著者

KAE KOGANEBUCHI TAKAFUMI KATSUMURA SHIGEKI NAKAGOME HAJIME ISHIDA SHOJI KAWAMURA HIROKI OOTA THE ASIAN ARCHIVAL DNA REPOSITORY CONSORTIUM

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.3, pp.199-208, 2012 (Released:2012-12-21)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

15 18

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Understanding the phylogenetic relationship between Hokkaido Ainu and Ryukyu islanders has been of great interest in human genetics, archaeology, and anthropology. We examined short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms on autosomes and Y-chromosomes for Ainu, and compared this with data from Ryukyu islanders. A statistical test for nine autosomal (A-STR) loci gave no indication that the Ainu had experienced any bottleneck effect(s). The genetic distances (Rst) based on the A-STR data consistently showed substantial differentiation between the Ainu and all other populations. The haplotype analysis based on Y-chromosomal (Y-STR) data revealed 10 distinct haplotypes found in 19 Ainu males; 7 out of 10 were Ainu-specific haplotypes, whereas two haplotypes were shared with two males from main-island Okinawa and Miyako island, respectively, indicating a strong, close relationship between the Ainu and the Ryukyu islanders. The time to the most recent common ancestor of the Y-lineages obtained in the Ainu and the Ryukyu islanders was estimated to be 37745 years ago. Overall, the A-STR showed uniqueness of the Ainu, and the Y-STR haplotypes revealed strong evidence for a link between the two indigenous populations of the Hokkaido and the Ryukyu islands.

著者

SHUICHI NAGATA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.1, pp.45-57, 2006 (Released:2006-04-18)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

3 5

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After a long interruption due to the Pacific War and Malayan Emergency, anthropological research on the foraging populations of southern Thailand and northern Malaysia was resumed with renewed vigor by Thai, Malaysian, and international scholars. However, the link between recent findings and those reported by earlier workers in the region is often not made explicit. One difficulty in constructing a clear linkage is the lack of unambiguous identities or ‘names’ of the foraging groups under investigation. The present paper addresses this problem, examining the ‘names’ of the Sakai and Semang subgroups reported in the literature, evaluating the status of their referents, and discussing the reasons why subgroup names have been obscure.

著者

百々 幸雄 松崎 水穂

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.1, pp.73-78, 1982 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

17

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北海道上ノ国町洲崎館跡より15世紀中葉の珠洲焼系の擂鉢を被って発見された成年男性頭骨は,形質人類学上,和人頭骨とみなすことができる。顔面部には現代的な特徴も見受けられるが,脳頭腎の著しい長頭性や鼻根部の扁平性は,中世的な特徴を表わしていると思われる。

著者

ICHIROU TANAKA HARUO TAKEFUSHI

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.2, pp.187-193, 1993 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

93 106

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Grooming behavior was studied from September 1990 to May 1992 in the provisioned troop of free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan. By confiscating what macaques picked up during grooming, we found that macaques pick up lice (Pedicinus obtusus and Pedicinus eurygaster) and the eggs of lice and eat them. Slow motion video replays were used to discriminate the prey of grooming. Most (98.9%) of what Japanese macaques picked up and ate during grooming were the eggs of lice. Hence, allogrooming has an altruistic function to eliminate the external parasites on others. In particular, grooming of infants by mothers appears to be important maternal care. On the other hand, in Japanese macaques, grooming is also insect-feeding behavior, and such selfish benefit may favor grooming under individual natural selection.

著者

小田 静夫 Charles T. KEALLY

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.3, pp.325-361, 1986 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

1 4

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日本の旧石器時代の研究において,一つの関心事は日本列島に最初に渡来した人類の問題であろう.現在多数の研究者は1万-3万年前頃の旧石器時代人類の存在は認めているが,3万年以前に遡るとされる所謂「前期旧石器時代」になると,その存在に賛否両論があり現在未解決の問題として残されている.日本の前期旧石器時代については,1969年頃から芹沢長介により本格的に研究され始め,全国に遺跡,遺物の発見があった.しかし,ここ数年,岡村道雄•鎌田俊昭らが宮城県内で推進している「新たな前期旧石器時代」の提唱は,芹沢により研究されてきた本来の「前期旧石器問題」を解決させることなく,これこそ真の石器であり,遺跡も完壁なものであると力説する.現在宮城県内で33ヵ所の前期旧石器時代遺跡が発見されており,その中でも座散乱木,馬場壇A,志引,中峯C,北前,山田上ノ台遺跡等が有名である.

