著者

高橋 ひとみ/衞藤 隆 衞藤 隆

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.193-210, 2015-03-23

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It is proposed that near-vision acuity tests be conducted in kindergartens and nurseries throughout the country and that infant medical checkups should also be carried out. This will allow early detection of and timely treatment for children with amblyopia. The younger the age at which these tests are carried out, the more effective they will be. If amblyopia is detected and treated by the age of 3, most children will be able to complete their treatment before reaching school age. This will enable them to begin their school life without being burdened by poor eyesight, and contribute to a society in which all children have equal access to compulsory education. To bring about that end, the introduction of "reliable" visual acuity tests over a short time is necessary. I considered the best form of visual acuity test from the standpoint of both the infant to be tested and that of the teacher carrying out the test. In order to ensure "reliability", it is necessary to use the Landolt Ring eye-mark, which meets definitions of eyesight. In addition, a picture-based eye-mark is recommended, as it is more likely to gain the understanding of the infant being tested. Avisual acuity test will be more effective if infants have already grown accustomed to the Landolt Ring during play. This picture book was devised with that aim in mind.

著者

松村 昌廣

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.123-138, 2016-02-26

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This study will explore the relevance of the so-called Prime Directive as found in Star Trek, a very popular U.S. T.V. science fiction drama, for comparative political and area studies, with a major focus on the application of it to advanced Western modern states' intervention in the developing world after multi-ethnic empires. The paper will elucidate the directive, followed by an interim definition of "advancedness" and "backwardedness". The analytical focus will be placed on why such intervention will cause unexpected and undesired resultants that will further lead to intractable complication and entanglement later. Then the work will argue for the wisdom of "divide and rule" and warn of being driven by moralized commitment to intruding as modernizer and to missionary zeal to interfere as democratizer.

著者

増田 忠信

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.97-125, 2014-11-28

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the starting point of Japanese people's morality.Moral standards, which are historically constructed, provide us with a measure of which behavioural patterns are acceptable and which are not.The transition from tsuwamono (soldiers) to bushi (warriors) created a peculiar value standard for Japanese people, leading to the so-called Bushido.Reflecting on the pre-Bushido period in Japan can help to understand themselves better. The framework of this paper is as follows : First, I consider what was regarded as evil in the Heian era by examining Vol. 29 of the Konjaku Monogatari.Second, I investigate the word tsuwamono in the Konjaku Monogatari and Shomonki.The way that this word is employed in those two texts suggests that people in the Heian era regarded Tsuwamono ambivalently, as newcomers. Third, comparing the Konjaku Monogatari Vol.25 with the Shomonki, I examine Taira no Masakado's Rebellion (939-940), which is a typical example of the transition from tsuwamono to bushi.I conclude that tsuwamono, originally related to the common people through land or locality, became a newly-influential power by their ability to pacify rebellions. Their transformation into bushi was the result. In the world of Heian aristocrats, the common people were not held to have the same moral sense that noble-born members of the Imperial Court enjoyed. Accordingly, they would be willing to join a rebellion if the time and circumstances were right. Since the gap between tsuwamono and bushi and the common people in their attitudes to work, rebellion, religion and other matters was so small, it became possible for them to hold a similar moral sense. As a result, from the second half of the Heian era onward Japanese people began to make their moral decisions based on a similar set of attitudes to those found in the tsuwamono no michi and, later, the Way of the Samurai.

著者

村中 淑子

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.3-27, 2014-11

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I carried out an investigation into the use of negation expressions by speakers of the Osaka and Nara dialects. In this paper I report the results of the investigation. It has generally been thought that the negative suffix HEN(e. g., IKAHEN: I do not go) is more frequently used than another negative suffix, N (e. g., IKAN: I do not go) in standard negation sentences in modern Osaka dialect. However, I was able to confirm that the use of N has increased among young people in the past few years. IKAN has increased together with its past form IKANKATTA (I did not go), and IKEN (I cannot go) with its past form IKENKATTA (I was unable to go). This suggests that both the present and past forms change in conjunction with each other. In addition, it was found that the negative suffix YAN, which had previously not been used very much in Osaka, has come to be used more frequently in recent years. Negative suffixes can not only be located at the end of a sentence to create a negation, but can also be buried in the middle of a sentence and used to make expressions of supposition, will, or duty. By investigating them together, I was able to clarify the actual situation of negation expressions and the reasons for the change in the use of negative suffixes. It is suggested that supposition expressions (-YANDEMO) and will expressions (-YANTOKO) were related to the appearance of YAN in a negation sentence, but duty expressions (-YANA AKAN) were not. Moreover, statistical analysis of the use of YAN in each dialect area showed that the change was most pronounced in the Senboku and Minami Kawachi dialect areas.

