著者

白川 俊之

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.53, pp.1-17, 2021-03

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本研究はJSPS科研費19H00608,19H01637,20K13904の助成を受けたものです。

著者

金子 元久

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.67-88, 1988-03

著者

高橋 寛人

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, pp.311-332, 2005-03

著者

小林 雅之

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.49, pp.18, 2017-03

著者

濱中 淳子

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.189-205, 2011

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Many studies have looked at the effectiveness of university education. It can be said that this research has involved mainstream themes, such as the sociology of education and the economics of education. In a previous research project a "practice of learning" hypothesis was constructed from an analysis of a survey of engineering graduates, that considered how current learning related to university studies, leading to better performance at work and increased income. This paper aims to compare and verify the results of the analysis of a survey of engineering graduates, to test the validity of this "practice of learning" hypothesis and whether similar results could be obtained in the field of economics.This paper uses two types of data. The first is that of a questionnaire survey of 976 engineering graduates undertaken in 2004. The second is that of a questionnaire survey of 596 economics graduates conducted in 2009. Both of these surveys were carried out with a random sampling of graduates at the same national university.The main points resulting from the analysis are as follows: firstly, it was confirmed that educational benefits were derived from the practice of learning among economics graduates but that overall these benefits were smaller than those for engineering graduates. In other words, the benefits of a link to studying shown in the practice of learning hypothesis was confirmed among economics graduates, but in their case, this was because the knowledge obtained during time spent at university had a directly negative effect on income that could not be ignored. More specifically, it was discovered that economics graduates felt that the knowledge and skills they had acquired at university were more of a hindrance. Secondly, however, the negative effects of the knowledge and skills learned at university disappeared over time, and as a result, the educational benefits we are accustomed to seeing among economics graduates are particularly striking from middle-age onwards. In general, the occupational positions held by economics graduates and engineering graduates, differ. Most economics graduates work in white collar occupations, such as administration or sales, whereas most engineering graduates become technicians. To put it another way, on the one hand economics graduates occupy positions that do not have a direct connection with what they studied at university, whereas engineering graduates occupy positions that can be said to be an extension of their time at university. Such differences appeared immediately when those who had studied engineering began work, but it is possible that this may be connected to the differences in the practice of learning accumulated in the fields of engineering and economics. The results for economics graduates seemed to gradually manifest themselves as their careers progress.Finally, we also investigated the graduates' own recognition of the outcomes of their education. As stated above, it was also confirmed that a university education really did benefit economics graduates, but few of the graduates were themselves aware of these benefits, probably due to the time it took for the effects of education to become manifest. In Japan, particularly in relation to the Arts, there is often skepticism about the effectiveness of a university education, but possibly the kind of mechanism considered above, exists behind the scenes.

著者

村澤 昌崇

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.309-327, 2005

被引用文献数

3

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.99-115, 2011

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Why has the percentage of women enrolled at university always been lower than that of men, even at a time of universal provision? Although the differences in participation rates between men and women have been well documented, less is understood about why this is so. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure of university attendance in Japan from the viewpoint of sibling order and sex. Using the 2005 National High School Parent Survey, the effects of ability, parental income, the number of siblings, birth order, and parental altruistic attitude towards university attendance and expenditure, were investigated. The parental survey sought information on family background, and included questions relating to parents' willingness or obligations in paying for the education of their 18 year-old children. Although the extent to which parents invest in their children has long been recognized as integral to status attainment or human capital theory, that investment has rarely been examined directly. Special emphasis was placed on the role of two parameters: the number of siblings and their birth order, and parents' altruistic attitude. The major findings are as follows:(1) Resource-dilution hypothesis was supported by the data. There was an inverse relationship between the number of siblings and out-of-school expenses, and to an aspiration to attend college, which were attributed to a reduction in the availability of family resources available for each child. (2) An examination of the effect of birth order proved that if other variables were controlled, parents held less aspiration for, and spent less on out-of-school expenses for, their later-born daughters than for their sons. This alternative resource allocation suggests that parents prefer having sons to daughters in order to solve any contradictions between equality and efficiency among siblings.(3) Disparity between college attendance and non-college attendance is affected by the adequacy of family income and this has a greater effect on the aspirations of women than it does for men. (4) Parents may attempt to equalize educational attainment among their offspring. If older sons have attended college, parents hope their younger brothers will also do so. However, this depolarizing effect worked only for males, since daughters were more likely to resemble their non-college brothers and sisters. (5) While parents' altruistic attitudes (fear of incurring a loan on behalf of their daughter) had a negative effect on the probability of their daughters attending college, it did have a positive effect on the payment of college tuition and the cost of living.These classical findings show that inequality of educational opportunity still remains more or less constant between sons and daughters within the same family even during the era of universal provision.

