著者
Eizo NAKAMURA Katsura KOBAYASHI Ryoji TANAKA Tak KUNIHIRO Hiroshi KITAGAWA Christian POTISZIL Tsutomu OTA Chie SAKAGUCHI Masahiro YAMANAKA Dilan M. RATNAYAKE Havishk TRIPATHI Rahul KUMAR Maya-Liliana AVRAMESCU Hidehisa TSUCHIDA Yusuke YACHI Hitoshi MIURA Masanao ABE Ryota FUKAI Shizuho FURUYA Kentaro HATAKEDA Tasuku HAYASHI Yuya HITOMI Kazuya KUMAGAI Akiko MIYAZAKI Aiko NAKATO Masahiro NISHIMURA Tatsuaki OKADA Hiromichi SOEJIMA Seiji SUGITA Ayako SUZUKI Tomohiro USUI Toru YADA Daiki YAMAMOTO Kasumi YOGATA Miwa YOSHITAKE Masahiko ARAKAWA Atsushi FUJII Masahiko HAYAKAWA Naoyuki HIRATA Naru HIRATA Rie HONDA Chikatoshi HONDA Satoshi HOSODA Yu-ichi IIJIMA Hitoshi IKEDA Masateru ISHIGURO Yoshiaki ISHIHARA Takahiro IWATA Kosuke KAWAHARA Shota KIKUCHI Kohei KITAZATO Koji MATSUMOTO Moe MATSUOKA Tatsuhiro MICHIKAMI Yuya MIMASU Akira MIURA Tomokatsu MOROTA Satoru NAKAZAWA Noriyuki NAMIKI Hirotomo NODA Rina NOGUCHI Naoko OGAWA Kazunori OGAWA Chisato OKAMOTO Go ONO Masanobu OZAKI Takanao SAIKI Naoya SAKATANI Hirotaka SAWADA Hiroki SENSHU Yuri SHIMAKI Kei SHIRAI Yuto TAKEI Hiroshi TAKEUCHI Satoshi TANAKA Eri TATSUMI Fuyuto TERUI Ryudo TSUKIZAKI Koji WADA Manabu YAMADA Tetsuya YAMADA Yukio YAMAMOTO Hajime YANO Yasuhiro YOKOTA Keisuke YOSHIHARA Makoto YOSHIKAWA Kent YOSHIKAWA Masaki FUJIMOTO Sei-ichiro WATANABE Yuichi TSUDA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.98, no.6, pp.227-282, 2022-06-10 (Released:2022-06-10)
参考文献数
245
被引用文献数
77

Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of 16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. On average Ryugu particles consist of 50% phyllosilicate matrix, 41% porosity and 9% minor phases, including organic matter. The abundances of 70 elements from the particles are in close agreement with those of CI chondrites. Bulk Ryugu particles show higher δ18O, Δ17O, and ε54Cr values than CI chondrites. As such, Ryugu sampled the most primitive and least-thermally processed protosolar nebula reservoirs. Such a finding is consistent with multi-scale H-C-N isotopic compositions that are compatible with an origin for Ryugu organic matter within both the protosolar nebula and the interstellar medium. The analytical data obtained here, suggests that complex soluble organic matter formed during aqueous alteration on the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal (several 10’s of km), <2.6 Myr after CAI formation. Subsequently, the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal was fragmented and evolved into the current asteroid Ryugu through sublimation.
著者
Hirokazu KAWAGISHI
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.99, no.7, pp.191-197, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-07-31)
参考文献数
18

The mushroom, Pleurocybella porrigens, is widely consumed in Japan; however, in autumn 2004, acute encephalopathy due to ingestion of the mushroom in a large group of patients was reported in Japan. We have continued working on the mushroom to clarify the mechanisms underlying the acute encephalopathy that occurred due to its consumption. The data collected to date have shown that three compounds, pleurocybelline (PC), a Pleurocybella porrigens lectin (PPL), and pleurocybellaziridine (PA), in the mushroom are potentially responsible for the onset of the disease; PC that exhibit lethal activity in mice and PPL formed a complex, and the complex of the two components exhibited proteolytic activity and disrupted the blood-brain barrier. Although PA was not isolated directly from the mushroom, the existence of this compound in the mushroom was predicted. The compound was chemically synthesized and its endogeneity in the mushroom was demonstrated. Furthermore, PA exhibited toxicity to oligodendrocytes.
著者
Ryugo S. HAYANO Masaharu TSUBOKURA Makoto MIYAZAKI Akihiko OZAKI Yuki SHIMADA Toshiyuki KAMBE Tsuyoshi NEMOTO Tomoyoshi OIKAWA Yukio KANAZAWA Masahiko NIHEI Yu SAKUMA Hiroaki SHIMMURA Junichi AKIYAMA Michio TOKIWA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.91, no.8, pp.440-446, 2015-10-09 (Released:2015-10-09)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
18 28

