著者

西田 奈央 落谷 孝広

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.5, pp.235-241, 2015 (Released:2016-10-04)

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Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles, which are secreted outside of the cells. Exosomes have a size of 40~200 nm in diameters. Exosomes contain miRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and DNAs, and transfer their contents to other cells. Exosomes are expected to be useful and effective cancer biomarker, because exosomes are detected in body fluids, and because molecules contained in exosomes reflect the components of originated cells. In addition, exosomes may be able to apply to novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we explain the basic characteristics of exosomes and recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics using exosomes.

著者

芝 清隆

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.5, pp.242-247, 2015 (Released:2016-10-04)

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Cells are communicating each other by exchanging their nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, lipids etc, many of them are carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes and microvesicles. Thus, exosomes are rich sources of information regarding the host cells that released them. In this review, I introduce a brief history of exosome researches and discuss about what are needed at the moment to establish the “exosome medicine”.

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.6, pp.294-303, 2009 (Released:2015-06-14)

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All living organisms on the earth rely solely on a single molecule as an energy currency, ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This small molecule supports nearly all the activities that require energy, and our body synthesizes roughly as much ATP every day as our body weight. In the biological world, ATP synthesis is certainly the most prevalent chemical reaction and the enzyme, ATP synthase, responsible for most of this task, is one of the most ubiquitous, abundant proteins on the earth. ATP synthase uses physical rotation of its own subunits as a step of catalysis - a novel mechanism, different from any other known enzymes. Rotation is not a favourite motion in living organisms; there is no animal with wheels, no bird with a propeller, and no fish with a screw. The crystal structures of the main part of ATP synthase show in atomic detail how the appearance of this world tiniest motor made of protein is remarkably reminiscent of the man–made motors. The driving force that spins ATP synthase is trans-membrane gradient of hydrogen ion concentration that is generated by respiration (burning the food) or by sunshine. We have videoimaged the rotary motion of ATP synthase that spins as fast as several hundred revolutions per second. The mechanism of the motor is completely different from the man–made motor. ATP synthase is bi–particle structure with a common rotary shaft. The flow of hydrogen ions through the lower particle drives the rotation of the central rotor that then forces upper particle to make the bending motion for synthesis of ATP. Imagine billions of billion rotary motors are spinning in our body, day and night, without rest. When the motors stop, we die.

著者

小松 弥郷

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.5, pp.266-271, 2009 (Released:2015-06-14)

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Osteoporosis is the disease in the condition that the activity of the osteoclast surpasses that of the osteoblast. A variety of endocrine hormones, such as PTH play the important roles in the bone remodeling. Recently, several kinds of evidence including basic science and clinical studies show that the stain has the positive effect on bone formation. Therefore, in this review, we show the studies about the mechanism how the statin works on the osteoblast using the chondrocyte cell line; ATDC5 cells, and mouse tibia organ culture. Furthermore, the series of recent metaanalysis of the statin and osteoporosis are discussed.

著者

林 久由 鈴木 裕一

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.6, pp.293-299, 2011 (Released:2012-05-18)

参考文献数

38

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Chloride ions play many physiological roles, including regulation of cell volume, fluid secretion and acid.base balance. An efficient absorption of Cl- in the intestine is important to maintain the optimal levels of Cl- in the body. Three chloride absorptive pathways have been proposed : 1) a paracellular pathway, which is dependent on potential difference; 2) an electroneutral pathway involving parallel functioning of Na+/H+ exchange and Cl-/HCO3- exchange; 3) an HCO3- dependent Cl- absorptive pathway, which is not coupled to a parallel Na+/H+ exchange. Among these chloride absorptive mechanisms, the second electroneutral NaCl absorption is thought to be a predominant pathway. At least six Cl-/HCO3- exchangers (SLC4A1, SLC4A2, SLC4A3, SLC26A2, SLC26A3, SLC26A6) have been found in intestinal epithelial cells. However, the role of each exchanger and regulatory mechanisms in the intestine have not been well studied. This review in particular focuses on the role and regulation of SLC26A3 in the gastrointestinal tract.

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.94-101, 2008 (Released:2015-06-18)

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Serotonin transporter (SERT), a member of Na+/Cl– - dependent transporter family, is predicted to be a protein with a twelve membrane-spanning structure, which terminates the serotonergic neural transmission by re-uptaking serotonin into pre-synapse. It has been well-known that SERT is a target of antidepressants and abusive drugs. Although the pathogenesis of depression and mechanism underlying antidepressants action remains unclear, recent accumulated evidences have revealed that antidepressants promote the regeneration of neurons, which was damaged by repeated stress and recurrences of depression. In addition, analysis of crystal structure of bacterial leucine transporter, a homologue of mammalian Na+/Cl– - dependent neurotransmitter transporter, provides us a new information concerning the interactions of tricyclic antidepressants with serotonin transporter.