著者

森本 岩太郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.4, pp.367-374, 1971 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2 2

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愛媛県上黒岩岩陰遺跡出土の,縄文早期中葉に属する12~14歳の若年者1体の脛骨は,扁平度が強く,VALLOIS 法による脛指数は54.7を示した.これに対し,日本各地で得られた縄文後•晩期の同年齢者6体の脛指数の平均は77.7であり,扁平脛骨は1例もみられない.一般に扁平脛骨は思春期以後に発現する形質とされているので,上黒岩岩陰の若年者の扁平脛骨は,縄文早期人が後•晩期人よりやや早熟の傾向をもつことを物語るものとして注目される.この上黒岩の若年者の扁平脛骨では,骨幹の周径に対する横断面積の比率が,縄文後•晩期若年者の脛骨に比べて小さく,骨質の不足がうかがわれる.若年者の場合だけでなく,上黒岩岩陰の縄文早期に属する成人7体の脛骨も,各地で得られた縄文後•晩期の成人113体に比べると,骨幹が細い.脛骨骨幹横断形の変異が,下肢運動に対する脛骨の栄養学的•構築学的反応の表われであるとするならば,上黒岩岩陰の若年者の扁平脛骨は,縄文早期の生活条件が後•晩期に比べていっそうきびしかったことを反映するもののように思われ,興味深い.

著者

横山 真太郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.347-355, 1978 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

56

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北海道に生育した群(HK群)とそれ以外の群(非HK群)から成る被験者について,至適環境から寒冷環境移行に伴なう shivering による局所筋産熱と循環機能の心拍数変化を検討した。心拍数評価では,諸家の報告の検討を経て,それが冷刺激による副交感神経性の抑制と産熱の酸素消費増大に伴なう運動時と同様な交感神経性と思われる促進との拮抗関係の上に成り立ち,下降は個体全身にとって軽度の,上昇は重度の寒冷環境条件に対応していると考えるに至った。その観点に立って両群の寒冷適応の異同の説明を試みた。筋電図による局所筋産熱の評価では今回の設定条件においてHK群は体幹部のみを中心に増大していること,及び非HK群ではHK群と同様なグループと体幹部並びに下肢部の筋に増大がみられるグループに分かれ,両群には差異が存在することが明らかとなった。併せて,軽度と重度との間の心拍数の変動に関して,至適時に比して余り変化のない場合と増加状態へ転ずる場合の違いは,shivering が体幹部のみならず四肢部特に下肢部の巨大な筋にまで波及しているか否かによると考えられ,寒冷環境下の心拍数変化の意味付けが深まった。

著者

鈴木 隆雄

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.4, pp.321-336, 1978 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

9 11

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筆者は,縄文時代から江戸時代に至る日本人の脊柱188例について,古病理学的研究をおこなった。変形性脊椎症,腰仙移行椎,潜在性脊椎披裂症,シユモール軟骨結節については,時代別,年令別,性別及び椎柱の部位別の出現頻度などを観察し,疫学的な解釈を試みた。さらに結核性脊椎炎(脊椎カリエス),強直性脊椎関節炎,骨折,奇形などの興味ある病理学的変化を認め,これらについて記載を行なった。とくに結核性脊椎炎の発見例については,これまでに知られていた例と同様古墳時代のものであり,本症が弥生から古墳時代にかけて大陸文化の移入にともなって,本邦にもたらされたものと推論した。強直性脊椎関節炎の例は江戸時代のもので,日本における最初の古病理学的発見例である。

著者

KAE KOGANEBUCHI HIROKI OOTA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.1, pp.59-69, 2021 (Released:2021-04-27)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

2 2

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Ancient DNA analysis became paleogenomics once high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to ancient DNA sequencing. Paleogenomics based on whole-genome information from Neanderthals and Denisovans showed that small fragments of these genomes remain in the modern human genome, and corresponding studies of anatomical modern humans clarified the history of migration and expansion among Homo sapiens. Due to geographical and environmental conditions, paleogenomic studies have fallen behind in Eastern compared with Western Eurasia. Recently, however, various capture sequencing techniques, which can enrich ancient DNA, have been used in East Eurasia, and the field of paleogenomics has been further developed. This review briefly introduces the history of ancient DNA analysis leading to paleogenomics, outlines three sequencing stages (partial, draft, and complete genome sequencing) and capture methods, and discusses the necessity of high-quality sequencing for paleogenomes of Eastern Eurasia.

