著者

島 一則 藤村 正司

出版者

国立大学法人 東京大学大学院教育学研究科 大学経営・政策コース

雑誌

大学経営政策研究 (ISSN:21859701)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.23-36, 2014 (Released:2022-04-28)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, we demonstrate that graduate students received higher salaries than undergraduates in Japan, using a large data sample. In addition, we show that graduate students have a more successful university educational experience, assess the validity of university education higher, and invest in self-learning after graduation from university or graduate school more than undergraduate students. Further, we indicate that successful university educational experience, assessing the validity of university education higher, and investing in self-learning aftergraduation partially contribute to raising their earnings.

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育学会

雑誌

教育学研究 (ISSN:03873161)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.167-180, 2016 (Released:2016-08-06)

参考文献数

27

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なぜ大学教育と労働市場の接続が、非連続になるのか。本稿は、このリサーチ・クエスチョンに対して景気循環とは異なる構造的要因に注目する。1993年以後、わが国の私学主体の高等教育システムには、学歴インフレによる「機会の罠」が生じている。大卒新規労働者は、労働市場における世代間の置換効果にも晒されてきた。就活におけるメンタリティが内定獲得を、マッチングの質が大卒労働者の能力発揮を規定している。

著者

山崎 博敏 島田 博司 浦田 広朗 藤村 正司 菊井 隆雄

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.94-109, 1983-10-20 (Released:2011-03-18)

参考文献数

172

被引用文献数

1

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

no.52, pp.1-17, 2020-03

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The purpose of this paper is to explore the question: Why do academic professionals and universities surrender their individual and institutional autonomy? This paper looks at the case of National University Corporations (NUCs) in Japan. It traces how they have progressively surrendered their institutional autonomy and acquiesced to the demands of government through the lens of sociological institutionalization and new institutional economics (principal-agent theory). The main findings of the analysis are as follows.Firstly, this paper identifies a principal-agent relationship not only between government and national universities, but also within NUCs. In national universities, president and boards are principals and faculties are their agents. This nested structure of PA relationships is characteristic of NUCs. In this context, the erosion of individual autonomy emerged under reforms to the school education act, which prescribes the function of faculty meetings, constraining its role in academic affairs and educational matters such as admissions and graduation.Secondly, this paper also examines responses to coercive isomorphism in NUCs. The national government, as principal, is identified as a force for coercive isomorphism. Using its role as the provider of contracts, it exerts pressures to conform to the recommendations of University Council and Cabinet Office, and engenders a focus on economic growth and efficiency of management through mid-term plans. As a result of such coerced isomorphism, the mid-term plans of 86 National Universities are virtually identical despite the variable strengths and institutional missions of each national university.Thirdly, the National University Corporation Law as a form of discipline defines only general outlines of university structure and governance. Many finer points such as financial burdens are left to the operational discretion of government. As a result of the incomplete nature of these contracts, the Ministry of Education's status as funder encourages NUCs to exercise self-discipline and conform to the funder's expectations, which further surrenders individual and institutional autonomy of NUCs to the government.

著者

金子 元久 矢野 眞和 小林 雅之 藤村 正司 小方 直幸 山本 清 濱中 淳子 阿曽沼 明裕 矢野 眞和 小林 雅之 濱中 淳子 小方 直幸 濱中 義隆 大多和 直樹 阿曽沼 明裕 両角 亜希子 佐藤 香 島 一則 橋本 鉱市 苑 復傑 藤墳 智一 藤原 正司 伊藤 彰浩 米澤 彰純 浦田 広朗 加藤 毅 吉川 裕美子 中村 高康 山本 清

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

学術創成研究費

巻号頁・発行日

2005

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本研究は、1)日本の高等教育についての基礎的なデータを大規模調査によって蓄積し、その分析をおこない、2)それをもとに各国の高等教育との比較分析を行うとともに、3)その基礎にたって、日本の高等教育の課題を明らかにすること、を目的とした。とくに大規模調査については、(1)高校生調査(高校3年生4000人を、その後5年間にわたり追跡)、(2)大学生調査(127大学、約4万8千人の大学生について学習行動を調査)、(3)社会人調査(9千事業所、2万5千人に大学教育の経験、評価を調査)、(4)大学教員調査(回答者数約5千人)、(5)大学職員調査(回答者数、約6千人)、を行い、それをデータベース化した。