著者

高野 幹久 湯元 良子

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.145-153, 2011 (Released:2011-12-13)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 3

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The lung is expected as a promising administration route for protein and peptide drugs. However, information concerning alveolar absorption mechanisms of these high molecular weight drugs is lacking. The alveolar region of the lung is lined with a continuous epithelium comprising of type I and type II epithelial cells, and squamous type I cells cover 90~95% and cuboidal type II cells cover 5~10% of the alveolar surface area. Using primary cultured alveolar type II and transdifferentiated type I cells, however, it was found that type II cells would play a significant role in albumin and insulin endocytosis from the alveolar space. Functional and siRNA studies suggest that albumin is taken up by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in type II cells, while clathrin- and caveolae-independent but dynamin-dependent pathway is involved in insulin endocytosis. The approach to enhance insulin uptake by the alveolar epithelial cells and absorption from the lung is also discussed.

著者

吉本 昭夫

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.38-40, 1977-02-01 (Released:2010-10-21)

著者

吉田 賢右

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.3, pp.184-186, 1976-09-10 (Released:2010-10-21)

著者

松﨑 勝巳

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.4, pp.185-189, 2007 (Released:2015-06-27)

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The conversion of soluble, nontoxic amyloid β-protein (Aβ) to aggregated, toxic Aβ rich in β-sheet structures by seeded polymerization is considered to be the key step in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipid rafts (microdomains) in membranes mainly composed of sphingolipids (gangliosides and sphingomyelin) and cholesterol play a pivotal role in this process. Our model membrane studies revealed the following mechanism. Soluble Aβ with unordered structures specifically binds to raft-like membranes containing a ganglioside cluster, the formation of which is facilitated by cholesterol. The membrane-bound Aβ forms an α-helix-rich structure at lower densities. At higher densities, Aβ undergoes a conformational transition to a β-sheet-rich structure that can serve as a seed for amyloid fibril formation. This model was confirmed in cellar level using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic and electron micrographic studies revealed that the structures of Aβ fibrils formed in solution and lipid rafts are different. The fibrilization can be inhibited by small organic compounds and biocompatible nanogels.

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.6, pp.328-335, 2009 (Released:2015-06-14)

被引用文献数

1 3

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It was previously considered that the practical application of liposomal medicines was very difficult. The pharmaceutical technologies for mass production, long term stability during storage, encapsulation efficiency of the drug, etc. were seemed big problems to be solved, and it was well known that the liposomal particles are apt to be entrapped in vivo by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) such as liver, spleen, etc. Fortunately, owing to the progress of science, about 10 liposomal medicines containing the anticancer agents, the antifungal agents, etc. were launched out and are now contributed to medical treatment in the world. Recently liposomes are expected to be useful as the vectors for in vivo nucleic acid (plasmid DNA, siRNA, etc.) therapy and as the tools for target validation in the area of drug discovery. There are already many liposomal reagents for transfection, and some clinical trials are performed using liposomes. It is considered that liposomes, the membrane–structure particles, have unlimited potential in the medical field.

著者

須郷 高信 斎藤 恭一

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, pp.272-282, 1988-09-01 (Released:2011-03-04)

参考文献数

72

被引用文献数

5 2

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Many methods of recovery of uranium from seawater have been suggested : coprecipitation, adsorption, ion flotation, solvent extraction, and others. Of these, only the adsorption method using a suitable solid adsorbent seems to be feasible with regard to economic and envirom ental impacts. Extensive investigations of adsorbents have been carried out. Among the various organic resins, chelating resins containing amidoxime groups have been selected. A novel amidoxime-group-containing adsorbent of hollow-fiber form was prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of acrylonitrile onto a polyethylene hollow fiber, followed by chemical conversion of the produced cyano group to an amidoxime group. The fixed-bed adsorption column, 30 cm in length and charged with the bundle of amidoxime hollow-fibers, was found to adsorb uranium from seawater at a sufficiently high rate : 0.66 mg uranium per g of adsorbent in 25 days.

著者

林 敏昭

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.188-191, 2008 (Released:2015-05-23)

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Toyobo has developed an electret air filter using our own advanced polymeric fiber production technology and itsstatic electricity permanent electrification technology. This product has been producing and marketing under thetrade mark of Elitolon®. Because the static electricity in the Elitolon®fiber makes it possible to collect atmosphericdust from the air extremely effectively, a high collection efficiency can be realized with a low pressure drop.Elitolon®has been originally classified into three types which are A-type, AA-type and NA-type. A-type, AA-type andNA-type are made by spunbonded fibers, meltblown fibers and film split fibers respectively. Toyobo has developed anew static electricity permanent electrification technology. Using this prominent technology, we lately commercial-ized Elitolon®R-type which contains a considerably greater amount of electric charge than conventional Elitolon®.