著者

YASUHIRO YAMADA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.220326, (Released:2022-05-19)

著者

YASUHIRO YAMADA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2202192, (Released:2022-05-19)

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Archaeological study of the social structure of the Jomon period has advanced through discoveries about the relative positions of graves, the presence or absence therein of accessories and grave goods, head orientations of corpses, types of tooth extraction, and so on. In recent years, research using anthropological information—both physical and biological—obtained from excavated human bones has begun to elucidate the social structures of that time. This approach is called bioarchaeology. In the analysis of the social structure of the Jomon period, bioarchaeology has three principal uses: to reconstruct burial subgroups by 14C dating of human bones; to estimate genetic relationships between adjacent human bones; and to estimate the proportion of migrants in the overall population. Here, I review the analysis of the cemetery of the Odake shell-mound as an example of bioarchaeological research while touching on the history of archaeological research of Jomon social structure.

著者

DAISUKE WAKU TAKASHI GAKUHARI KAE KOGANEBUCHI MINORU YONEDA OSAMU KONDO TADAYUKI MASUYAMA YASUHIRO YAMADA HIROKI OOTA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.220129, (Released:2022-05-19)

被引用文献数

2

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A draft whole genome sequence of a Jomon woman from the Ikawazu shell-mound site has been reported recently. The adult woman, IK002, was excavated with a child, IK001. Because of the burial situation with the child located above the adult, the two individuals were thought to be a mother–child relationship. In this study, we conducted a target capture sequencing, and obtained 258-fold coverage of the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of IK001. Comparing the mtDNA nucleotide sequences of IK001 and IK002, we found these were unambiguously different from each other. Thus, the mitogenome sequence analysis clarified that both have a non-mother–child relationship. This result sheds new light on the relationship between burial and kinship in Jomon archaeology.

著者

Takehiro Sato Tetsuya Amano Hiroko Ono Hajime Ishida Haruto Kodera Hirofumi Matsumura Minoru Yoneda Ryuichi Masuda

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.3, pp.171-180, 2009 (Released:2009-12-17)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

38 44

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In order to further understand the genetic status of the Okhotsk people, who were distributed in southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea during the 5th–13th centuries, nucleotide variations in the hypervariable region (HVR) and the coding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed. Targeting the coding regions provides reliable genetic information even from ancient DNAs that may have suffered post-mortem damage. MtDNA haplogroups of 38 individuals were classified according to mtDNA lineages known in northeastern Asian people. Comparisons of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies between the Okhotsk people and other Asian populations revealed that the genetic structures of the Okhotsk people are very similar to those of populations currently living around lower regions of the Amur River and the Ainu of Hokkaido. The results support our previous study on molecular phylogeny of mtDNA HVR 1 sequences, and strongly suggest that the Okhotsk people originated around the lower regions of the Amur River and became an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu.

著者

MICHAEL PIETRUSEWSKY

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.0407120010, (Released:2004-07-13)

被引用文献数

15 16

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Stepwise discriminant function and Mahalanobis' generalized distance analyses were applied to 29 cranial measurements in six female cranial series from the Ryukyu Islands and ten female cranial series representing modern and prehistoric Japanese and the Ainu. Two separate comparisons were made: the first compares Ryukyu Island cranial series and the second compares 16 cranial series from Japan. The results of this analysis have been used to investigate the biological relationships of the modern and near-modern indigenous inhabitants of the Ryukyu Islands and the modern and prehistoric inhabitants of Japan's main islands. These new multivariate craniometric results are similar to those reported in a previous study that utilized male craniometric data. Overall, the Ryukyu cranial series are generally closest to a cluster consisting of Yayoi, Kofun, and medieval Kamakura cranial series, suggesting these populations were influenced by immigrants from the north. Modern Japanese, Jomon, and Ainu cranial series are well differentiated from each other and from the Ryukyu series. The Jomon are closest to the Ainu, and together these two are the most differentiated groups compared. As in the male results, the female results do not support a connection between Ainu, Jomon, and Ryukyu Island series.