BABYSCAN, a whole-body counter (WBC) for small children was developed in 2013, and units have been installed at three hospitals in Fukushima Prefecture. Between December, 2013 and March, 2015, 2707 children between the ages of 0 and 11 have been scanned, and none had detectable levels of radioactive cesium. The minimum detectable activities (MDAs) for 137Cs were ≤3.5 Bq kg−1 for ages 0–1, decreasing to ≤2 Bq kg−1 for ages 10–11. Including the 134Cs contribution, these translate to a maximum committed effective dose of ∼16 µSv y−1 even for newborn babies, and therefore the internal exposure risks can be considered negligibly small.Analysis of the questionnaire filled out by the parents of the scanned children regarding their families’ food and water consumption revealed that the majority of children residing in the town of Miharu regularly consume local or home-grown rice and vegetables, while in Minamisoma, a majority avoid tap water and produce from Fukushima. The data show, however, no correlation between consumption of locally produced food and water and the children’s body burdens.
著者
Ryugo S. HAYANO Masaharu TSUBOKURA Makoto MIYAZAKI Hideo SATOU Katsumi SATO Shin MASAKI Yu SAKUMA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.89, no.4, pp.157-163, 2013-04-11 (Released:2013-04-11)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
85 101

The Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident contaminated the soil of densely-populated regions in Fukushima Prefecture with radioactive cesium, which poses significant risks of internal and external exposure to the residents. If we apply the knowledge of post-Chernobyl accident studies, internal exposures in excess of a few mSv/y would be expected to be frequent in Fukushima.Extensive whole-body-counter surveys (n = 32,811) carried out at the Hirata Central Hospital between October, 2011 and November, 2012, however show that the internal exposure levels of residents are much lower than estimated. In particular, the first sampling-bias-free assessment of the internal exposure of children in the town of Miharu, Fukushima, shows that the 137Cs body burdens of all children (n = 1,383, ages 6–15, covering 95% of children enrolled in town-operated schools) were below the detection limit of 300 Bq/body in the fall of 2012. These results are not conclusive for the prefecture as a whole, but are consistent with results obtained from other municipalities in the prefecture, and with prefectural data.(Communicated by Toshimitsu YAMAZAKI, M.J.A.)
著者
Ryugo S. HAYANO Masaharu TSUBOKURA Makoto MIYAZAKI Hideo SATOU Katsumi SATO Shin MASAKI Yu SAKUMA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.91, no.3, pp.92-98, 2015-03-11 (Released:2015-03-11)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
4 7

Comprehensive whole-body counter surveys of Miharu-town school children have been conducted for four consecutive years, in 2011–2014. This represents the only long-term sampling-bias-free study of its type conducted after the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident. For the first time in 2014, a new device called the Babyscan, which has a low 134/137Cs MDA of <50 Bq/body, was used to screen the children shorter than 130 cm. No child in this group was found to have detectable level of radiocesium. Using the MDAs, upper limits of daily intake of radiocesium were estimated for each child. For those screened with the Babyscan, the upper intake limits were found to be ≲1 Bq/day for 137Cs. Analysis of a questionnaire filled out by the children’s parents regarding their food and water consumption shows that the majority of Miharu children regularly consume local and/or home-grown rice and vegetables. This however does not increase the body burden.
著者
Ryugo S. HAYANO Masaharu TSUBOKURA Makoto MIYAZAKI Hideo SATOU Katsumi SATO Shin MASAKI Yu SAKUMA
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.90, no.6, pp.211-213, 2014-06-11 (Released:2014-06-11)
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
3 5