著者

山本 清

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.50, pp.223-237, 2018-03

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The 2017 scandals that the Education Ministry continued to seek new jobs for retiring senior officials, despite its being banned by the National Public Service Law, caused a greater decline of trust in the Ministry. An Investigation team in the ministry found that many bureaucrats moved to private universities after retirement from the ministry through the intermediation of a retired official having close relationships with the ministry's personnel department. The report also made clear that quite a large number of senior officials obtained a director and secretary general of national university corporations through temporary transfer from the ministry. National universities are now legally independent from the Education Ministry and the President has authority of appointing the Director at his or her own discretion. These findings indicate some possibility that the Ministry might influence universities whether public or private through its personnel management. Therefore the contents of the investigation report, the publications on reemployment of retiring senior officials by the Cabinet Office, and the annual reports of national universities were analyzed. As a result, it was determined that the personnel system expanding the recruitment, transfer, promotion, and after-retirement worked as an informal network contributing to make education policy successful and effective other than keeping high loyalty of officials to the ministry. At the same time, it must be said that the system had shortcomings in impartiality and transparency of public policy, especially on subsidies and regulations to universities.

著者

白川 優治

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.35-48, 2017

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本研究は,日本学術振興会科学研究費(課題番号15K04346)による研究成果の一部である。

著者

馬越 徹

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.135-155, 1977-03

著者

村澤 昌崇

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.183-184, 2014-03

著者

加澤 恒雄

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.189-206, 2007-03

著者

北垣 郁雄

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.50, pp.145-159, 2018-03

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This paper deals with the Ig®noble prize which is sometimes called a parody of the Nobel Prize. This activity has been conducted every year and each year nearly ten outcomes are selected then given the prize. The general reputation for the prize varies widely, from its high value for laughing matters to its low value for the foolish matters.The main objective here is surveying and analyzing the selected outcomes then considering their influence on the researcher development due to the following reason.First, after the inauguration of the Ig®nobel prize in 1991, the activity has continued for more than 25 years. The fact that it has been done for many years shows that the there has been positive assessment for the activity. Anyway the prize could make a crucial discussion on "research" resulting from its given outcomes. Unexpected creativity could have the impact on researcher development especially in the graduate education.Second, the prize could have an impact on the promotion of future technology. A new paradigm of research has been researcher interest in the times that technology outcomes have had an enormous influence on human life. For example, computer has been developed mainly for obtaining practicability of human life; for finding the possibility of computer such as artificial intelligence; or for finding an emotional technology method by making an appropriate human-computer interaction. In the time that divergent technology method has been researched, divergent interest as shown in Ig®noble prize could promote the researcher development through the transdisciplinary approach.

著者

福留 東土

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.46, pp.139-169, 2014-09

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This article examines the progress of comparative higher education research and reveals related issues that have been previously discussed. In addition, it notes research trends found in the literature as well as papers written during the past decade. In the past ten years, there have been more than one hundred and fifty individual pieces of published literature or research papers introduced at major academic journals. The United States has remained to be the primary target area of research, but Europe and Asia attracted increasing interests of Japanese higher education scholars. Moreover, there have been some studies oriented toward the comparison of multiple countries. Research that covers the present state of education (undergraduate and graduate education, curricula, student learning outcomes, etc.) are the primary themes, while the secondary area of interest is policies and systems together with broad overviews on higher education for each country. However, subject areas and themes vary considerably depending on the academic society. Thus, this article reviews research presented in various academic journals, and outlines their research characteristics. Interest in higher education for each country can only intensify with the advance of globalization. However, since historical investigations have declined, a future issue for scholars is the renewal of interest in historical research. There is also the need to employ a research methodology that thoroughly investigates the realities in the field, i.e., fieldwork, and to formulate theories derived from new discoveries. We have every reason to believe that comparative higher education research will progress, and as specializations advance, we look forward to exchanges with researchers specializing in specific geographic areas and topics. It is hoped that this approach will lead to the emergence of an improved overall picture of this area of research.

