著者

塩入 宏行 木田 尚武

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.18-26, 1995-01-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

48

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There seems to exist a prejudice, among the Japanese people, especially those who are not familiar with the history of European style of fencing, that it is too defensive or technical aspect of the fencing is too much emphasized when compared with the offensive Japanese Kendo in which the traditional straight downward cut, for example, the “Kiri-otoshi” or “Hitotsu-gachi” in Itto-ryu school has been respected. It may partly be because of the difference in their fighting styles. Meanwhile, it is an undeniable fact that the term “fencing” derives from “defencing” by losing its suffix “de”, and the French word, “escrime”, which corresponds to the English fencing, comes from the Frankish “skirmjan” meaning defence through “escremie” or “eskermie”.Originally, of course, fencing was really based on the fight of life or death and it is not so deffensive as we Japanese generally suppose. Even after the World war II (in 1958 & 19687), duels with a real sword were fought. They have pursued this art of fencing very seriously.But historically speaking, as Egerton Castle pronounced in his School and Masters of fence, 'Paradoxical as it seems, the development of the “Art of Fence” was the result of the invention of firearms. Its history need not therefore be taken up higher than the fifteenth century.' We may safely say that modern fencing marked its first step is fencing history in the 15th century with the invention of firearms and has developped technically as the weight of the sword deminished. It was not until the latter half of the 17th century that core techniques in modern fencing, such as <parade-riposte> in two times or <on guare position> closing the line of attack, etc. appeared.In this study the authors tried to clarify the characteristic features in styles of four representative masters of fence in the 16th century Italy where systematic teaching of fencing first appeared and the theories of fencing masters were published in printed treatices. Their names are Achille Marozzo, Camillo Agrippa, Giacomo di Grassi and Angelo Viggiani.

著者

菅波 盛雄 川村 禎三 石島 繁 井浦 吉彦 浅見 高明

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.21-31, 1982-10-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

9

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It is a common knowledge that the motion of the head plays an important role in applying the Judo throwing techniques. It greatly influences the retention of the posture in the process of the applying the techniques, and also affects the making full use of the power which is needed in the throwing.In this study, we regard the motion of the head, the shoulders, and the hip, which affect very much the throwing, as the rotary motion against the median line; and we try to explain in what way the head, the shoulders, and the hip move and how thiw rotary motion affects the motion of the head in the throwing.The following results was obtained.1) It was observed that in the case of well-trained the body had turned round before the head began to turn at the completion of “Taisabaki” (body turning) and the motion of the head was restrained; but in the case of middle-trained and untrained, the head had turned round before the shoulders at the completion of “Taisabaki” (body turning).2) In the phase of “Kake” (attack) of well-trained, the head turned round at a time, and a angle difference could be observed between the head, the shoulders and the hip; i. e. the head had turned first, the followed the shoulders, and the hip: and this angle difference between the head and the body was smaller than the case of middletrained and untrained. Therefore we could say that the head, the shoulders, and the hip co-ordinated well in this case. But in the case of middle-trained and untrained the angle difference which was observed at the completion of “Taisabaki” (body turning)continued, and it became even larger than it was at the completion of “Taisabaki”(body turning). So in the case of middle-trained and untrained, it was observed that only the head turned round too much in the throwing.3) In the case of middle-trained and untrained, it was observed at the phase of “Kake”(attack) that the position of the hip was too high, so therefore the direction of “Hikite”(pulling hand) was not correct, and “Tsurite” (lifting hand) did not work well, so that the motion of the shoulders was restricted. The motion of the shoulders is important to the effective motion of the head. This motion of the shoulders is influenced by the correct position of the hip and the correct direction of “Hikite” (pulling hand)and the correct way of “Tsurite” (lifting hand).