Comprehensive whole-body counter surveys covering over 93% of the school children between the ages of 6 and 15 in Miharu town, Fukushima Prefecture, have been conducted for three consecutive years, in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Although the results of a questionnaire indicate that approximately 60% of the children have been regularly eating local or home-grown rice, in 2012 and 2013 no child was found to exceed the 137Cs detection limit of 300 Bq/body.
著者
Andy CRUMP Satoshi OMURA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.87, no.2, pp.13-28, 2011-02-10 (Released:2011-02-10)
参考文献数
68
被引用文献数
115 229

Discovered in the late-1970s, the pioneering drug ivermectin, a dihydro derivative of avermectin—originating solely from a single microorganism isolated at the Kitasato Intitute, Tokyo, Japan from Japanese soil—has had an immeasurably beneficial impact in improving the lives and welfare of billions of people throughout the world. Originally introduced as a veterinary drug, it kills a wide range of internal and external parasites in commercial livestock and companion animals. It was quickly discovered to be ideal in combating two of the world’s most devastating and disfiguring diseases which have plagued the world’s poor throughout the tropics for centuries. It is now being used free-of-charge as the sole tool in campaigns to eliminate both diseases globally. It has also been used to successfully overcome several other human diseases and new uses for it are continually being found. This paper looks in depth at the events surrounding ivermectin’s passage from being a huge success in Animal Health into its widespread use in humans, a development which has led many to describe it as a “wonder” drug.(Contributed by Satoshi OMURA, M.J.A.)
著者
Hiromi NAKANISHI Atsushi MORI Kouki TAKEDA Houdo TANAKA Natsuko KOBAYASHI Keitaro TANOI Takashi YAMAKAWA Satoshi MORI
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.91, no.4, pp.160-174, 2015-04-10 (Released:2015-04-10)
参考文献数
34
被引用文献数
3 14

Six months after the explosion of TEPCO’s Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, radioactive silver (110mAg), was detected in concentrations of 3754 Bq/kg in Nephila clavata (the orb-web spider; Joro-gumo in Japanese) collected at Nimaibashi, Iitate village in Fukushima Prefecture, whereas 110mAg in the soil was 43.1 Bq/kg. A survey of 35 faunal species in the terrestrial environment during the 3.5 years after the accident showed that most of Anthropoda had two orders higher 110mAg in their tissues than soils, although silver is not an essential element for their life. However, tracing of the activity of 110mAg detected in spider Atypus karschi collected regularly at a fixed location showed that it declined much faster than the physical half-life. These results suggest that 110mAg was at once biologically concentrated by faunal species, especially Arthropoda, through food chain. The factors affecting the subsequent rapid decline of 110mAg concentration in faunal species are discussed.
著者
Ryugo S. HAYANO Ryutaro ADACHI
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.89, no.5, pp.196-199, 2013-05-10 (Released:2013-05-10)
参考文献数
8
被引用文献数
12 25

The first objective data showing the geographical locations of people in Fukushima after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident, obtained by an analysis of GPS (Global Positioning System)-enabled mobile phone logs, are presented. The method of estimation is explained, and the flow of people into and out of the 20 km evacuation zone during the accident is visualized.(Communicated by Toshimitsu YAMAZAKI, M.J.A.)
著者
Shun-ichi TANAKA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.88, no.9, pp.471-484, 2012-11-09 (Released:2012-11-09)
参考文献数
15
被引用文献数
24 53

The severe accident that broke out at Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power stations on March 11, 2011, caused seemingly infinite damage to the daily life of residents. Serious and wide-spread contamination of the environment occurred due to radioactive materials discharged from nuclear power stations (NPSs). At the same time, many issues were highlighted concerning countermeasures to severe nuclear accidents. The accident is outlined, and lessons learned are extracted with respect to the safety of NPSs, as well as radiation protection of residents under the emergency involving the accident. The materials of the current paper are those released by governmental agencies, academic societies, interim reports of committees under the government, and others.(Communicated by Toshimitsu YAMAZAKI, M.J.A.)
著者
Eizo NAKAMURA Akio MAKISHIMA Kyoko HAGINO Kazunori OKABE
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.85, no.7, pp.229-239, 2009 (Released:2009-07-31)
参考文献数
58
被引用文献数
14 22

