著者

河元 由美子

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1998, no.30, pp.151-168, 1997 (Released:2010-05-07)

参考文献数

36

---

The Glossary of English and Japanese Words' written by Ranald MacDonald (1824 -1894) contains a few words peculiar to the dialects of Northeastern Japan and those of Kyushu. About the Kyushu dialect, there have been comments by numbers of scholars, however, about the Northeastern dialect, no one but Dr. Yoshio Yoshimachi, has ever suggested the existence of Northeastern dialect in the MacDonald's 'Glossary'.This paper attempts to find out some phonological regularities in descriptions in the vocabulary of the 'Glossary' and determine the words in questions whether they are dialectal words or not, referring to the phonological characteristics observed in both dialects at present.Regarding the fact that MacDonald had been captured in Ezo, the present Hokkaido, for almost 3 months before being sent to Nagasaki, he must have heard the Japanese language spoken in that area. His first Japanese informant, Tangaro, is likely to be a temporary employee of the guard house in Rishiri Island, then under the control of the Soya Headquaters of the Bakufu. The history of the Northern Japan tells that there were numbers of military people despatched from northern parts of Honshu to Ezo to defend the land and the people from the Russian intrusion; besides them, many fishermen and farmers also crossed the Tsugaru Straits seeking the temporary jobs. Tangaro must have been one of them.This paper includes on the result of the interview check with the native speakers of the two representative cities, Aomori and Nagasaki, in order to check if the people there accept or approve of the words in questions in the MacDonld's 'Glossary' as their dialects. Also, other Word Lists written by foreign scholars such as Thumberg, Curtius, Sansom are refered to, to observe how they describe the Japanese dialectal words in their works.

著者

梅渓 昇

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1970, no.2, pp.28-35, 1970-09-30 (Released:2009-09-16)

著者

藤野 紀男

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1985, no.17, pp.57-66, 1984-10-01 (Released:2010-02-22)

著者

福永 郁雄

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1986, no.18, pp.59-74, 1985-11-01 (Released:2010-02-22)

参考文献数

55

---

Eugene Van Reed was born in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania in 1835 (the date and month are as yet unknown) and in 1851 moved to San Francisco with his family where the heady days of the 1849 gold-rush were disappearing fast. In San Francisco he met a Japanese castaway, Hikozo Hamada who was later baptized and became known as Joseph Heco and under his guidance studied Japanese. Van Reed's motives are not clear but possibly as a result of his studies and the influence of Heco he formed a liking for Japan and Japanese civilization.Van Reed's first visit to Japan was in 1859 when the country was opened to the West, after a long period of isolation, forced by the Matthew C. Perry expedition of 1853. He spent the next 13 years in Yokohama apart from two brief visits to America. He contracted tuberculosis and in 1873 left Japan for the last time dying at sea on February 2nd of the same year. A prophecy he had made in his earlier writings was fulfilled. “Is not the broad, boundless sea our open grave?” (“California to Japan, ” Berks & Schuylkill Journal, June 25, 1859).During his time in Yokohama he worked as a clerk with the American Consul at Kanagawa, a salaried salesman with Augustine Heard & Co., an independent merchant and as an auctioneer of imported rice. He also authored Japanese-English lexicons, the world topography and so forth, wrote some articles for newspapers in his hometown, Reading, published a newspaper in Japanese, the“Moshihogusa”and at the peak of his career served as the Consul-General for the Kingdom of Hawaii. Van Reed has been condemned by some as an unscrupulous merchant but praised by others as a pillar of good standing.The latter opinion was held by some newspapers in his hometown. “His present residence is at Yedo, where he takes a prominent part in all the Court proceedings and pageantries of the extroadinary young Prince the Mikado who seems to be the instrument for the advance of civilization and christianity in the oriental world, ” (“Late news from Japan, ” Berks & Schuylkill Journal, December 28, 1872). The former opinion was voiced by Mr. Hideo Ono in 1934 who later became a professor in Tokyo University. He wrote as follows, “Van Reed was one of those foreigners who made money as a broker dealing in (emigrant) labor and like many other foreign merchants at the time, he also trafficked in arms and imported rice. He sold the (emigrant) labor into slavery and apparently was ostracized by the foreign community. Whatever the case may be, he did not move in the company of such excellent Americans as Hepburn and Ballagh (two scholarly missionaries in Japan in the mid-19th century-A. A.) and did not possess a particularly fine character. ” (The translation quoted from Albert Altman's thesis, “Eugene Van Reed, a Reading Man in Japan 1859-872, ” Historical Review of Berks County, winter, 1964-65).These two opinions lack factual basis and do not reflect the real Van Reed. Both were dependent to some extent on sources which were, to say the least, far from reliable and indicate that the writers wrote what they wanted to believe rather than what actually happened. To assert that Van Reed played an active role in the court of the Mikado is far from the truth. In reality Van Reed as the Consul-General for the Kingdom of Hawaii attended the Japanese New Year Celebrations (10th February, 1872) when his Majesty the Tenno received the foreign representatives in a body. (Letter of Charles O. Olipand to Charles C. Harris, Hawaiian Minister for Foreign Affairs, February 27, 1872). With respect to the charges flung at him as a wicked trader selling humans into bondage the “Japan Times' Overland Mail”, October 7, 1868 writes of Mr. Van Reed's philanthropic attempt to improve the position of the serfs of this country.

