著者

阿部 暁之

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2209, (Released:2023-03-17)

参考文献数

38

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The purpose of this study is to determine how karate was perceived by leading educators and organizations in the modern Okinawan youth education system, mainly focusing on the modern era of Okinawan history, specifically from 1909 to 1930, and how it became established in that system as a result.Karate was introduced into Okinawan junior high schools in 1905, and since then has spread throughout Okinawa and Japanese society. For this reason, up to now studies of karate history have focused on the general education system, including junior high schools, but have not accumulated much information on the youth education system. Therefore, the focus of this study is the youth education system, which functioned as the most popular education system in modern Okinawa, based on the actual activities of the modern and general education systems.The research methodology included a survey and analysis of newspaper archives and Okinawa Kyoiku, an educational magazine published by the Okinawa Prefectural Education Association from 1906 to 1944.After the Russo-Japanese War, the youth associations were beginning to fall under the purview of prefectural governance. In 1910, these associations were forced to review their recreational activities, and karate, too, was required to be treated in the same way. As a result, karate was redefined and reintroduced by the leadership. However, since the youth associations were run on a regional basis, the enthusiasm for the introduction of karate varied from one association to another. In fact, the Shimajiri-gun Youth Association supported renewed encouragement of karate, while the Kunigami-gun Youth Association did not, in part because of concerns over the potential for violence.However, in 1914, the Kunigami-gun Youth Association reversed its initial opposition to karate by commending its physical education and recreational functions. As a result, karate gained social status as a pastime in Kunigami-gun. The Shimajiri-gun Youth Association also found a physical education function for karate by 1929. Furthermore, karate was conceived for use in vocational supplementary schools and continued to be practiced in youth education settings, including youth associations, throughout the modern era. In summary, although karate was not universally welcomed in the early stages of its introduction in the youth associations, it gradually transformed into a recreational activity with a physical education function and thus became a part of the youth education system.

著者

和田 哲也

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.27-35, 1981-10-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

33

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Iai originated in the practical combative techniques known as battd (striking instantly with a sword while rapidly unsheathing it in one stroke) which were born during the ages of civil and martial disorder. These martial techniques, batto, as they yielded to the necessities of the subsequent ages of peace underwent drastic transformations in terms of both the way the techniques were preformed and their ideological forntations, and gradually developed into what is now known as iai. Within the process of this development, in terms of physical technique, the trend toward the practice of the art from a sitting posture occupies a central position. This central position is shared on the mental side with the philosophical reorientation of the art toward one possessing the fundamental nature of being directed toward a defensive response to a sudden and unexpected attack such as what might occurr even in an orderly society. This kind of iai, in both its physical and intellectual characteristics, was well suited to the peaceful social conditions of Tokugawa society. Iai was the model martial art for an age of social order. By developing in this way, undergoing many technical vicissitudes, the adoption of sitting in the formal posture of seiza, the use of the samurai's uchi-gatana (long sword worn through the belt with edge upwards) instead of the soldier's tachi (long sword slung from the belt with edge downward), and assuming the character of a mental discipline practiced without an opponent, iai eventually realized its standard form which has been preserved down to the present time.

著者

溝口 紀子 光本 健次 浜田 初幸

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.Supplement, pp.28, 2006 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

井上 アヤ子

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.91-92, 1989-11-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

18

著者

飯田 真由美 デイヴィッド・ フーパー 豊嶋 建広 ヴイニシウス・アギアル・ デ・ソウザ 松尾 牧則 飯出 一秀

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.239-250, 2018-03-31 (Released:2019-03-31)

著者

木田 尚武 塩入 宏行

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.Supplement, pp.26, 1996 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

石岡 久夫 入江 康平 川村 自行

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.53-59, 1976-07-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

4

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.49-56, 2004-03-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

富木 謙治

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.78-85, 1973-09-23 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

加藤 純一

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.23-32, 1990-03-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

22

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The SHINKAGE-YAGYU-RYU (one of the Kendo Schools) was founded by Muneyoshi YAGYU who had been influenced by Hidetsuna KAMIIZUMI (SHINKAGE-RYU). In the early 17th century, this school was succeeded by Toshitoshi YAGYU who was the Muneyosi's grandson. He had been to the Higo (Kumamoto district) and had met Kiyomasa KATO in 1603. He had been able to know the national situation, so he founded the original style of SHINKAGE-YAGU-RYU when he went back to the Yagyu (Nara district) again. Furthermore, his son Toshikane YAGYU, who was influenced by his father started to change the KATA (form)in this school.The porpose of this study is to clarify the change of KATA from Muneyoshi to Toshitoshi, Toshikane. The findings are as follows.1. As Toshitoshi denied his father's KATA, he founded the new style called “TSUTTATTAR U-MI-KAMAE”which was a form of changing one's weight from legs to waist.2. Although Muneyoshi didn't write down the mental things in letters, Toshitoshi started to write down these things. (for example, BOUSHIN, KI, the sound of wind and water)3. Toshikane changed the system of learning the KATA in this school, and after that he established the phased method of teaching.4. He contrived the “GASSHI-UCHI” which didn't exist before. Although this technique was an actual fighting, it was rater considered a technique to practice mental elements.