While exposure to fibers and particles has been proposed to be associated with several different lung malignancies including mesothelioma, the mechanism for the carcinogenesis is not fully understood. Along with mineralogical observation, we have analyzed forty-four major and trace elements in extracted asbestos bodies (fibers and proteins attached to them) with coexisting fiber-free ferruginous protein bodies from extirpative lungs of individuals with malignant mesothelioma. These observations together with patients’ characteristics suggest that inhaled iron-rich asbestos fibers and dust particles, and excess iron deposited by continuous cigarette smoking would induce ferruginous protein body formation resulting in ferritin aggregates in lung tissue. Chemical analysis of ferruginous protein bodies extracted from lung tissues reveals anomalously high concentrations of radioactive radium, reaching millions of times higher concentration than that of seawater. Continuous and prolonged internal exposure to hotspot ionizing radiation from radium and its daughter nuclides could cause strong and frequent DNA damage in lung tissue, initiate different types of tumour cells, including malignant mesothelioma cells, and may cause cancers.(Communicated by Takashi SUGIMURA, M.J.A.)
著者
Yousuke FURUTA Takashi KOMENO Takaaki NAKAMURA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.93, no.7, pp.449-463, 2017-08-02 (Released:2017-08-02)
参考文献数
61
被引用文献数
423 741

Favipiravir (T-705; 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) is an anti-viral agent that selectively and potently inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses. Favipiravir was discovered through screening chemical library for anti-viral activity against the influenza virus by Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd. Favipiravir undergoes an intracellular phosphoribosylation to be an active form, favipiravir-RTP (favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5′-triphosphate), which is recognized as a substrate by RdRp, and inhibits the RNA polymerase activity. Since the catalytic domain of RdRp is conserved among various types of RNA viruses, this mechanism of action underpins a broader spectrum of anti-viral activities of favipiravir. Favipiravir is effective against a wide range of types and subtypes of influenza viruses, including strains resistant to existing anti-influenza drugs. Of note is that favipiravir shows anti-viral activities against other RNA viruses such as arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and filoviruses, all of which are known to cause fatal hemorrhagic fever. These unique anti-viral profiles will make favipiravir a potentially promising drug for specifically untreatable RNA viral infections.
著者
Yoshiyuki TATSUMI Keiko SUZUKI-KAMATA
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.90, no.9, pp.347-352, 2014-11-11 (Released:2014-11-11)
参考文献数
21
被引用文献数
1 15

The Japanese Archipelago is characterized by active volcanism with variable eruption styles. The magnitude (M)-frequency relationships of catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions (M ≥ 7) are statistically different from those of smaller eruptions (M ≤ 5.7), suggesting that different mechanisms control these eruptions. We also find that volcanoes prone to catastrophic eruptions are located in regions of low crustal strain rate (<0.5 × 108/y) and propose, as one possible mechanism, that the viscous silicic melts that cause such eruptions can be readily segregated from the partially molten lower crust and form a large magma reservoir in such a tectonic regime. Finally we show that there is a ∼1% probability of a catastrophic eruption in the next 100 years based on the eruption records for the last 120 ky. More than 110 million people live in an area at risk of being covered by tephra >20 cm thick, which would severely disrupt every day life, from such an eruption on Kyushu Island, SW Japan.
著者
Shogo NISHIYAMA Tomohiro KARA Brian THORSBRO Hiromi SAIDA Yohsuke TAKAMORI Masaaki TAKAHASHI Takayuki OHGAMI Kohei ICHIKAWA Rainer SCHÖDEL
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.pjab.100.007, (Released:2023-12-01)

The tremendous tidal force that is linked to the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the center of our galaxy is expected to strongly subdue star formation in its vicinity. Stars within 1'' from the SMBH thus likely formed further from the SMBH and migrated to their current positions. In this study, spectroscopic observations of the star S0-6/S10, one of the closest (projected distance from the SMBH of ≈0''.3) late-type stars were conducted. Using metal absorption lines in the spectra of S0-6, the radial velocity of S0-6 from 2014 to 2021 was measured, and a marginal acceleration was detected, which indicated that S0-6 is close to the SMBH. The S0-6 spectra were employed to determine its stellar parameters including temperature, chemical abundances ([M/H], [Fe/H], [α/Fe], [Ca/Fe], [Mg/Fe], [Ti/Fe]), and age. As suggested by the results of this study, S0-6 is very old (≳10 Gyr) and has an origin different from that of stars born in the central pc region.
著者
Yoshiyuki SAKAKI
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.95, no.8, pp.441-458, 2019-10-11 (Released:2019-10-11)
参考文献数
43
被引用文献数
2 2