著者

福井 幸男

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.229-256, 2014-11-28

著者

松澤 俊二

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.35-57, 2020-10

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Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture is the birthplace of Akiko Yosano. Akiko isnow considered to be a symbol of the local identity, and many commemorative events are held. However, before the war, Akiko was also recognized asa "bad girl" and was not always welcomed by the people of Sakai.The focus of this paper is on how Akiko was remembered by the local people after the war. In particular, this point will be made clear by variousawards activities held in Sakai, such as making monuments and memorials,and examining their performances. Then, the transformation and variety ofAkiko's image are also shown. It also discusses the important significanceof the region remembering Akiko.

著者

都築 郷実

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.191-239, 2016-02-26

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There are only a few demonstrative studies on the omission of the appositive clause `that'. This paper deals with the following six types of the appositive clause `that'. Type 1 : Verb+(.751 322.547 Tpreposition)+Noun+that clause Type 2 : there be Noun+that clause Type 3 : (Subject)+be+Noun+that clause Type 4 : Noun+that clause (Subject)+Verb Type 5 : Noun (Subject)+Verb+that clause Type 6 : Preposition+Noun+that clause There are many examples of the omission of the appositive clause `that' in Type 1 and Type 2. The examples in Type 3 and Type 6 have fewer than those in Type 1 and Type 2. Differently from the other types, the appositive clause `that' in Type 4 and Type 5 is usually obligatory. The appositive clause `that' in Type 1, 2, 3 and 6 are optional, depending on a writer's or speaker's subjective judgement. The omission of the appositive clause `that' occurs in colloquial English and written English. The following are examples in every Type. 1) ..., I've come to the conclusion he's gone underground permanently... -J. Black: Megacorp. 2) "There's no doubt the company is generally outperforming the industry." -Fortune, Dec. 4, 1978 3) ..., and the timing of his bill is another indication he expects more political than legislative results. -The New York Times, Weekly Review, July 27, 1979 4) Yet, already, the fact they had to be careful not to be seen together was a depressing intrusion upon their pleasure. -E. Thompson: Tattoo 5) While the fact remained we'd been seeing each other three years. -Stephen Elkin: Mirror in the Bathroom 6) ... working against the fear the door might be opened on him at any moment. -E. Thompson: Tattoo

著者

松本 直也

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.167-191, 2015-03

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The All Japan University Football Team that participated in the 2013 Universiade Games also participated in the 35th TROFEO ANGELO DOSSENA held in Italy in 2011. The purpose of this study is to analyze those games in order to measure the effectiveness of tactical models in the construction of team tactics. The tactical model outlined here consists of three defensive phases, three offensive phases, and the transition phase between offense and defense. The analysis demonstrated that a tactical model has to be suited to actual game situations. With regard to the creation of team tactics in a limited-term team, the analysis also indicated the effectiveness of training based on that tactical model in combination with training in close observation.

著者

今澤 浩二

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.271-305, 2021-03-16

著者

村中 淑子

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.55-83, 2015-10

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In this article we studied color terms in loanwords in Japanese, and analyzed them using Corpus Data. We focused on ten color terms of English origin, using the full-text retrieval system "Himawari" of the internet library Aozora Bunko (12023 works, accessed October 1, 2014) for language resources, and observed examples from the Meiji period to the early Showa period. The color terms studied were as follows : PINKU (pink), GURIIN (green), BURUU (blue), GUREE (gray), BEEJU (beige), BURAUN (brown), REDDO (red), IEROO (yellow), HOWAITO (white), and BURAKKU (black). Following the study, the terms were classified into two categories. (a) Those having both an indicatory function in the context of multiple choice, and a descriptive function to describe attributes of things. They can be used independently but not in compound form. PINKU (pink), GURIIN (green), BURUU (blue), GUREE (gray), and BEEJU (beige) belong to this group. (b) Those having only the indicatory function and no descriptive function. They are always used in compound form. BURAUN (brown), REDDO (red), IEROO (yellow), HOWAITO (white), and BURAKKU (black) belong to this group. It may be said that words of group (a) are more familiar in Japanese than those of group (b), in particular PINKU and GURIIN as they describe the color of natural objects. In group (b), the reason why REDDO (red), HOWAITO (white), and BURAKKU (black) have low familiarity in Japanese is that Japanese original color terms AKA (red), SHIRO (white), and KURO (black) constitute extremely basic and fundamental vocabulary in Japanese, and it is likely that there was no place for words of foreign origin having similar meaning.