著者

田畑 泉 前田 顕 相原 清乃 街 勝憲 東郷 将成 吉岡 路 恵土 孝吉

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.1-13, 2021 (Released:2021-10-27)

参考文献数

36

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The effects of high-intensity intermittent training incorporating ʻkakari-geiko' (HIITK) on the maximal oxygen uptake of male and female university kendo players were observed. The HIITK consisted of eight sets of 20-sec maximal exercise incorporating Tabata-style kakari-geiko (continuous attack practice) with a 10-sec rest between the sets. In Experiment 1, seven male kendo players performed the HIITK 3×/week for 6 weeks, and five other male kendo players on the same kendo team served as the control group not participating in the HIITK. The maximal oxygen uptake was measured during treadmill running before and after the training. For Experiment 2, the maximal oxygen uptake of 13 female kendo players was measured during treadmill running before and after 11 weeks of the HIITK performed 3×/week. In Experiment 1, the training group's maximal oxygen uptake was significantly increased (pre: 50.9±8.4 ml/kg/min, post: 54.1±8.0 ml/kg/min, p<0.05), whereas no change was observed in the control group (pre: 51.8±3.9 ml/kg/min, post: 52.6±3.6 ml/kg/min). In Experiment 2, the maximal oxygen uptake of the female kendo players was significantly increased after the training (pre: 42.1±2.9 ml/kg/min, post: 48.3±2.2 ml/kg/min, p<0.001). These results demonstrated that the HIITK improved the aerobic fitness of both male and female university kendo players.

著者

村山 勤治

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.75-76, 1987-11-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

3

著者

古田 英毅 星野 映 石井 孝法 久保田 浩史

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.151-173, 2023-03-31 (Released:2023-05-23)

著者

酒井 利信

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.1-14, 2016-08-18 (Released:2018-03-12)

被引用文献数

2

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Numerous studies have been made in the field of budo studies concerning the “Body and Mind Theory”. These previous studies point out that the influence religion has in the Body and Mind Theory of early-modern period budo was actually Zen Buddhism’s “Doctrine of Self Discipline”.This paper, utilizing prior research conducted by this author on the ideology of the sword, reveals another side to the history of budo previously unexplored in the aforementioned studies. This research will also delve into the significance, background, and circumstantial formation of the concept of budo throughout the principle countries of the Far East, namely Japan, China, and Korea.The results are as follows:・The concept of “Divine Gifts”, or divinely-granted power, can be seen in the process of acquiring secret teachings from the most distinguished swordsmen in the Muromachi period of the Middle Age, and yields a thread of commonality, as stated below:1) Ascetic prayer at Shinto shrines2) Penance as a prerequisite3) Acquiring divine gifts through dreams・The techniques of acquiring divine gifts or power find their place in the Shinto world where magic can eliminate evil. These techniques affect both the external and internal side of a twofold reality, where the killing of an actual enemy is correlated to eliminating the evil present in one’s own mind.・Regarding magic in swordsmanship, the connection between the sword and the divine is important, and this connection was authorized by mythical imagery.・The conceptual roots of the sacred sword were thought to originate in the kingdoms of Wu and Yue during the Spring and Autumn periods in ancient China.・The concept of a sacred sword to vanquish evil (Bi Xie Sword for the elimination of evil) was first put into practice with sword use in Chinese Taoist rituals. These concepts then spread to Korea, as represented in the practices of the Hwarang, and later to Japan, further expanding upon the connected lineage amongst these three Far East Asian countries.・The manner in which a sword’s sanctity was recognized followed ancient China’s Tian Ming Ideal (Mandate of Heaven), where stars were sacred and sanctified the sword through direct inscription. This practice was subsequently seen in the Korean Hwarang, where it was believed that through such sanctification a sword could channel mysterious powers from the stars or from Taoist gods, and in ancient Japan, where the mythical imagery that a sacred sword itself was brought down to Earth by deities was formed. This cites a particular transition from corporeal thinking to abstract thinking.・The concept of a sword granted with divine power was formed in a flow of thinking stemming from ancient Korea and later connecting to Japanese sword ideology. This seemingly absurd belief in divine gifts was not as widespread in ancient China, where precise and rational thought was preferred, as opposed to Korea and Japan that had predispositions toward abstract thinking.