著者

ダーウィン チャールス 田中 茂穂

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

東京人類學會雜誌 (ISSN:18847641)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.258, pp.495-514, 1907-09-20 (Released:2010-06-28)

著者

河内 まき子 小泉 清隆

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.4, pp.405-416, 1992 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

4 4

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現代日本人頭骨計測値の地域性に影響を与える要因として,計測誤差,標本のサンプリングによる偏り,時代変化がある.計測誤差およびサンプリングにより生じる差をコントロールとして集団間差の大きさを評価し,現代日本人頭骨にみられる地域差と時代差の関連を検討することを目的として,現代日本人頭骨研究班による近世アイヌをふくむ日本人15集団間の差を分析した.計測誤差とサンプリングによる差のためのコントロールとして東京都出土の江戸時代後期の男性頭骨延べ13集団を用いた.また,江戸時代以後における頭骨計測値の時代変化を調べるために,江戸時代および現代日本人頭骨を比較した.計測誤差が小さい項目を用いた多変量解析の結果,現代日本人頭骨の集団間差は計測誤差よりはるかに大きく,全体としてみればサンプリングによる差に比べても大きい.資料の収集年度を検討すると,クラスター分析の結果に基づくアイヌを除く現代日本人14集団のグループ分けは時代変化の影響をかなり強く受けていると考えられる.判別分析の結果によれば,このグループ分けに最も大きな影響をもつ項目は頭骨最大幅である.統計的に有意な集団問差を示す項目の多くは時代変化をも示すたあ,明治から昭和時代にかけて集められた頭骨資料に基づいて,時代変化の影響をとり除いた地域差を分析することは難しいであろう.

著者

MUHAMMAD SHOAIB AKHTAR RYUICHI ASHINO HIROKI OOTA HAJIME ISHIDA YOSHIHITO NIIMURA KAZUSHIGE TOUHARA AMANDA D. MELIN SHOJI KAWAMURA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.211024, (Released:2022-01-20)

被引用文献数

3

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The olfactory receptor (OR) gene family is comprised of hundreds of intact and disrupted genes in humans. The compositions and copy number variation (CNV) of disrupted and intact OR genes among individuals is expected to cause variation in olfactory perception. However, little is known about OR genetic variation in many human populations. In this study, we used targeted capture enrichment and massive parallel short-read sequencing methods to examine genetic variation of OR genes, as well as of neutral genome regions as references, for 69 anonymized unrelated Japanese individuals. The capture probes were designed for 398 intact OR genes in the human reference genome hg38, and 85 neutral references. Probes were also designed for four unannotated and 99 ‘nearly-intact’ (hg38-pseudo) OR genes in hg38 and 53 chimpanzee OR genes in the Pantro3.0 genome database with no orthologs in hg38. All the hg38 OR genes and one Pantro 3.0 OR gene were retrieved. The mean sequencing depth was significantly higher than that of the 1000 Genomes Project. A total of 30 OR genes from hg38-intact and hg38-pseudo categories were newly found to be segregating pseudogenes. One hg38-pseudo OR gene was intact in all individuals. CNV was detected in 63 OR genes. Tajima’s D analysis for OR genes and neutral references was consistent with balancing selection to maintain allelic differences in intact OR genes. These results demonstrate that the targeted capture by probes with diversity-oriented design is far more effective than a whole-genome approach to retrieve OR genes and achieve high-depth sequencing and thus to reveal polymorphisms for the OR multigene family. The composition of OR genes in the human reference genome hg38 does not necessarily represent those in many humans, implying higher perceptual variation than previously thought. The current study inspires further investigation with a similar approach at a global scale.