著者

高 田 里惠子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.59-75, 2020-10-08

著者

今澤 浩二

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.271-305, 2021-03-16

著者

松澤 俊二

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.35-57, 2020-10-08

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Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture is the birthplace of Akiko Yosano. Akiko isnow considered to be a symbol of the local identity, and many commemorative events are held. However, before the war, Akiko was also recognized asa “bad girl” and was not always welcomed by the people of Sakai.The focus of this paper is on how Akiko was remembered by the local people after the war. In particular, this point will be made clear by variousawards activities held in Sakai, such as making monuments and memorials,and examining their performances. Then, the transformation and variety ofAkiko’s image are also shown. It also discusses the important significanceof the region remembering Akiko.

著者

松永 俊男

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.39-65, 2022-02-23

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In 1859, Charles Darwin published Origin of Species as the abstract ofthe Big Species Book. He published revised editions of the Origin fivetimes, 2nd ed.( 1860), 3rd ed.( 1861), 4th ed.( 1866), 5th ed.( 1869), and6th ed.( 1872). In this paper, differences of formats over the six editionsare described, and alterations of Darwin’s attitude toward writing andrevising the Origin are investigated by analysing the correspondenceof Darwin with John Murray, Charles Lyell, Thomas Henry Huxley andothers. In writing the 1st ed. and the 2nd ed., Darwin wanted to complete theBig Book. He showed unwillingness to devote time to writing the Origin.But at the stage of the 3rd ed., he gave up the idea of completing the BigBook and decided to expand upon his theory of the biological evolutionthrough the Origin. After ten years from the 1st ed., Darwin’s idea of the branching evolutionfrom a common ancestor had been widely acknowledged. In theconcluding chapter of the 6th ed., Darwin states, “Now things are whollychanged, and almost every naturalist admits the great principle ofevolution.” (p. 424). This is Darwin’s declaration of victory. The mostimportant object of the Origin had been accomplished. After the 6th ed.,therefore, Darwin did not try to revise the Origin, and concentrated hisenergy on studying botany. The 6th ed. was published as a cheap edition. The appearance of the6th ed. was markedly different from the previous editions. The formatfrom the 1st ed. to 4th ed. was post octavo. The 5th ed. was crown octavo. The 6th ed. was shorter and narrower than the 5th ed. The types ofthe text in the previous editions were 10-point, but 8-point in the 6th ed.In the previous editions, texts were 35 lines in a page, but 45 lines in the6th ed. The previous editions are regarded as fair specimens of Victoriantypography. But the 6th ed. is difficult to read. From the 1st ed. to 4th ed., the price of the Origin was 14s. The 5thed. was 15s. The 6th ed. was half of the 5th ed., i.e., 7s6d. The previouseditions were type printing and were never reprinted. The 6th ed. wasstereotype printing and was reprinted almost annually. After the Education Act of 1870, the readership of England was enlarged.Murray’s objective in publishing the cheap edition was for thenew readership. The 6th ed. sold well, but it is probable that many peoplewere kept from reading the book by its unattractive appearance. Now the Origin has become a classical book of science and has beenpublished in various forms in various languages. However, it is rarethat the book is read thoroughly. The Origin is the typical book that is bought but not read.

著者

竹中 暉雄

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

人間文化研究 (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.551-600, 2015-03-23

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This paper discusses the problem of the charging of school fees during the period of free compulsory education in modern Japan. 1 The charging of school fees for compulsory education was not sustained by any definite philosophy. There were exceptional cases when not only poor families but even relatively wealthy communities were exempted from charges, and also cases when charges were levied on the relatively poor community as well as on the wealthy. As a result, various unequal and unreasonable conditions came about. 2 No official explanation was given to the general public as to why it was necessary to pay school fees when compulsory education was supposed to be free, nor as to why it sometimes became unnecessary to pay. 3 Instead of the charging of fees, since the "Elementary School Ordinance" of 1900 had provided that compulsory education should be free, communities were still obliged to pay higher resident taxes because there was as yet no governmental grant to elementary schools. 4 Many books on educational administration defined the charging of school fees as a natural levy, and could not agree logically with the principle of free education. After the "Elementary School Ordinance" providing free compulsory education was issued, their explanation of free education consequently became very vague. 5 In a sense, the "Elementary School Ordinance" providing free compulsory education was unconstitutional, because the "city and town=village system" law of 1888 authorized cities, towns and villages to collect service charges as required, and the Imperial Constitution prescribed that an ordinance could not override the existing law. The author concludes that it was because of this that jurists, who must have been aware of this fact, hesitated to give their unconditional support to the free education system, with the result that their explanations became all the more vague.