著者

遠藤 智夫

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2005, no.37, pp.47-62, 2004 (Released:2009-09-16)

参考文献数

34

---

Professor Minoru Umegaki and Mr. Sobei Arakawa were the two teachers of the greatest importance to the writer. The writer, though not taught by these teachers either in high school or in university, was greatly influenced by them when he was young.At first the writer was very interested in the loan words of foreign origin. After reading books by Professor Umegaki and Mr.Arakawa, the two greatest authorities on the words of foreign origin, the writer knew that they had both been given the Okakura prize when they were in their early forties.However, after consulting available dictionaries and glossaries, the writer was unable to find even a mention of the Okakura prize, or the past winners of the prize.Based on careful research of the editor's columns, of the past issues of THE RISING GENERATION, the well-known magazine for English literature and English education, the writer explains how the Okakura prize was begun in memory of Yoshisaburo Okakura, a famous scholar and teacher of English. The writer also lists winners of the Okakura prize and Okakura prize for English education.It is a pity that these two prizes were discontinued in 1946, a year after the end of World War II. After the war, the Okakura prize for English education was in a sense replaced by the Palmer prize, which has survived to the present day.This report is based on the paper read by the writer at the 39th national meeting of our Society on October 6, 2002.

著者

山下 英一

出版者

Historical Society of English Studies in Japan

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20, pp.137-149, 1987

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Nobushige Amenomori sent his paper "War and the Japanese Women" to the Atlantic Monthly in 1905 but it was not published and forwarded to W. E. Griffis so that it might be recommended to some other publisher. But it was left unpublished. The imaginable reason for the unpublished paper was that Amenomori died in 1905 when he wanted to publish his paper.<BR>When this paper was written, the war had broken out between Russia and Japan. His aim to write this paper was that he wished Japan to win the war and to inspire American people with the spiritual background of the Japanese women who carried out their duty at home as mother, wife, and daughter.<BR>Amenomori emphasized the opposite aspects of the Japanese women from those who such foreign writers as Lafcadio Hearn and Alice M. Bacon described from the view of aestheticism and subjection. And he also considered a Japanese woman not as some idealized person but as a human being. He thought Japanese patriotism came from the respect and loyalty to the Emperor and the imperial family and that Japan must be much stronger among other nations with the knowledge of Western civilization. His final dream in life was to see that the Orient and the Occident would be united into world peace.

著者

山下 英一

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1988, no.20, pp.137-149, 1987

---

Nobushige Amenomori sent his paper &ldquo;War and the Japanese Women&rdquo; to the Atlantic Monthly in 1905 but it was not published and forwarded to W. E. Griffis so that it might be recommended to some other publisher. But it was left unpublished. The imaginable reason for the unpublished paper was that Amenomori died in 1905 when he wanted to publish his paper.<BR>When this paper was written, the war had broken out between Russia and Japan. His aim to write this paper was that he wished Japan to win the war and to inspire American people with the spiritual background of the Japanese women who carried out their duty at home as mother, wife, and daughter.<BR>Amenomori emphasized the opposite aspects of the Japanese women from those who such foreign writers as Lafcadio Hearn and Alice M. Bacon described from the view of aestheticism and subjection. And he also considered a Japanese woman not as some idealized person but as a human being. He thought Japanese patriotism came from the respect and loyalty to the Emperor and the imperial family and that Japan must be much stronger among other nations with the knowledge of Western civilization. His final dream in life was to see that the Orient and the Occident would be united into world peace.