著者

ANGELA R. LIEVERSE DAISUKE KUBO REBECCA L. BOURGEOIS HIROFUMI MATSUMURA MINORU YONEDA HAJIME ISHIDA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2108281, (Released:2021-11-16)

被引用文献数

1

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This paper discusses a probable case of pediatric mandibular osteomyelitis (OM) from the east Hokkaido Okhotsk (5th–13th century AD) site of Moyoro, Japan. The remains of a young child present an unusual mandibular lesion exhibiting two main features: (1) cortical thickening reflecting periosteal new bone formation, and (2) lytic alveolar destruction with associated antemortem tooth loss. The lesion was examined macroscopically, microscopically, and via computed tomography imaging. A differential diagnosis—considering lesion appearance, location, and the age of the child—is most consistent with OM, while alveolar and dental involvement suggest an odontogenic source such as an infected tooth germ. The infection appears to have been active at the time of death and chronic (i.e. of 4+ weeks) in duration, an interpretation supported by enamel hypoplastic evidence of physiological stress in the preceding 12–18 months. The lesion’s unique appearance highlights the diverse manifestation of OM, especially in the jaws and in the absence of modern therapeutic treatment. Despite being considered a relatively common condition among non-adult individuals in the past, surprisingly few cases of pediatric OM have been reported from archaeological contexts. This case, only the second documented on a mandible, contributes to the general paucity of paleopathological literature on OM.

著者

住谷 靖

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.215-233, 1959-10-20 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

15 20

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A statistic survey on morphological and numerical anomalies was carried out in 2464 males and 1586 females. The study aims to figure out the tendency and grade of regressive as well as progressive anomalies of the teeth in the Japanese. Following items are examined.a) Anomalous tubercles such as the tubercle of Carabelli, paramolar tubercle, protostylid, distomolar tubercle, and central tubercle.b) Anomalies in the tooth shape such as reduced type, dwarf teeth, and fused teeth.c) Supernumerary teeth, congenital missing of teeth, and persistence of the milk teeth.The results obtained are shown in tables 2-14.The comparison of these values with those in the Japanese reported by previous authors revealed that in some items values were similar among the authors while in others values showed considerable difference from author to author. This difference may probably be due to statistically too few materials.From the anthropological point of view the author feels it necessary to compare his results with those of other author's obtained in other races especially in Europeans on the one hand and the aboriginals of Africa and Australia on the other. But the author could scarcely find any publication dealing with identical items in any comparable ways. An exact comparison was therefore impossible.

著者

ROBIN N.M. FEENEY JOHN P. ZERMENO DONALD J. REID SYOZI NAKASHIMA HIROSHI SANO ARMASASTRA BAHAR JEAN-JACQUES HUBLIN TANYA M. SMITH

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.191-198, 2010 (Released:2010-12-21)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

25 35

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Dental enamel thickness continues to feature prominently in anthropological studies of ape and human evolution, as well as studies of preventative oral care and treatment. Traditional studies of enamel thickness require physical sectioning of teeth for linear and scaled measurements. Recent applications of microtomographic imaging allow scientists to employ larger and more diverse samples, including global samples of recent humans as well as fossil hominin teeth. Unfortunately, little is known about the degree of enamel thickness variation among human populations, particularly across the dentition. This study employed microtomography to virtually image, section, and quantify the average enamel thickness of a sample of clinically extracted Indonesian canine and premolar teeth. This virtual sample was compared to physically sectioned African and European teeth. The results demonstrate that average enamel thickness is similar among human dentitions; no significant differences were detected within tooth positions, which is surprising given developmental differences between European and African canines and premolars. When populations were combined, differences were found in average enamel thickness between maxillary and mandibular premolars, and between canines and premolars within both dental arcades. This finding is potentially due to differences in premolar morphology and a trend of increasing enamel thickness distally throughout the dentition. The finding of limited population variation within tooth positions and significant variation between tooth positions is consistent with previous two-dimensional and three-dimensional studies of human molar enamel thickness. Average enamel thickness in canines and premolars does not differ between the sexes in our sample, although male teeth tend to have larger enamel and dentine cross-sectional areas, enamel–dentine junction lengths, and bi-cervical diameters. Males have significantly greater dentine area and enamel–dentine junction length than females for maxillary canines and premolars. The results of this study suggest that enamel thickness values in mixed-populations of humans are appropriate for comparisons with fossil hominins.