In a previous study, we reported on the development of a multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) for delivering siRNA and peptide-based functional devices for overcoming the effects conferred by PEGylation and succeeded in the delivery of siRNA to tumor tissue. In this study, we noticed that the pH-sensitive property, changing from neutral to cationic in response to a decrease in pH, could avoid the inhibition caused by PEGylation and succeeded in synthesizing a pH-sensitive cationic lipid, YSK05. The YSK05-MEND had a higher fusogenicity and potency for endosomal escape than other MENDs containing conventional cationic lipids. The PEGylated YSK05-MEND induced efficient gene silencing and avoided the inhibition of endosomal escape caused by PEGylation followed by optimization of the lipid composition. Furthermore, the intratumoral injection of the PEGylated YSK05-MEND resulted in a more efficient gene silencing compared with MENDs containing conventional cationic lipids. Thus, the YSK05-MEND is a promising siRNA carrier for avoiding the inhibition in intracellular trafficking caused by PEGylation both in vitro and in vivo.

著者

山本 郁男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.1, pp.73-120, 2005-01-01 (Released:2005-01-01)

参考文献数

91

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Thirty-six allyl substituted oxopyrimidine analogues such as barbituric acid (BA), barbiturates, uracil, thymine, and related derivatives including 13 new compounds were synthesized and their pharmacologic effects ([hypnotic activity, anticonvulsant activity against pentylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures, and LD50]) and interactions with the barbiturates were evaluated in mice and rats. The results are briefly and parially summarized as follows. BA prolonged pentobarbital (PB)-induced sleep and had some central depressant effects. N,5,5-Triallyl-BA exhibited some hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities, although the other 5,N-allyl-compounds did not show any activity except for allobarbital (AlloB). N-Allyl-BA, 5-allyl-BA, N1,N3,5-triallyl-BA, N,5,5-triallyl-BA, and N1,N3,5,5-tetraallyl-BA also prolonged PB-induced sleep. Interestingly, N,5,5-triallyl-BA was the most potent in the interaction with AlloB, phenobarbital (PheB), amobarbital (AB), PB, and thiopental (TP) but not barbital (B). N1,N3,5,5-Tetraallyl-BA prolonged AlloB-, PB-, and AB-induced sleep but not B-, PheB-, and TP-induced sleep. N1,N3,5-Triallyl-B prolonged only PB- and TP-induced sleep. 5,5-Diallyl-BA prolonged PheB- and TP-induced sleep. N,5-Diallyl-BA prolonged only TP-induced sleep. In contrast, BA and N1,N3,5-triallyl-AB tended to antagonize AlloB, AB, and B. N1,N3,5,5-Tetraallyl-BA also slightly antagonized B, PheB, and TP. 5,5-Diallyl-BA antagonized only AB. The prolonging effects of BA, N,5,5-triallyl-BA, and N1,N3,5,5-tetraallyl-BA on PB-induced sleep were dose dependent. These results indicate that the position and number of allyl groups substituted on the structure of BA play an important role in their depressant activities. This review deals with the structure-activity relationship of allyl-substituted oxopyrimidines as part of our search for antagonists and agonists of barbiturates as well as their mechanisms of action.

著者

田中 啓祥

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.5, pp.647-653, 2021-05-01 (Released:2021-05-01)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

3

---

Remarkable progress in our ability to analyze diseased tissue has revolutionized our understanding of disease. From a simplistic understanding of abnormalities in bulk tissue, there is now increasing recognition that the heterogeneous and dynamically evolving disease microenvironment plays a crucial role in disease pathogenesis and progression as well as in the determination of therapeutic response. The disease microenvironment consists of multiple cell types as well as the various factors that these cells secrete. There is now immense interest in treatment strategies that target or modify the abnormal disease microenvironment, and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive the formation, maintenance, and progression of the disease microenvironment is thus necessary. The advent of 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has made possible the reconstitution of the disease microenvironment to a previously unimaginable extent in vitro. As an intermediate between traditional in vitro models based on 2-dimensional (2D) cell culture and in vivo models, 3D models of disease enable the in vitro reconstitution of complex interactions within the disease microenvironment which were unamenable in 2D while simultaneously allowing the mechanistic analysis of these interactions that would be difficult to perform in vivo. This symposium review aims to highlight the promise of using 3D cell culture technology to model and analyze the disease microenvironment using pancreatic cancer as an example.

著者

野瀬 清

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.10, pp.773-780, 2002-10-01 (Released:2003-02-18)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

5 5

---

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from cells stimulated by various cytokines, hormones, and stresses, and regulate celluar functions such as gene expression and cell growth. They affect activities of many types of molecular targets, including signaling molecules and transcription factors. Early-respons genes (c-fos, egr-1 and JE) that encode transcription factors are induced by ROS, and activities of their products are modulated by ROS through redox-based mechanisms. We isolated a novel gene, hic-5, that was induced by hydrogen peroxide and encodes a focal adhesion protein. hic-5 was found to translocate to the nucleus in cells treated with ROS and regulates several cellular genes. We propose that hic-5 is a key element in the transduction of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus under oxidative stress.

著者

倉田 祥一朗

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.12, pp.1213-1218, 2006-12-01 (Released:2006-12-01)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 3

---

One of the fundamental questions in innate immunity is how a large battery of invading pathogens is recognized by a limited number of germ line-encoding receptors. In Drosophila, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family members have a crucial role in recognizing invading bacterial pathogens and in inducing immune reactions. PGRP-SA, -SD, and -SC1a are involved in recognizing gram-positive bacteria and in activating the Toll pathway to produce antimicrobial peptides. PGRP-LC and -LE recognize diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing peptidoglycans, which are cell wall components of many gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria, and activate the imd pathway to produce antibacterial peptides. In addition to the extracellular function of PGRP-LE to activate immune reactions in the hemolymph, PGRP-LE acts as an intracellular receptor for monomeric DAP-type peptidoglycans. Moreover, a version of PGRP-LE containing only the PGRP domain functions extracellularly as a CD14-like accessory factor, capable of enhancing PGRP-LC-mediated peptidoglycan recognition. Subsequent intracellular signaling is transduced through the RHIM-like motif found in PGRP-LC and -LE.