著者

湯浅 晃

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.1-13, 2000-02-29 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

1

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It was for aim of this paper to study the role which Eujutsu (martial arts) served in the liberty and people's rights movement organized at Meiji earlier period in Japan.I will show the result found with this paper in the following.1. Bujutsu as a political cultureThe liberty and people's rights movement was the political movement that succeeded problems of revolutin of Meiji Restoration, and this had continued from 1874 that they demanded establishment of democratically elected House (Diet) to about 1890 of Diet establishment. The main activities of this movement's peoples were announcements of their principles on journals and speeches in their address meetings at first. However, Meiji government issued several laws and ordinances which regulated holding of address and publication of journals, and oppressed their movement. The side of association of the democratic movement produced a unique political culture that unified athletic meets, a social gathering and address meeting in order to evade the crackdown. And the associations of the democratic movement frequently took Bujutsu, especially Kenjutsu in the athletic meets.Many of the forms of these Bujutsu performances were collective conflicts. And the performances amplified “mob mentality” of peoples anticipating in the democratic movement, and raised an emotion of revolting against the government.2. Bujutsu for training “champions” of the liberty and people's rights movementA lot of associations of the democratic movement took Bujutsu in order to not only amplify the “mob mentality” but also train “champions” of the democratic movement that fight for their associations and this nation. In other words they were going to train the talent which have spirits for political conflict.Because we know that 2055 number associations at least promoting the movement for democatic rights existed in all over Japan, we can suppose that enormous peopls trained Bujutsu with the movement.On the history of Bujutsu in Japan as before, we know that the Bujutsu were encouraged in police at after 1877. However, the measures of encouraging Bujutsu in police should be considered in relation with this liberty and people's rights movement as the antagonism axis. In addition, it may be said that the hosts of Bujutsu trainers adding the police side and the democratic movement side built basis for Bujutsu to spread after. We will not be able to think the reason that “Dainippon Butokukai” (general control association of Bujutsu) established in 1895 could get enormous members during short period except for thinking in this way.

著者

山田 奨治 森 俊男 稲垣 源四郎

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.169-170, 1990-11-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

本部 直樹

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.Supplement, pp.10-10, 2009 (Released:2012-08-28)

著者

木田 尚武 塩入 宏行

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.Supplement, pp.3, 1994 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

藤堂 良明 村田 直樹

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-9, 2004-07-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

21

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Study of the history and meaning of dan and kyu grades is one key to the essential character of Budo. Using this idea we began research into the origin of the dan grade system in Shogi, during the Edo period of Japanese history. The dan grade system in certain Kenjutsu and Jujutsu schools where comparable systems existed. For our final reseach we studied the grade system of Judo in the context of the clear intentions established by Jigoro Kano, and we considered how both kendo and kyudo have adopted grading systems and their meaning.Results were as follows:1. There were 9 dan grade steps in Shogi at the beginning of the 18th Century. A Shogi player could be promoted to the next grade if he won a game against Iemoto, the top authority and 9th dan holder. Only Iemoto was permitted to hold 9th dan.2. The Jigenryu of kenjutsu school established its own dan grade syustem from 1st to 4th dan at the begininng of the Edo era in order to keep the students motivated. The Tenjin-shinyoryu Jujutsu at the end of the Edo era established 3 dan grade steps: sho dan, chu dan and jo dan. Both systems had similar policies for dan promotion, requiring length of training and technical skills in kata. Also intangible factors such as being of good character, and not aggressive, but with a determined spirit. The system at that time had only a few 3 or 4 dan grades and there was a long time between promotions, and so students could eventually lack motivation.3. Jigoro Kano, the founder of the Kodokan, established the dan grade system in Judo from 1st dan upwards (without an upper limit), with kyu grades from 5th to 1st, because he disagreed with the traditional grading system and its excessively long intervals to the next grade. He allowed students who had reached 6th dan to teach Judo, and then encouraged study more deeply into the heart of judo before arriving at 10th dan or Shihan. The other purpose of establishing the dan grade system was to stabilize the organization on a firm financial footing. The Dai Nippon Butokukai, established in 1895 in Kyoto, adopted the dan grade system for Judo and kyu grade system for Kendo which was used in Tokyo Police. In 1917, the Butokukai adopted the dan and kyu system for both Judo and Kendo, then in 1923 also adopted the dan and kyu system for Kyudo.4. The dan and kyu grade system used today in Judo examines students for promotion up to 6th dan on points obtained in competitions and on their performance of kata. Above 6th dan are judged on their depth of knowledge and their contribution to judo. The grading system in Kendo examines skills in competitions and kata and there is a written test in addition. Correct posture and being able to use a sword correctly are considered to be more important than winning in the examining matches for promotion. Fees for promotion are used for further development of the organization.