著者

帆足 図南次

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1969, no.1, pp.36-44, 1969

著者

松村 幹男

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1971, no.3, pp.171-175, 1971-06-01 (Released:2009-09-16)

参考文献数

17

著者

山下 重一

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1996, no.28, pp.1-11, 1995 (Released:2009-09-16)

参考文献数

26

---

The Japanese Imperial Government which started in 1868 tried to introduce European political institutions rapidly. Young Japanese statesmen/and scholars went abroad to study European political systems and ideas. Among European and American books on politics, government or law which were translated into Japanese, those of English utilitarians were numerous, Bentham's “Theory of Legislation”, “Morals of Legislation”, “Fragment on Government”, Mill's “On Liberty”, “Representative Government”, “Utilitarianism”, “Political Economy” were translated between 1860's and 1880's.This paper will focus on and analyse Azusa Ono (1852-1885), whose political ideas were strongly influenced by English utilitarians. He studied in New York and London and then became a Japanese bureaucrat. After he resigned his office, his activity as a leader of an opposite party was remarkable. He was also a prolific writer, and in his last book entitled “Kokken Hanron” (“General Theory of Constitution”) were reflected the political ideas of Bentham's “Constitutional Code”, James Mill's “Government” and J. S. Mill's “Representative Government” : Ono insisted that constitutional government should be established in Japan, He admired the British type of parliamentary government, but he tried to modify it by applying Bentham and two Mills' plans for political reforms to it. Though Ono died four years before the opening of the first Japanese parliament, his plan of constitutional government was far more liberal and democratic than Japanese Imperial Constitution. He was one of the distinguished statesmen who gained the insight and perspective in accepting English utilitarian political ideas in early modern Japan.

著者

小野沢 隆

出版者

Historical Society of English Studies in Japan

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

no.26, pp.173-183, 1993

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This study attempts to examine the aspects, debated by modern historians in the U.S.A., of Tokugawa Japan. The academic foundation of Tokugawa Japan could be largely divided into two schools, namely the Norman line and the Reischauer line.<BR>The Norman line, influenced by the Japanese Marxist ideology, argued that Meiji Japan was undemocratic with its roots in the Tokugawa period. As a result, they tended to have a negative view toward the Tokugawa period. On the other hand, the Reischauer line, based on the modernization theory, claimed that the Meiji period brought upon a successful development for modern society. This thesis resulted in a positive view that Tokugawa Japan must have had a precondition relating to modernization.<BR>Although evaluated differently, both lines have recognized the existence of a link between the Tokugawa and the Meiji period. Therefore, the understanding of Tokugawa Japan seems to be determined by the evaluation of Meiji and what followed.<BR>This Tokugawa (traditional society) -VS.-Meiji (modern society) contrast shows the approach in which the American academic circle analyzes the Tokugawa period. What is needed for a better understanding of Tokugawa Japan will be a constructive dialogue between the Norman line and the Reischauer.

著者

今井 一良

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1990, no.22, pp.1-14, 1989 (Released:2010-01-25)

参考文献数

7

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In 1888 Kyoka Izumi (born Kyotaro Izumi in 1873), who failed in the entrance examination of the Fourth Higher Middle School at Kanazawa, entered a private school kept by Tajiro Inami, and was soon left in charge of English lessons there, since he had attended a missonary school (the Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko) before and was very good at English.Tajiro Inami was also known as a compiler of an English-Japanese dictionary entitled 'the Shinsen Eiwa Jiten'. This dictionary was published in 1886 from the Unkondo's which had already issued a literary magazine, 'the kinjo Shishi'.Therefore, the advertisements of sale of Inami's dictionary were put in this magazine many times, and in addition so much information concerning English learning at Kanazawa or in Tokyo was reported.In this essay, I would like to give a full detail of the following items, amplifying the above-mentioned matter : 1. Biographical Sketch of Tajiro Inami.2. On 'the Kinjo Shinshi '.3. On 'the Shinsen Eiwa Jiten'.4. Situation of English learning at Kanazawa about the middle of 1880's based on the reports in the Kinjo Shinshi.

