文献一覧: 日本科学史学会 (出版者)

The problem of the units of X-ray exposure originated from the fact that therapists wished to grasp the relationship between the quantity of irradiated X-ray and its effect on medical treatment, and to make a comparative study of each therapeutic result by the same measure. This problem was an interdisciplinary one between physics and radiotherapeutics. In 1925, the Radiological Society of North America settled the Committee on Standardization of X-ray Measurements to study the problem of measuring X-rays, and to guide the members of the Society. The committee was composed of physicists and radiologists in equal number. They developed a large-sized standard chamber and a portable one. L. S. Tayler transported the portable chamber to Europe and by using it he compared and exmined British, German and French standard chambers, confirming that each of them could be used as a common standard chamber. Based on these facts the ICRU presented the Annex to the recommendations of 1934 on the standard measuring apparatus. It was shown by physicists that the effect on the human body was not represented only by the quantity of irradiated X-rays and that a description of the quality of X-rays was indispensable. As radiologists' understanding deepend, they came to actively submit proposals to radiological societies in the 1930's. Taking their opinions into consideration, the ICRU recommendations which were practicable for medical purposes were issued in 1937. The effort of American and British radiological societies for a better solution beyond disciplines is suggestive in dealing with interdisciplinary issues.

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 高野長英『泰西地震説』と蘭書原典

著者: 野村正雄
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.219, pp.151-157, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

TAKANO Choei, one of the progressive scientists in Tokugawa Japan, wrote in around 1830 an essay entitled by Taisei-Jishin-Setsu (Remarks on Earthquakes in Europe). We find that the essay is Japanese translation of the article "AARDBEEVING " (EARTHQUAKE) of the academic dictionary in the Netherland, Nieuw en Volkomen Woordenboek van Konsten en Weetenschappen (New Popular Dictionary on Science) edited by Egbert Buys in 1769-1778. The article is as lengthy as 202 lines. A serious misunderstanding is found in TAKANO's translation, which would be overlooked but for the Dutch original. We point out also that the TAKANO's essay was copied, though slightly modified, in Rigaku-Teiyo the famous scientific book written by HIROSE Genkyo in 1856.

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 故・藪内清先生の業績と略歴(アゴラ)

著者: 宮島一彦
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.219, pp.158-160, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA シンポジウム:新科目「理科基礎」の実施に向けて : 科学史研究の役割(2001年度年会報告)

著者: 兵藤友博中村邦光江田稔梶雅範藤岡和男北林雅洋
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.219, pp.161-170, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 第48回日本科学史学会年会・総会報告

出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.219, pp.171-177, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 紹介

出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.219, pp.182-190, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 古代インドの運動論 : 運動の種類について

著者: 大網功
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.220, pp.193-204, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

In the ancient Indian movement theory, all movements were epistemologically considered as momentary movements. Continuous movement was understood as a series of momentary movements caused by a volitional effort or a propulsive power. Momentary movements in the Indian movement theory are classified into five kinds. These are moving upwards, moving downwards, bending, stretching and going. This movement theory is described in the work, Prasastapadabhasya, written in the sixth century A.D. In this paper I would like to explain what kinds of movements these five momentary movements are (1); and consider the reason why these five movements were chosen as the fundamental kinds of movement (2). (1) The "going " is a movement in which the direction is not specified by volitional effort. The other four movements are movements in which the directions is determined in the vertical direction by a specific volitional effort. A number of movements were classified as the "going " kind of movement in the work, Prasastapadabhasya. In the Indian movement theory the direction of movement of matter in the transverse direction was not specified by a volitional effort, because in the transverse direction, matter could be moved in various directions through a volitional effort.(2) In the Indian movement theory, the momentary changes of place on the moved matter which were brought by the momentary movements of matter were considered as important attributes of movement. In this theory, the fundamental kinds of movements were recognized from an objective point of view. And from this viewpoint all movements were objectively classified into two kinds; the movement in which the direction was determined by a specific volitional effort and the movement in which the direction was not specified by volitional effort. Moreover, the determined direction of movement of matter was in the vertical direction objectively. It seems that the above five movements, namely, moving upwards, moving downwards, bending, stretching, and going, were chosen as the fundamental kinds of movements in the ancient Indian movement theory.

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 「新しい岩石学」の第二次大戦前の日本岩石学界への「新しい岩石学」の第二次大戦前の日本岩石学界への導入過程 : 坪井誠太郎によるBowen火成岩成因論研究導入過程 : 坪井誠太郎によるBowen火成岩成因論研究

著者: 栃内文彦杉山滋郎
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.220, pp.205-214, 2001 (Released:2021-08-16)