著者

村林 正美

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.125-126, 1989-11-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

5

著者

小野 忠彦 稲垣 源四郎

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.42-42, 1972-10-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

村林 正美

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.7-8, 1986 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

3

著者

中村 民雄

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.53-59, 1976-03-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

22

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The school physical education modernized since the middle of the nineteenth century reached the level of that of the Western countries at the beginning of the twentieth century. This period covering half a century is call the Meiji Era.We can safely conclude that Meiji Era was a very important period for the establishment of the “ modern Budo ” in our country.The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to describe how the Budo entered into the school physical education in Meiji Era.

著者

大石 純子 酒井 利信

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.87-107, 2012-12-25 (Released:2014-04-04)

参考文献数

82

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of acceptance regarding the characteristics of Japanese swords in Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu “紀效新書”. Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu is a Chinese book on martial arts that was written in the 16th century. There were two editions of this book, one was published around 1560-1566 (the earlier edition), and the other was published in 1584 (the later edition).In this paper, we focused on the yao-dao “腰刀” and the chang-dao “長刀” in those two editions of the book. The conclusions of our study are :1. The yao-dao in the earlier edition has some special features that were adopted from the Japanese sword such as a single edge, a long thin edge, and an edge that is longer than the hilt, and a slightly curved edge. The yao-dao was used with a shield made of cane in the earlier edition of Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu. In the traditional Chinese military idea, a sword was used with a wooden shield, and both the sword and shield were very heavy. The yao-dao and a shield made from cane were lighter than the traditional Chinese swords and shields, therefore, these new weapons replaced the old ones. Through this process, some features of the Japanese sword were accepted in the earlier edition of Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu.2. In the later edition of Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu, the yao-dao and the chang-dao were described. There was an explanation about how to make the yao-dao, and some special features that came from the Japanese sword were described in the explanations. While both the yao-dao and the chang-dao have special features that come from Japanese sword, they are distinguished from each other by the total length of the sword with the chang-dao being longer than the yao-dao. The yao-dao was used with a shield made from cane, and the chang-dao was used with a rifle in the later edition of Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu. In the earlier edition of Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu, the chang-dao and rifle were also described, however, there were no explanations in detail. In addition, there was no guidance given on how to use the chang-dao with a rifle. In the later edition of Ji-Xiao-Xin-Shu, the special features of the Japanese sword were accepted through the military idea such as using the chang-dao with a rifle.

著者

笠井 哲

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.27-28, 1988-11-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

3

著者

井上 アヤ子

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.Supplement, pp.47, 2008 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

1

著者

横山 直也 大矢 稔 百鬼 史訓 田中 秀幸 浅見 裕

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.26-36, 1995-11-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

28

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For the purpose of determining the technical characteristics of the striking motion from Nito-no-Kamae in Kendo, we measured the impact force of the striking motion with DAITO (long-shinai) and SHOTO (short-shinai) using as subjects three male university teachers, who are majoring in Kendo, and analyzed the data by a motion analysis system with a video tape recorder.For comparison, similar measurements were performed on the striking motion with the two-handed striking motion from Chudan-no-Kamae and the one-handed striking motion from Jodan-no-Kamae.The following results were obtained from a examination of the data.1. The maximum downward magnitude of the impact force and the downward impulse value of three kinds of the striking motions with SHOTO from Nito-no-Kamae were greater than that of the two-handed Shomen striking motion from Chudan-no-Kamae. However, the maximum downward magnitude of the impact force and the downward impulse value of two-kinds of striking motion with DAITO from Nito-no-Kamae were smaller than that of two-handed Shomen striking motion from Chudan-no-Kamae.2. The impact time of all the striking motion from Nito-no-Kamae were shorter than that of the two-handed striking motion from Chudan-no-Kamae.3. The motion of shinai in the striking motions from Nito-no-Kamae were chiefly made using the left elbow and the left wrist.4. The angular velocity of shinai immediately before impact using Hikikote striking motion with SHOTO of Nito-no-Kamae was the largest, and that using the Shomen striking motion with DAITO of Nito-no-Kamae was the smallest.