著者

丸山 文裕 両角 亜希子 福留 東土 小林 雅之 秦 由美子 藤村 正司 大場 淳

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

基盤研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

2016-04-01

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大学へのファンディングと大学経営管理改革との関係を検討するのが本研究の目的である。平成29年度は、一つには、日本において大学へのファンディングの方法の変化が、大学での研究生産性に及ぼす影響を考察した。大学へのファンディングは、国立大学への運営費交付金など基盤的経費の削減と、他方科学研究費補助金などの競争的資金の増加にシフトしているが、それが研究の生産性にマイナスの効果を持つことを、専門分野の異なる全国の大学の研究者にアンケート調査することによって得られたデータにより証明した。また平成29年秋の参議院選挙まえに突如争点となった自民党や有識者会議「人生100年時代構想会議」等が主張する教育無償化について、それが高等教育機関の経営管理に対する影響も含め、検討した。教育無償化案は、大学進学者や大学経営にポジティブな影響をもたらすものと推測されるが、一方で政府財政の立て直しや、大学に配分される研究費にとって、必ずしもポジティブな効果をもたらさないことを論じた。消費税増税分の一部を無償化に回すことで、国際公約となっている公的債務削減が遅れ、政府財政の健全化に支障をきたすこと。また文教予算のうち高等教育無償化を推進するため、日本学生支援機構への奨学金事業費が増加するものの、その分国立大学運営費交付金および私立大学への経常費補助金が削減される可能性があること、の2つが危惧される。以上2つの研究成果は、論文として平成29年度に公表した。

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.182-199, 1987-09-30 (Released:2011-03-18)

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

2023-04-01

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育学会

雑誌

教育学研究 (ISSN:03873161)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.509-523, 2019 (Released:2020-06-12)

参考文献数

46

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本稿は、PISA学力調査2015の30ヶ国のデータから、数学得点と大学進学期待を事例にしてR.ブードンの格差生成の2段階説の検証から日本的特徴を再考する。日本の高1は、PISA学力調査で高得点を維持してきたが、家族資本の恵まれた生徒ほど「試験不安」が強く、PISA高得点の代償になっている。「試験不安」が「達成動機」を媒介して数学得点を押し上げる間接効果があるからである。一方で、学校内部と学校間で家族資本による格差拡大を緩和する「補償効果」が存在する。

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.27-48, 2009-11-30 (Released:2015-06-03)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3 2

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In a society like Japan, where half of students graduating from high school go on to college, there seems to be a universal belief that anyone who wishes to can gain access to college. In line with this, higher education policy has been directed toward increasing the quality of education. As a consequence, less attention seems to have been given to the ideal of equal opportunities for higher education. However, parental financial support for children has been pushed to the limit because of decreasing public finance and rising tuition at private universities.Yet there has been little systematic investigation of economic disparities in access to universities and the potential of equal opportunity policy. This article attempts to fill this gap. The 2005 National Students? Career Survey (NSCS) data set, which consists of the data from 4,000 high school seniors and their parents filled by random sampling, provides materials for examining these issues.We first estimated the marginal effect of the "achievement-income" dummy variables, high school rank, sex, and parent? s education on the probability of university attendance. Secondly, in order to examine the role of national universities, which are supposed to enroll students with "high academic achievement and low-income," we examined mobility patterns of application and admission among respondents as a function of city size, and university type (national/private). After examining the relationship between these patterns, we reported the results of the logit model to predict the marginal effect on four outcomes (national/private, home/away). We then investigated the effectiveness of scholarship loan programs (category 2 loans from JASSO, which bear interest) on the probability of university attendance. And finally, to clarify the reason not of "risk aversion" but of why parents go into debt, and to identify the latent group which applies for the loan program, a latent class analysis was used.The major findings are as follows: (1) Economic inequality in access to university education still exists after controlling other factors. (2) National universities guarantee post-secondary opportunities for students with "high academic achievement and low-income." (3) Student loan programs based on prior applications do not increase the accessibility of low-income students to colleges. These results show that, rather than loans themselves acting as an incentive, parents who have already intended to enroll their children into university apply for the loan program. (4) Parents who are willing to go into debt belong to a latent class, which are characterized as low-or middle-income, upward mobility.These findings show that the tight financial conditions facing higher education since the 1990s have changed the incentive structure by creating policies that give low-income families incentives comparable to those of higher-income families. Therefore, guaranteeing college opportunities for the low-income students, and extending opportunities for individual choice, are important problem for higher education policy.

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学高等教育研究開発センター

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.99-115, 2011

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Why has the percentage of women enrolled at university always been lower than that of men, even at a time of universal provision? Although the differences in participation rates between men and women have been well documented, less is understood about why this is so. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure of university attendance in Japan from the viewpoint of sibling order and sex. Using the 2005 National High School Parent Survey, the effects of ability, parental income, the number of siblings, birth order, and parental altruistic attitude towards university attendance and expenditure, were investigated. The parental survey sought information on family background, and included questions relating to parents' willingness or obligations in paying for the education of their 18 year-old children. Although the extent to which parents invest in their children has long been recognized as integral to status attainment or human capital theory, that investment has rarely been examined directly. Special emphasis was placed on the role of two parameters: the number of siblings and their birth order, and parents' altruistic attitude. The major findings are as follows:(1) Resource-dilution hypothesis was supported by the data. There was an inverse relationship between the number of siblings and out-of-school expenses, and to an aspiration to attend college, which were attributed to a reduction in the availability of family resources available for each child. (2) An examination of the effect of birth order proved that if other variables were controlled, parents held less aspiration for, and spent less on out-of-school expenses for, their later-born daughters than for their sons. This alternative resource allocation suggests that parents prefer having sons to daughters in order to solve any contradictions between equality and efficiency among siblings.(3) Disparity between college attendance and non-college attendance is affected by the adequacy of family income and this has a greater effect on the aspirations of women than it does for men. (4) Parents may attempt to equalize educational attainment among their offspring. If older sons have attended college, parents hope their younger brothers will also do so. However, this depolarizing effect worked only for males, since daughters were more likely to resemble their non-college brothers and sisters. (5) While parents' altruistic attitudes (fear of incurring a loan on behalf of their daughter) had a negative effect on the probability of their daughters attending college, it did have a positive effect on the payment of college tuition and the cost of living.These classical findings show that inequality of educational opportunity still remains more or less constant between sons and daughters within the same family even during the era of universal provision.