Seitaro Tsuboi, a professor of petrology at the Imperial University of Tokyo, played the central role in introducing Bowen's theory to the petrological community in Japan before World War II. Influenced by his predecessors, Tsuboi became interested in so called "new petrology " employing physicochemical methods. To Tsuboi, Bowen's theory was the most important amoung them. Based on both his uniquely developed optical method to examine minerals and his own research philosophy, he could add more details to Bowen's theory. Facts suggest that Tsuboi's study was received certain recognition in his days. However, it does not mean that Bowen's theory was either well accepted or deeply understood since such a "new petrology " was not necessary for the majority of researchers who employed traditional descriptive methods. Although no strong dislike to Bowen's theory came up, some petrologists felt somewhat uneasy about the research methods. Nevertheless, there were not serious controversies between Tsuboi and those scholars partly because their understanding the theory and physicochemical methods was not deep enough to develop effective criticisms and partly because the theory and Tsuboi's methods were not widely penetrated into the community. However, after World War II, serious controversies around the theory came up where Tsuboi was criticized as a man of formalism who neglected the observed facts. The fact was that Tsuboi actually always kept it in his mind that Bowen's theory was neither perfect nor absolutely true; therefore, he pursued the logical clarity between theoretically induced ideas and observed facts. These will be discussed in later papers.

2022-09-25 05:46:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 旧日本海軍における戦時技術対策の特徴 : 第2次大戦期の実用レーダーを事例に

著者: 河村豊
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.218, pp.75-86, 2001 (Released:2021-08-17)

This paper shows the actural circumstances of Japanese naval radar and their wartime urgent measures for radar. At the end of war Japanese naval radar was widely spread over. : about 250 land-based radar sites, 100 million yen costs, 30 radar types, 500 radar officers and 10 thousand radar operators. For the purpose of that, Japanese navies took the counter plan from the half time of the war. The main urgent measures of this are as follows. THe first, many young naval officers graduated from university got into the naval radar school which named Fujisawa Kaigun Densoku Gakkou (Naval Radar School) established on September 1944 at Kanagawa Prefecture. The second, the new naval manufacture for radar named Numazu Kaigun Khosho (Navy Yard) established on June 1943 at Shizuoka Prefecture. The third, the radar was designed simply for the purpose of easy carriage, reasonable cost and long time operation. The typical radar was the Mark 1 Model 3 radar which was operating at 150 MHZ, peak power 10 KW. So many radar sites were constructed at pacific coasts of Japan, but there was no radar war with United States because of the Japanese primitive radar.

2022-09-25 05:45:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 理研の「ウラニウム爆弾」構想 : 第二次世界大戦期の日本の核兵器研究

著者: 山崎正勝
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.218, pp.87-96, 2001 (Released:2021-08-17)

Soon after the dropping of the Hiroshima bomb, Yoshio Nishina, an experimental physicist who was in charge of the Army's development of nuclear weapons at Riken, the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, could understand that it was an atomic bomb because its energy release given in Truman's statement coincided with the one that his colleague Hidehiko Tamaki estimated a few years ago. This suggests that they knew of the magnitude of nuclear explosions. Uraniumu bakudan (uranium bomb), Japanese physicists' bomb at the time, is, however, known to be a kind of nuclear reactor out of control. The "bomb" of this kind is not very powerful because it is based on a slow-neutron reaction. This paper challenges to reproduce Japanese physicists' calculations at the time, and shows that they thought that they could explode their uraniumu bakudan, a slow- reactor bomb, with a quite high efficiency. This led them to expect that the energy release from their bomb would be of 20 K ton TNT equivalence that accidentally coincided with the energy release of the Hiroshima bomb.

2022-09-25 05:45:00
1 はてなブックマーク

1 0 0 0 OA 新城新蔵の銀河概念の確立過程

著者: 株本訓久
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.40, no.218, pp.97-103, 2001 (Released:2021-08-17)

In this paper, the author investigated how S.Shinjyo established his conception of the nature of our Galaxy and of spiral nebulae. S.Shinjyo founded the Institute of Cosmical Physics at Kyoto Imperial University, the second laboratory of astronomy in Japan. From 1915 to 1927, he studied the theoretical stellar evolution and established the eccentric nucleus theory that explained how the Cepheid Variables changed their brightness. In his papers, he mentioned not only stellar evolution but also the nature of our Galaxy and of spiral nebulae. Many astronomers were doing similar work at this time. The author focuses our attention to 18 papers by S.Shinjyo. It is important not only to investigate his papers so as to track the establishment of his conception but also to look at other contemporary Japanese papers on conception of the nature of our Galaxy and spiral nebulae. In his 1915 paper, he wrote that our Galaxy has a diameter of 6,600 light years and a spiral structure, and that spiral nebulae is anoter Galaxy. The 1916 paper proposed that our Galaxy didn't have a spiral structure but an ellipse structure. In the 1922 paper, he extended our Galaxy's diameter to 30,000 light years and introduced Shapley's conception of the nature of our Galaxy. In 1925, S.Shinjyo applied Shapley's conception and showed that the spiral nebula is not another Galaxy but rather a large meteoric group. In 1927, S.Shinjyo introduced Hubble's study of M31 explaining that it is 1,000,000 light years away and 45,000 light years in diameter. This means that he agreed the spiral nebula was indeed another Galaxy. Shapley's and Hubble's works influenced S.Shinjyo's work on spiral nebulae. This didn't mean that S.Shinjyo only followed the tendency of international astronomy. He integrated these conceptions, because they were not incompatible with his stellar evolution. But, this literature review generally shows that observational astronomy in Japan depended on the research tendencies of large telescope observational astronomy in America.