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is one of the most important international achievements in life sciences, to which Japanese scientists made remarkable contributions. In the early 1980s, Akiyoshi Wada pioneered the first project for the automation of DNA sequencing technology. Ken-ichi Matsubara exhibited exceptional leadership to launch the comprehensive human genome program in Japan. Hideki Kambara made a major contribution by developing a key device for high-speed DNA sequencers, which enabled scientists to construct human genome draft sequences. The RIKEN team led by Yoshiyuki Sakaki (the author) played remarkable roles in the draft sequencing and completion of chromosomes 21, 18, and 11. Additionally, the Keio University team led by Nobuyoshi Shimizu made noteworthy contributions to the completion of chromosomes 22, 21, and 8. In April 2003, the Japanese team joined the international consortium in declaring the completion of the human genome sequence. Consistent with the HGP mandate, Japan has successfully developed a wide range of ambitious genomic sciences.
著者
Tomoko M. NAKANISHI
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.94, no.1, pp.20-34, 2018-01-11 (Released:2018-01-11)
参考文献数
42
被引用文献数
3

Immediately after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, a team of 40–50 researchers at the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences at the University of Tokyo began to analyze the behavior of radioactive materials in the fallout regions. The fallout has remained in situ and become strongly adsorbed within the soil over time. 137Cs was found to bind strongly to the fine clay, weathered biotite, and organic matter in the soil; therefore, it has not mobilized from mountainous regions, even after heavy rainfall. In farmland, the quantity of 137Cs in the soil absorbed by crop plants was small. The downward migration of 137Cs in soil is now estimated at 1–2 mm/year. The intake of 137Cs by trees occurred through the bark and not from the roots. This report summarizes the findings of research across a wide variety of agricultural specialties.
著者
Naoki KANEKO Rie YAMAMOTO Taka-Aki SATO Koichi TANAKA
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.90, no.3, pp.104-117, 2014-03-11 (Released:2014-03-11)
参考文献数
41
被引用文献数
10 51 1

Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase leads to the generation and deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). N-terminally or C-terminally truncated Aβ variants have been found in human cerebrospinal fluid and cultured cell media using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Unfortunately, the profile of plasma Aβ variants has not been revealed due to the difficulty of isolating Aβ from plasma. We present here for the first time studies of Aβ and related peptides in human plasma. Twenty-two Aβ-related peptides including novel peptides truncated before the β-secretase site were detected in human plasma and 20 of the peptides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Using an internal standard, we developed a quantitative assay for the Aβ-related peptides and demonstrated plasma dilution linearity and the precision required for their quantitation. The present method should enhance the understanding of APP processing and clearance in AD progression.
著者
Naoki KANEKO Akinori NAKAMURA Yukihiko WASHIMI Takashi KATO Takashi SAKURAI Yutaka ARAHATA Masahiko BUNDO Akinori TAKEDA Shumpei NIIDA Kengo ITO Kenji TOBA Koichi TANAKA Katsuhiko YANAGISAWA
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.90, no.9, pp.353-364, 2014-11-11 (Released:2014-11-11)
参考文献数
37
被引用文献数
8 101

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and devastating dementia. Simple and practical biomarkers for AD are urgently required for accurate diagnosis and to facilitate the development of disease-modifying interventions. The subjects for the study were selected on the basis of PiB amyloid imaging by PET. Forty PiB-positive (PiB+) individuals, including cognitively healthy controls (HC), and mild cognitive impairment and AD individuals, and 22 PiB-negative (PiB−) HC participated. Employing our novel highly sensitive immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, we measured plasma amyloid β-proteins (Aβs; Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) and Aβ-approximate peptides (AβAPs), which were cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Among the AβAPs, APP669-711 appeared to be a good reference for deciphering pathological change of Aβ1-42. We evaluated the performance of the ratio of APP669-711 to Aβ1-42 (APP669-711/Aβ1-42) as a biomarker. APP669-711/Aβ1-42 significantly increased in the PiB+ groups. The sensitivity and specificity to discriminate PiB+ individuals from PiB− individuals were 0.925 and 0.955, respectively. Our plasma biomarker precisely surrogates cerebral amyloid deposition.
著者
Akihito
出版者
日本学士院
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.86, no.3, pp.143-146, 2010 (Released:2010-03-13)
被引用文献数
1

(Communicated by Koichiro TSUNEWAKI, M.J.A.)