著者
久保 正敏
出版者
国立民族学博物館
雑誌
国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.4, pp.943-986, 1991-03-28
被引用文献数
2

This paper traces the history of Japanese popular songs fromthe viewpoint of "Travel". The historical span of the discussionis confined to the Showa era, for the following two reasons:1) The modern system of producing popular songs wasestablished at the very beginning of the Showa era;2) The distinct contrast between urban areas and the provinces,together with the social unrest in those days, motivated thetraveling and drifting of the people, and consequently broughtthe travel songs or sight-seeing songs into fashion.In this paper, travels sung in popular songs are categorizedinto three types: outward travel, homeward travel, andwandering travel. Outward travel is motivated by a yearningfor some place and can thus be viewed as future-oriented travel.Homeward travel is motivated mainly by homesickness or somememory of the past. Wandering travel is accompanied byhomesickness in many cases. The popular songs of the Showaera are reviewed according to these three types of travel.In sections 1 and 2, the themes of travel in popular songs aresummarized, and then songs whose words contain place namesor descriptions of local scenery are analyzed. It is pointed outthat changes in the ratio of the number of such songs to thenumber of all popular songs are very similar to change inpopulation drift.In sections 3, 4 and 5, popular songs are reviewed andanalyzed in regard to outward travel, homeward travel, andwandering travel respectively. The evident correlation betweenthe words in these songs and the social environment is shown.Section 6 deals with a few songs relating to spiritual travels.In section 7, changes in travel songs are reviewed froma unique analytical viewpoint. Assuming that the story of thewords of a popular song is scenarized, each song can becategorized as either a close-up type or a long-shot type interms of camera angle, according to the words depicting scenesand manners and the personal pronouns contained in the wordsof the song. Based on this idea, several genres of travel songs areparameterized and mapped on a two-dimensional space, correspondingto the camera angle of the story of the song. Theresult of the mapping shows that travel songs became more andmore of the close-up type with the passing of time, which seemsto parallel the increasing tendency of Japanese society towardprivate-life-oriented conservatism.
著者
沢山 美果子 Sawayama Mikako サワヤマ ミカコ
出版者
国立民族学博物館
雑誌
国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.3, pp.459-483, 2016

本稿では,江戸時代,とくに女と子どものいのちを救うための努力がなされていった18 世紀後半以降の民間療法に焦点をあてる。歴史人口学の研究成果によれば,江戸時代,女性が出産でいのちを失う率は高く,また乳児死亡率も高かった。「家」の維持・存続を願う人々にとって,女と子どものいのちを守ることは,重要な課題であった。そのため,江戸時代には,人々の生活経験をもとにした様々な民間療法が生みだされていた。ここでは,仙台藩の上層農民の家に写本として残された民間療法,その支藩である一関藩の在村医が書き残した民間療法を手がかりに,江戸時代の人々は,身体という内なる自然に起きる危機としての妊娠,出産にどのように対処し,母と赤子のいのちを守ろうとしたのか,そこには,どのような自然と人間をめぐる人々の認識や身体観が示されているかを探った。 考察の結果,次のことが明らかとなった。江戸時代後期には,人々が生活の中で経験的に蓄積してきた身体をめぐる民間の知恵を文字化した民間療法が広く流布していくが,そこに記された,妊娠・出産をめぐる処方,とりわけ対処が困難な難産の処方では,自然の生産物である動植物や清浄な身体からの排泄物が用いられる。それは,脅威としての自然を恵としての自然につくりかえ,自然と人間の一体化を図り身体を回復させることで,内なる自然に起きた困難を取り除こうとする試みであった。そこには,江戸時代の人々の,自然と人間を切り離せないものとして捉える捉え方が示されている。This paper focuses on folk remedies in the Edo period. During thisperiod, especially from the late 18th century, people were concerned with howto protect the lives of mothers and babies, and the remedies were made to dothat.According to historical demographic research, the mortality rate ofinfants was high during the Edo period, with many mothers losing their livesin childbirth. For those who hoped to continue their family line (Ie), protectingthe lives of mothers and babies was an important issue. Therefore, duringthat period, a variety of folk remedies emerged based on everyday experienceand knowledge.My study looks into two cases based on local materials drawn from theSendai Han ('clan') of Japan's Tohoku region. First, upper-class farmers in theSendai clan wrote prescriptions for various cures to be used in difficult childbirth.Second, in the Ichinoseki clan (a branch of the Sendai clan), a localphysician left a manuscript of folk remedies for dystocia (=difficult birth).The medical treatments show how dangerous pregnancy was for the livesof mothers and babies. In other words, for the people of that period, pregnancywas a crisis that happened to a woman's body. Through these primaryresources, I want to explore how people viewed the relationship between lifeand the body and recognized its inner nature.The following became clarified as a result of my consideration. The folkremedies that represented the accumulation of wisdom gained through dailylives were widely available through transcribed copies. The prescriptionsrelated to pregnancy and childbirth, particularly refractory dystocia, usingplants, animals, products of nature, and excreta from purified human bodies.That was an attempt to transform nature that was threatening into nature thatgave blessings, restoring the healthy state by integrating nature and humans,thereby removing the hardships manifested in the body. It clearly shows howpeople in the Edo period viewed humans and nature as inseparable.
著者
高橋 沙奈美 Sanami Takahashi
出版者
国立民族学博物館
雑誌
国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.2, pp.235-251, 2015

マダム・ブラヴァツキーは幼少のうちから,ひとところに長く落ち着いて生活することのない「遊牧民的」生活を余儀なくされた。様々な民族と宗教が混在するロシア帝国の南方を転々と放浪する生活をしたこと,特にアストラハンで遊牧民のカルムィク人とそのチベット仏教に出会っていたことは,彼女のその後の人生に少なくない影響を及ぼしたと考えられている。母エレーナは,この放浪生活に耐えがたい疲弊を感じていたが,その一方で,西欧文明とは異なる生活の中にインスピレーションを見出し,「異郷」を舞台とした一連の小説を発表した。時に,1820–1830 年代のロシア文壇を風靡したロマン主義は,「カフカスもの」と称されるロシア南方を舞台とした小説を輩出していた。エレーナ・ガンの創作も,この潮流に棹差すものだったのであり,1838 年に彼女が発表した,カルムィクを舞台とする小説「ウトバーラ」もまた,ロシアのオリエンタリズムが生み出した作品の一つといえる。本稿はガンを育んだ人々や環境,彼女が抱き続けた理想や,彼女が生きた時代の歴史的・文化的背景を踏まえながら,ガンが見たカルムィクと仏教世界を小説「ウトバーラ」の中から読み解く試みである。Madame Blavatsky had no choice but to move from one place to anotherfrom the time she was in the cradle. Her family nomadically moved aroundthe southern part of the Russian Empire. Her encounter with the Kalmykpeople in Astrakhan affected her for the rest of her life to some extent. Hermother, Elena Gan, was also inspired by differences with the life in her"Europe," when exhausted from her non-cultural—sometimes even barbaric—nomadic life.She wrote several novels set in a strange land. Meanwhile, "Caucasiannovels," concerning the Southern Russian lands and peoples, played an importantrole in the history of the Russian romantic literature in the 1820's and1830's. Gan followed the mainstream. In 1838, she published "Utballa," set inKalmykia, which should be considered as one of the fruits of Russian orientalism.In this essay, I discuss the representations of the Kalmyk and their Buddhismin the novel, taking into account the author's background, her ideals,and the historical and cultural circumstances of her time.