著者

遠藤 智夫

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.38, pp.83-95, 2005 (Released:2010-01-25)

参考文献数

8

---

This report is based on a reading, by the writer, which took place at our Society's 41st national meeting on 31st October, 2004. The year 2004 was a special year for both our Society and Japan as it jointly marked the 40th anniversary of the foundation of our Society and the 150th anniversary of the conclusion of the U.S.-Japan Peace Treaty in the Edo era. This memorable meeting was held at the International Conference Hall at Waseda University, which has had close links to English Language studies in Japan. As one of the main themes of the meeting was English Language studies at Waseda University, the writer read a paper on the late Prof. Katsumata during histime at Waseda University and his close study of『英和対訳袖珍辞書』.In 1914, Professor Katsumata, a famous scholar and teacher of English, contributed an article 'On the first Dictionary of the English and Japanese Languages' to『英語青年』=THE RISING GENERATION, the well-knownmagazine for English literature and education. By making a comparison between the treatises of Dr. Fumihiko Otsuki and Prof. Katsumata, the writer explicitly points out that in the article contributed by Prof. Katsumata to 'THE RISING GENERATION', the fact was revealed for the first time thatonly two hundred copies of the first edition of『英和対訳袖珍辞書』were printed in 1862.The writer also indicates the probability of the second printing of the firstedition of『英和対訳袖珍辞書』.

著者

石原 千里

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.35, pp.1-15, 2002 (Released:2010-01-25)

参考文献数

13

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Nishi is a most reputable family of Japanese-Dutch interpreter at Nagasaki. Kichibe Nishi, the 1st, began his career as interpreter in Portuguese in 1616 and then in Dutch in 1641.Kichibe Nishi (1811-1854), the 11th, was a chief compiler of Egeresugo Jisho Wage, the second English-Japanese dictionary compiled in Japan, and his son Kichijuro (1835-1891) was also one of the compilers. The dictionary, compiled from 1851 through 1854 but unfinished, was a fruit of the government order in 1850 to study English and Russian languages and to compile an EnglishJapanese dictionary, which was the second in history after the first similar government order in 1809.In 1853 Japan faced with one of the biggest events in history, the visits of Commodore M. C. Perry and also Admiral E. V. Putyatin with their squadrons, requesting the opening of Japan, and the interpreters were forced to be involved in those events. Major compilers of the dictionary, Kichibe Nishi, Einosuke Moriyama, Eishichiro Narabayashi and Gohachiro Namura, played important parts in them as well. Kichibe Nishi was the chief of the interpreter corps to Admiral E. V. Putyatin. He was used to be assigned tasks to facilitate confidential Dutch-Japanese talks between J. H. Donker Curtius, Superintendent of the Dutch Deshima Factory, and the Governor of Nagasaki over ways to deal with the foreign powers.Although it was unfortunate that the dictionary was left unfinished under those circumstances, the efforts of the interpreters directed to their study of English were to be highly valued, since many of them made the most of their knowledge of English in their work and in teaching English. Kichibe Nishi, who took charge of their studies of English, was also an excellent teacher of Dutch to many of those interpreters in their childhood. His life, which has little been known, is described in this paper.

著者

三好 彰

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, no.39, pp.59-79, 2006 (Released:2009-09-16)

参考文献数

32

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The first printed Dictionary of English and Japanese Languages was compiled by Hori Tatsnoskay and published in 1862, and it was revised by Horikosi Kamenoskay in 1866. The dictionary was a historical landmark in the Japanese English academia.It has been generally considered that all vocabulary entries of the dictionary had been obtained from “A new pocket dictionary of the English and Dutch languages by H. Picard, 1857 (Picard-1857)”, and the Dutch words of Picard-1857 had been translated into Japanese using several preceding dictionaries of Dutch and Japanese languages. But precise investigation of names of birds makes it clear that some English dictionaries had been used to translate names of birds into Japanese, because there are eleven groups of words in Picard-1857 whose English words that have an identical bird name in Dutch are translated in different Japanese.Moreover, Hori Tatsnoskay got three Japanese words of birds from corresponding Dutch words which have been found not in the Picard-1857, but in the Picard's dictionary of the first edition published in 1843 (Picard-1843).The dictionary revised by Horikoshi Kamenoskay has two English words of birds which are not found in either Picard-1843 or Picard-1857. Since more than half names of birds have been updated by Horikoshi Kamenoskay, the dictionary is good enough for general users.