著者

綿部 智一 中塚 修志

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.197-200, 2011 (Released:2011-12-13)

参考文献数

3

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E mizu shower is a new energy saving system for the outdoor compressor units of air conditioners and refrigerators. By spraying misty RO permeate water onto the aluminum radiation fins, it reduces temperature on aluminum fins and electric use, due to the effect of the heat vaporization. Spraying tap water or ordinal water onto aluminum fins causes scales and corrosion of the aluminums. Scales on the fins decreases the heat exchange rate and reduces the efficiency of outdoor compressor units. Using RO permeate water which is removed ionic components (calcium, chlorine, silica) in water by an RO membrane prevents scales and corrosion of the aluminum fins by filtering ordinal water into purified water.

著者

都留 稔了

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.70-79, 1998-03-01 (Released:2011-03-04)

参考文献数

56

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Nanofiltration by porous inorganic membranes is reviewed from the viewpoint of preparation methods as well as the applications. Sol-gel methods have been widely applied to fabricate porous inorganic membranes, and alumina, titania, zirconia and silica-zirconia have been successfully applied to fabricate inorganic membranes having nanofiltration performance.Summarized are also other preparation techniques including pyrolysis of polymeric membranes, organic/inorganic hybrid membranes, hydrothermal method for zeolite membranes, anodic oxidation, dynamic membranes, clay membranes. Applications of inorganic membranes reviewed are categorized into separation of electrolytes, nanofiltration of organic solutions, electro-ultrafiltration and membrane reactor application.

著者

上原 勝 角田 務

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.5, pp.316-327, 1995-09-01 (Released:2011-03-04)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 1

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The study of water purification comes up to the stage of improving a whole system. Membranes and membrane modules should be modified or revised for the better performance. The membrane module ⌈STERAPORE F⌋ of Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd is introduced as an example of improvement of them.

著者

早川 栄治

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.177-182, 2011 (Released:2011-12-13)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 1

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Softgel capsules consist of a gelatin based shell or vegetable origin materials such as starch and carrageenan. They can be filled with liquids or pastes. Dynamic nature of the soft capsules affected by atmospheric condition or filled liquid is considered in view of the surface interaction.

著者

髙田 礼人

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.5, pp.243-247, 2006 (Released:2015-06-19)

被引用文献数

2

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Enveloped viruses have a lipid bilayer (envelope) surrounding viral components including their genomic DNA or RNA. The entry of these viruses into host cells requires membrane fusion between viral envelope and host cell plasma membrane. Envelope-associated glycoproteins bind to the specific receptors and catalyze membrane fusion. Newly synthesized viral proteins and genomic nucleic acids are incorporated into new envelope at the final stage of virus replication, budding. This article reviews the interaction between viral proteins and host cell membrane.

著者

長井 孝紀 田中 滋康 高田 真理

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.154-160, 2004-05-01 (Released:2011-03-04)

参考文献数

20

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Amphibians regulate the osmotic and ionic composition of their body fluids by water and ion transport across their skin. When dehydrated, desert toads press down the pelvic region of ventral skin on moist surfaces to achieve maximal water absorption. Aquaporins (AQP) are trans-membrane proteins permeable to water. We cloned three isoforms of AQP (AQP-h1, -h2, -h3) in tissues of tree frogs. AQP-h3 was abundantly expressed in the pelvic region of ventral skin, facilitating water absorption across the skin. Antibodies to AQP-h3 labeled the cell membrane of the granulosum cells in the skin. AQP-h3 was progressively expressed during metamorphosis of larval frogs. Expression of AQP-h3 was facilitated by and diuretic hormone, argine vasotocin. Collectively, AQP-h3 is a molecule to play a positive role in water absorption across the amphibian skin. In bullfrogs short circuit current across the skin was suppressed by amiloride, a blocker for epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), showing that transport of sodium ions occurs through ENaC. Na+ transport increased in parallel with metamorphosis of the tadpole. In cultured skins of the tadpole Na+ transport was facilitated by aldosterone, but counteracted by prolactin. Such counteraction seemed to be removed by thyroid hormone (T3) during metamorphosis to adapt a terrestrial environment.

著者

小松 裕明

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.5, pp.311-317, 1996-09-01 (Released:2011-03-04)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

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It was now well established that phosphatidylcholines or phosphatidylglycerols can form an interdigitated structural phase (Iphase), in which acyl chains of the lipids fully interpenetrate the hydrocarbon chains of the opposing monolayer in the presence of short chain alcohols and some other amphiphiles. It has been suggested that the interdigitated structure as well as a hexagonal II structure plays an important role in regulating many functions of biological membranes. We have demonstrated the participation ofIphase formation in ethanol-induced liposomal aggregation and fusion. We have also focused on control of permeability as one of the biomembrane functions, and the effects of ethanol on the permeability of large unilamellar vesicles composed of various phospho-lipids were studied by monitoring the leakage of the fluorescent dye, calcein, entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of the vesicles. In the cases of mixed membranes composed of DPPC and dilauroyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE), as well as DPPC liposomal membranes, large permeabilities were observed in the wide range of ethanol concentrations, where the normal bilayer andIphase coexist and the membrane is in a phase-separated state. These results suggested that ethanol can disturb the normal control of biological membrane permeability.