著者

酒井 利信

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.12-22, 1995

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This article aims at analyzing the view of swords in the traditional books of Kenjutsu in the Edo period. The view of swords in the traditional books of Kenjutsu reffers chiefly to myth. From the mythological image may begathered. The purpose of this paper, based on the standpoint of structuralism, is to clarify the constitutive position of the mythological image in the view of swords as a whole in the traditional books of Kenjutsu.<br>Several new findings might be summarized as follows:<br>1. A (system), connected with the Three Sacred Regalia, has carried weight with the view of swords of Kenj utsu.<br>2. The former-mentioned (system) has risen above its own level (i. e. latent consciousness level·common understanding level·real activities level) and forged newly transcendental (sysem).<br>3. This mechanism can be explained that the (structure) of the forme (system), connected with the Three Sacred. Regalia, is a mold of the latter (system).<br>4. The mythological image tied two (systems) together.<br>5. Being accompanied by a major assumption of the formation of a new (system), the mythological image had (inductive property).

著者

熊澤 美裕紀

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.111-118, 2014-03-31 (Released:2015-10-23)

参考文献数

16

著者

森本 邦生

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.Supplement, pp.5, 2009 (Released:2012-08-28)

著者

加賀 勝 細谷 聡

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.25-30, 1994-03-30 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

18

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The purpose of this study was to clear mechanical characteristics of the Japanese bow, and find the energy transfer efficiency. The exeperiments were made by five classes of bows, arrows and strings heights. The potential energy(PE)was calculated on every bows.And the kinetic energy (KE)was calculated from shooting experiment according to arrows and strings heights.Then, the energy transfer efficiency was obtained on KE/PE X 100.The results were as follows:1, Relation between the drawing length and the drawing force shows a inverted S curve. This characteristic is constant regardless of the bow's strength and strings height.2, The potential energy is increased by the drawing length. The general tendency that the strong bow has high potential energy was evident.3, The minimum of the energy transfer efficiency lies on 15cm of the strings height in the experiment according to five classes strings height.4, In this study, the energy transfer efficiency is increased until 29g of the mass of arrow. And more than that, the energy transfer efficiency was decreased. It seems that there is a matching point of bow and arrow.

著者

林 伯原

出版者

Japanese Academy of Budo

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.59-75, 2014

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Prior to the times of Jiajing (A.D.1521-1566), Japanese swords were often imported into China as tributes, trading goods and complimentary gifts, but there was no record that Chinese troops or civilians had learned and widely used Japanese swordplay, except for the imperial guards. Since the year of Jiajing 31 (A.D.1552), the massive Japanese invasion of the southeast coast of China made Chinese people notice the advantage of Japanese swordplay. Meanwhile Chinese army and civilians who loved Chinese wushu needed better sword skills,therefore Japanese swordplay became rapidly known and absorbed by them and spread among the folk people. At that time some members of the Chinese army were equipped with Japanese long swords; the warriors used cane shields, and the archers and the cavalry were equipped with Japanese waist broadswords. Training involved the repetition of solo patterns or routines first, followed by matches with other people. Some civilians who learned Japanese swordplay exercised mainly the routines, others mainly practiced a single pose or stance. The kind of Japanese swordplay that spread among civilians could be divided into two types: in one, people were trained by original Japanese swordplay; in the other one, people practiced Japanese swordplay with Chinese swordsmanship together, integrating Chinese swordplay and Japanese swordplay into a new kind of swordplay. In both cases, the practice of Japanese swordplay introduced into China was characterized by the use of patterns or routines.But the routines used by the Chinese army and the folk people were greatly different. In the army, the routine was laid out from the perspective of group training, so it was brief and simple; while the folk routine was laid out from an individual point of view, so it was long and complicated.