著者

石原 千里

出版者

Historical Society of English Studies in Japan

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.13-27, 2000

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Based on the extracts of 4 letters in the <I>Spirit of Missions</I> quoted from the <I>New York Journal of Commerce</I>, the author has already reported on the teaching of English by Henry Wood, and pointed out his great contribution to the history of both Christianity and English studies in Japan.<BR>The present paper deals mainly with the study of 3 out of the 4 letters in the <I>New York Journal of Commerce</I>, for which Henry Wood acted as a correspondent during his service on the U. S. Ship Powhatan. He also sent many letters on other subjects. The 3 letters concerned here contained important information unquoted in the <I>Spirit of Missions</I>. Some examples are as follows. Each of the 3 letters was headed "MY SCHOOL AND (MY) SCHOLARS IN JAPAN." With no knowledge of Dutch or Japanese, Wood utilized some English-Dutch dictionaries and one or two Dutch-Japanese dictionaries, and also used the primitive language-the language of signs-to define particular words. He was confident that the Japanese were hopeful for Christianity, and that the method of conducting them to Christianity, under its prohibition, would be by teaching them English.<BR>Henry Wood was born on April 10, 1796, in Louden, NH. He received a Master of Arts degree from Dartmouth College in 1822, and was a tutor at Dartmouth College in 1822-23. After studying divinity at Princeton Theological Seminary for about one year in 1823-24, he was a senior tutor of Latin and Greek at Hampden-Sydney College in 1824-25. He was ordained in the Congregational Church in 1826 and in the Presbyterian Church before 1856. He was U. S. Consul at Beirut, Syria from 1853-56. He was commissioned Chaplain of U. S. Navy on September 11, 1856. He was on the U. S. Ship Powhatan in the Chinese and Japanese seas in 1858-60. In 1858 he sent two letters to the authority of the Reformed Dutch Church of the United States, appealing to establish its mission at Nagasaki. He taught English to the Japanese at Nagasaki in 1858 and on the Powhatan in 1860. He was stationed at the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia in 1863. He died in Philadelphia on October 9, 1873.

著者

篠田 左多江

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2001, no.33, pp.105-119, 2000 (Released:2010-01-25)

参考文献数

32

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Only a few ariticles and essays on Isen Kanno have been found since his death. They are Eitaro Ishigaki, “Forty-year Vagabond Life in America” (1952), Dengo Matsubara, “Baron Kanno” (1954), Shinsui Kawai, “Isen and Gertrude Kanno” (1955), Tamotsu Mirayama, “An Issei Poet Who Composed English” (1961), Ippei Nomoto, “A Vanished Star” (1973) and Ayako Ishigaki, “A Love Artist Who Crossed the Ocean” (1988). Almost all of them have no reference to Kanno's life, from his birth to death and his literary achievements.In my first essay on Isen Kanno, published in 1994, his life from birth to the days he lived in Joaquin Miller's heights were made clear. In this second essay, the latter half of his life will be revealed.In 1915 Kanno went to New York and stayed in Edwin Markham's residence. He tried to translate Markham's works into Japanese and write biography of Jack London. Reading a lot of books every day in N. Y. Public Library, he then began translating Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat into Japanese using a style of Japanese popular folk song sung in Edo Era. But to his disappointment he could not publish them. He also wrote many articles for Japanese newspaper joining the Japanese immigrants' literary group.In 1929 he and his wife, who left him and went to New York with her lover 14 years ago, finally came back to him. Kanno was very glad to be with his wife again. He went back to San Francisco with her and lived in Nichiren Church in Japan Town.Then Mr. and Mrs. Kanno went to Japan. He expected to get his works published there. His wife, sculptress, had exhibitions at some department stores in Tokyo. At that time militarism seized Japan and displaying nude statues was prohibited. Kanno made efforts to publish his works in vain. After two years they returned to the U. S.As soon as they arrived in San Francisco, his wife passed away of a sudden fever on August 14th, 1937. His beloved wife's death threw him into despair. Four months later he died of pneumonia.His manuscripts of poetry, translation and essays were kept in Nichiren Church. On December 7th, 1941, war broke out between Japan and the U. S. and Japanese Americans were forced to evacuate and sent to concentration camps. All his manuscripts were lost during this period of confusion.Isen Kanno was a determined man who made up his mind to live in the U. S. all his life, marrying to a caucasian artist and wrote in English. He was different from the most Japanese immigrants whose purpose were making money and returning to Japan as rich persons. But war prevented him from being what he expected to be.

著者

潟岡 孝昭

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1970, no.2, pp.144-156, 1970-09-30 (Released:2009-09-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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同志社英学校の開校当初の状態については, 既に同志社大学関係者によって詳細に述べ尽され, 現在もなお同志社社史々料編集所において調査されており, 私などの卑見を述べるべき筈のものではありますまいが, たまたまその当時の2・3の史料を見出す機会を得たので, それらを紹介すると共に卑見の一端を述べ諸賢のご指導を仰ぎたい。

著者

高木 誠一郎

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1988, no.20, pp.185-232, 1987 (Released:2009-09-16)

著者

重久 篤太郎

出版者

日本英学史学会

雑誌

英学史研究 (ISSN:03869490)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1973, no.5, pp.101-108, 1972-04-30 (Released:2009-09-16)