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.57-72, 2015-03

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A quarter century has passed since the politics of expanding graduate school was promoted by MEXT in Japan. However, the number of applicants and enrollments of graduate students had already peaked by 2000, apart from the time of the Lehman shock. The politics of expansion has brought about various consequences and has arrived at a 'turning point'. The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues of phenomenal enrollment expansion in postgraduate education and to clarify where we presently are. The main findings are as follows; 1) The puzzling fact about Doctoral Courses (DCs) in Japan is that the supply (quota) for such education has continued to rise since the 1990's, although demand for that has been rapidly decreasing since 2000 except for engineering, where employment prospects have been guaranteed. Part of the explanation lies in the fact that the DCs have been considered to develop highly professional human resources regardless of the employment market. 2) Even though the demand for DCs is decreasing, quota regulation by MEXT, which brings capacity close to one hundred percent, makes the quality of graduate students spoiled. 3) The DCs ratio of students going on to higher schools has been increasing, because the numbers of students (denominator) who proceed to MCs has expanded and unemployment has worsened career prospects in academia. So, the number of students who repeat the same grade has doubled since 2000's. 4) Evolution of working adult students and women in graduate school. Today, ten percent of MCs and forty percent of DCs students are adult workers. Thirty years ago, few women chose careers in postgraduate study. In 2013 the ratio of female students of both MCs and DCs doubled in most fields. These findings suggest that there are excessive functions included in Master's programs and that drastic reform is necessary for Japanese Graduate Education to maintain its quality and effectiveness in the changing global economy.

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

RIHE

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, pp.1-13, 2003-03-31

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

RIHE

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, pp.47-66, 2013-04-30

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

新潟大学教育学部

雑誌

新潟大学教育学部紀要 人文・社会科学編 (ISSN:02883414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.p1-9, 1987

著者

藤村 正司

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.27-48, 2009-11-30

被引用文献数

2

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In a society like Japan, where half of students graduating from high school go on to college, there seems to be a universal belief that anyone who wishes to can gain access to college. In line with this, higher education policy has been directed toward increasing the quality of education. As a consequence, less attention seems to have been given to the ideal of equal opportunities for higher education. However, parental financial support for children has been pushed to the limit because of decreasing public finance and rising tuition at private universities. Yet there has been little systematic investigation of economic disparities in access to universities and the potential of equal opportunity policy. This article attempts to fill this gap. The 2005 National Students' Career Survey (NSCS) data set, which consists of the data from 4,000 high school seniors and their parents filled by random sampling, provides materials for examining these issues. We first estimated the marginal effect of the "achievement-income" dummy variables, high school rank, sex, and parent's education on the probability of university attendance. Secondly, in order to examine the role of national universities, which are supposed to enroll students with "high academic achievement and low-income," we examined mobility patterns of application and admission among respondents as a function of city size, and university type (national/private). After examining the relationship between these patterns, we reported the results of the logit model to predict the marginal effect on four outcomes (national/private, home/away). We then investigated the effectiveness of scholarship loan programs (category 2 loans from JASSO, which bear interest) on the probability of university attendance. And finally, to clarify the reason not of "risk aversion" but of why parents go into debt, and to identify the latent group which applies for the loan program, a latent class analysis was used. The major findings are as follows: (1) Economic inequality in access to university education still exists after controlling other factors. (2) National universities guarantee post-secondary opportunities for students with "high academic achievement and low-income." (3) Student loan programs based on prior applications do not increase the accessibility of low-income students to colleges. These results show that, rather than loans themselves acting as an incentive, parents who have already intended to enroll their children into university apply for the loan program. (4) Parents who are willing to go into debt belong to a latent class, which are characterized as low-or middle-income, upward mobility. These findings show that the tight financial conditions facing higher education since the 1990s have changed the incentive structure by creating policies that give low-income families incentives comparable to those of higher-income families. Therefore, guaranteeing college opportunities for the low-income students, and extending opportunities for individual choice, are important problem for higher education policy.