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.57-72, 2015-03

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A quarter century has passed since the politics of expanding graduate school was promoted by MEXT in Japan. However, the number of applicants and enrollments of graduate students had already peaked by 2000, apart from the time of the Lehman shock. The politics of expansion has brought about various consequences and has arrived at a 'turning point'. The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues of phenomenal enrollment expansion in postgraduate education and to clarify where we presently are. The main findings are as follows; 1) The puzzling fact about Doctoral Courses (DCs) in Japan is that the supply (quota) for such education has continued to rise since the 1990's, although demand for that has been rapidly decreasing since 2000 except for engineering, where employment prospects have been guaranteed. Part of the explanation lies in the fact that the DCs have been considered to develop highly professional human resources regardless of the employment market. 2) Even though the demand for DCs is decreasing, quota regulation by MEXT, which brings capacity close to one hundred percent, makes the quality of graduate students spoiled. 3) The DCs ratio of students going on to higher schools has been increasing, because the numbers of students (denominator) who proceed to MCs has expanded and unemployment has worsened career prospects in academia. So, the number of students who repeat the same grade has doubled since 2000's. 4) Evolution of working adult students and women in graduate school. Today, ten percent of MCs and forty percent of DCs students are adult workers. Thirty years ago, few women chose careers in postgraduate study. In 2013 the ratio of female students of both MCs and DCs doubled in most fields. These findings suggest that there are excessive functions included in Master's programs and that drastic reform is necessary for Japanese Graduate Education to maintain its quality and effectiveness in the changing global economy.

著者

新堀 通也

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.1-17, 1984-12

著者

三輪 哲 下瀬川 陽

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.193-208, 2016

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The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between dropout from higher education and social class origin. It focuses on the following three points; 1) to investigate the pattern of association between class origin and the risk of dropout; 2) to compare the impact of class origin on dropout among several educational transition stages; 3) to examine the trends in the effect of class origin on dropout from higher education.In order to conduct the empirical analysis, large-scale datasets which were merged from various Japanese national representative survey datasets, such as the Social Stratification and Mobility surveys (SSM), Japanese General Social Surveys (JGSS), and Japanese Life-course Panel Surveys (JLPS) are used. The risk of dropout is estimated using binary logit models, rare-event logit models, and transition models.Results show that the risk of dropout from higher education is affected by class origin. Non-manual and agricultural classes are less likely to drop out, while manual and self-employed classes are more likely to drop out from higher education. As for dropout from secondary education, the same pattern of inequality of the risk of dropout among classes is observed. The degree of impact of class origin on dropout is smaller than that on entering into next stage of education. There are no trends in the effects of class origin on dropout. This finding supports Maximum Maintained Inequality (MMI) hypothesis because educational expansion did not affect the pattern of educational inequality including dropping out stage.In conclusion, stable, huge inequality of dropout among social classes is found. Class origin is crucial factor for predicting the risk of dropout from higher education, also a long time ago even now.本研究は,科学研究費・特別推進研究(25000001)および基盤研究C(16K04029),2016年度参加者公募型共同研究(二次分析研究会テーマB)の成果の一部である。

著者

両角 亜希子

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.49, pp.25-26, 2017-03

著者

石附 実

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.183-200, 1982-12

著者

吉田 香奈

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.137-152, 2014

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the trends and problems of public college tuition and state student aid policy in Pennsylvania which is known as the highest tuition level in the United States. Access to higher education is an extremely important policy issue. In granting student financial assistance and maintaining low-tuition level, the state government has enlarged the opportunity of higher education for many years. However, many states have shifted high-tuition/high-aid policy recently. They have shifted the cost burden from taxpayers to college students and their families through high percentage tuition increases in the public colleges and universities. Why is the tuition level of public colleges in Pennsylvania the highest in the nation? How do they compensate the rising tuition through student financial aid programs? In pursuing the goal of this study, the author conducted hearings with the Pennsylvania Department of Education, Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency and the student aid offices of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania in 2011, 2013 and 2014. The study consists of four sections. The first describes the characteristics of Title IV postsecondary education institutions in Pennsylvania, its average cost of attendance, and the decision making process of tuition setting. The second explains the characteristics of state student aid programs carried by the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency and it's positioning in the United States. Pennsylvania has had a strong tradition of providing need-based financial aid program to students. But, it has been difficult to raise state appropriations for the need-based student aid program to compensate for the rising tuition. The third examines the difference of net price. Net price is generated by subtracting the grant or scholarship aid from the total cost of attendance. It was found from the data that the highest net price in the lowest income group was the four-year public research university. For low income students, it is likely to be difficult to access and persist their learning in selective public research university due to their burden of cost of attendance. Fourth and lastly the study concludes by summarizing the main points and indicating the implications for Japanese national and public university tuition setting and student financial aid policy.