著者

高田 里惠子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.67-92, 2022-02-23

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This article roughly outlines the life of Nosei Abe (1883-1966) - theauthor of numerous books, including two autobiographies - by quotingand reconstructing the discourses among others about him. Abe isalmost forgotten today, but as a philosopher, professor, Minister of Educationin the aftermath of the war, and educational advisor to CrownPrince, he was once famous as well as much admired and criticized.From people’s views on Nosei Abe emerges the characteristics of modernJapanese culture or political situation. First, I discuss how Abe is seen as having no academic achievementdespite publishing many books from Iwanami Shoten, a well-known academicpublisher. Abe was regarded as a dilettante who merely introducedwestern science and culture, or an essayist without philologicalresearch or genuine scholarship. From this perception of Abe, we cansee what is recognized as “academic” in humanities in modern Japan. The next notable thing is that Abe was accused of being a “conservativereactionary” by the younger generation of Japan during the ColdWar. However, Abe was one of the leading writers of Taishō-Culturalism,who advocated western individualism and liberalism in Japan in the early20th century. Abe described himself as a “liberal.” In fact, after Japan’sdefeat in the Second World War, Abe was also the chairman of the leftwingpeace organization headed by Iwanami Shoten. Meanwhile, Abe expressed his discomfort with the labor movementand admitted his aversion to the Soviet Union and the communist party.Some people criticized these contradictions in Abe and some fondly remembered his harmless “slovenliness” or “magnanimity.” One could saythat the mix of cultural liberalism and political conservatism in Abe is atypical example of modern Japanese intellectuals.

著者

高田 里惠子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.16, pp.67-92, 2022-02-23

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This article roughly outlines the life of Nosei Abe (1883-1966) - theauthor of numerous books, including two autobiographies - by quotingand reconstructing the discourses among others about him. Abe isalmost forgotten today, but as a philosopher, professor, Minister of Educationin the aftermath of the war, and educational advisor to CrownPrince, he was once famous as well as much admired and criticized.From people's views on Nosei Abe emerges the characteristics of modernJapanese culture or political situation. First, I discuss how Abe is seen as having no academic achievementdespite publishing many books from Iwanami Shoten, a well-known academicpublisher. Abe was regarded as a dilettante who merely introducedwestern science and culture, or an essayist without philologicalresearch or genuine scholarship. From this perception of Abe, we cansee what is recognized as "academic" in humanities in modern Japan. The next notable thing is that Abe was accused of being a "conservativereactionary" by the younger generation of Japan during the ColdWar. However, Abe was one of the leading writers of Taishō-Culturalism,who advocated western individualism and liberalism in Japan in the early20th century. Abe described himself as a "liberal." In fact, after Japan'sdefeat in the Second World War, Abe was also the chairman of the leftwingpeace organization headed by Iwanami Shoten. Meanwhile, Abe expressed his discomfort with the labor movementand admitted his aversion to the Soviet Union and the communist party.Some people criticized these contradictions in Abe and some fondly remembered his harmless "slovenliness" or "magnanimity." One could saythat the mix of cultural liberalism and political conservatism in Abe is atypical example of modern Japanese intellectuals.

著者

小野 良子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of Humanities Research,St.Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.16, pp.137-174, 2022-02-23

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In Shakespeare's King Richard Ⅱ, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,described England before the reign of Richard Ⅱ as "other Eden,"lamenting "This land of such dear souls …/ Is now leased out." TheDuke implied that the political failure of the king had corrupted the "garden"image of England and destroyed England's greatness inherited fromthe Black Prince, Richard Ⅰ. King Richard Ⅱ was written and staged in 1595 as the initial play in asequence about the Lancastrian phase of English history. The first edition(Q1) was published in 1597 and promptly followed by two furtherissues (Q2 and Q3) in 1598. It was the first play-text to prove its popularity,which indicates the "garden" image of England should have beenshared among the Shakespearian audience and readers. This paper is an attempt to examine the myth of England as "the secondEden," tracing back the origins of the legend to Classical mythologyand history. The first chapter consists of three parts: a survey of "Britannia,"ancient Greek and Roman mythology, and Arthurian legends. Thesecond chapter gives a closer reading of "Britannia" under the RomanEmpire.

著者

軽部 恵子

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.12, pp.241-245, 2020-02

著者

竹中 暉雄

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (ISSN:21889031)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.334-293, 2017-03