著者

酒井 利信

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1-15, 2008-07-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

103

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Myths are important in the study of Japanese martial arts, such as today's martial arts, the modern military arts on which today's martial arts are based, and military arts in the medieval age. It is rather interesting to note that Japanese myths were discussed in the literature of military arts throughout every period. This is because Japanese myths have a certain kind of power.The Japanese mentality was originally controlled by mythical concepts. The mentality of military arts, which plays an important role in the history of the Japanese mentality, is more or less affected by the unaccountable power of Japanese myths. The main theme of this paper is the issue of military arts in Japanese myths.I have so far clarified the following points:1. The magical power of the sword as Hekija (exorcising evil gods and demons),2. Relation between the sword and gods (when discussing the magical power of the sword, the sword must be sacred; this is the basis of why the sword is sacred. ),3. The attribute of the sword that connects the celestial world of the gods and the terrestrial world of human beings. (This provides an assumption for the relation between the sword and the gods.)Likewise, the magical power of the bow and arrow as Hekija, relation between gods and the bow and arrow, and the bow and arrow's attribute connecting between the celestial world of the gods and the terrestrial world of human beings.For the bow and arrow, the magical power of Seisei was found in addition to that of Hekija. Based on the above research findings, I set the following subjects for this paper:1. Is there anything other than the bow and arrow that has the magical power of Seises?2. If there is anything, what is it?3. When its magical power of Seisei is clarified, can I find something new if I see the magical power of Hekija again?For the analysis, I selected the myth of Ninuriya, the myth of Kuniumi, the myth of Ukei, the myth of Yamatanoorochi, the myth of the God of Fire, Yamatotakeru's Expedition to the East, the myth of Yominokuni, and the Legend of Jnmu's Expedition to the East.I obtained the following research results:1. The magical power of Seisei of the spear and the sword was found in addition to that of the bow and arrow.2. The magical power of Seisei of these military arts is closely related to water.3. The magical power of Hekijya involving fire was found in the sword, as well as in the bow and arrow.

著者

岡田 一男

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.4, 1971-10-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

村山 輝志 松川 哲男

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.10-20, 1993-03-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

17

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This paper will discuss the process by which various Budo schools were introduced to the Satsuma feudal clan during the Edo era. Martial arts prospered in the beginning of the Edo of period, and prospered again during the last days of the Shogunate. This happened all over Japan.Budo was introduced to Satsuma in 3 days.(1) Martial arts were taught by masterless samurai who came to Satsuma from other parts of Japan.(2) Martial arts were taught by Satsuma samurai who learned Martial arts in Kyoto or Edo.(3) Martial arts were taught by samurai who set up their own schools after learning from either the masterless samurai or the Satsuma samurai who had travelled to Kyoto or Edo.The Notachi-jigen school and Tachi-school are two Jigen-school started their own schools. Both the Notachi-jigen and Tachi-schools taught the skills that their founders had learned in the Jigen school.

著者

向井 幹博 岡田 弘隆 溝口 紀子 高橋 進

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.3, pp.258-263, 2013-03-29 (Released:2014-04-04)

著者

中村 勇 田辺 陽子 南条 充寿 楢崎 教子 重岡 孝文

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.15-23, 2002

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The purpose of this study was to compare winning points and winning techniques of World Senior Judo Championships (WC) in 1995,1997, and 1999 in order to clarify trends of modern competitive judo of the world. Winning points, winning techniques, type of winning techniques, and content of win by penalties of all the matches were statistically compared among the three WCs.<br>Major findings are: (1) more than 50% of the total matches were won by ippon and the ratio increased through the three WCs, (2) ashi-waza was the most popular throwing technique group of the three WCs while katame-waza showed decreasing tendency, (3) the nage-wazas usually executed with normal kumikata (gripping) tended to increase while those without grip control decreased, (4) the most common penalty was "non-combativity" which occurred over 60% of all penalties, (5)win by penalties showed the highest rate in 1997 but reduced in 1999.<br>The recent changes of refereeing and sports rules seem to influence contents of competitive judo. Further studies regarding the style changes in world competitive judo are needed for keeping the competitive level of Japan judo and for sound development of Kodokan judo.

著者

木田 尚武 塩入 宏行

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.Supplement, pp.71, 1995 (Released:2012-11-27)