出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

東京人類學會雜誌 (ISSN:18847641)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.35, pp.188c-188c, 1889 (Released:2011-07-01)

著者

埴原 和郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.3-17, 1970 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

6 13

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私はさきに,モーコ系人種の乳歯に共通して,他の人種よりとくに多く現われる形質を分析し,これらをまとめて乳歯の類モーコ形質群とよんだ(埴原,1966).同様な形質群は当然,永久歯にも存在すると予想されるが,現在のところ永久歯では,上顎切歯のシャベル型,下顎第1大臼歯の第6咬頭,第7咬頭ならびにprotostylid がこのような形質群の構成要素として考えられる.同時に,上顎第1大臼歯の CARABELLI 結節は乳歯と同様に Caucasoid に多く出現するので,これはコーカソイド形質群とよばれるべきものと考えられる.この論文では,このような形質群を基礎としてアイヌの歯冠形質の特徴を分析した.とくにシャベル型に関しては従来の肉眼的分類の代りに,切歯の舌側面窩の深さを直接計測する方法を試みた.今回対象としたアイヌの歯は少数ではあるが,家系調査の結果,ほとんど純血と考えてよい集団である.一般にアイヌでは,乳歯,永久歯ともに類モーコ形質群の頻度が高く,とくに日本人(和人)に近い特徴を示す.シャベル型の程度はやや弱いが,白人に比較するとかなり強いといえる.一方,白人に多い CARABELLI結節はアイヌには少なく,この点でもアイヌはモーコ系人種に近い.アイヌの歯に関してはさらに資料を追加しているので,今后は和人との混血集団に重点をおき,また資料数を増加して集団遺伝学的分析を行なう予定である.

著者

長岡 朋人 平田 和明 大平 里沙 松浦 秀治

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological science. Japanese series : journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon : 人類學雜誌 (ISSN:13443992)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.1, pp.25-34, 2008-06-01

被引用文献数

1 6

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中世人骨の形態的特徴の研究は,当時の人々の姿かたちを明らかにし,日本人の身体形質の時代的な移り変わりを解明するために重要である。本研究の目的は,中世人骨の四肢骨長に基づき身長推定を行うこと,中世人骨の身長推定に適切な推定式を検証すること,日本人の身長の時代的な移り変わりを再検討することである。資料は,鎌倉市由比ヶ浜南遺跡出土中世人男性59体,女性52体の上腕骨,橈骨,大腿骨,脛骨である。まず,各四肢骨長に基づき男性6種類,女性3種類の身長推定式から平均推定身長を求めた。次に,身長推定式を評価するために,男性6種類,女性3種類の各方法について,4長骨に基づく推定値の差異を分散分析で検討した。4長骨に基づく身長推定値の差異が小さい式は,男性では藤井の式,Trotter and Gleserのモンゴロイドの式,女性では藤井の式,佐宗・埴原の式であり,これらの式は中世人骨の身長推定に適していた。続いて,由比ヶ浜南遺跡の中世人骨に対して,藤井の大腿骨最大長の式に基づく身長推定を行い,他集団との比較を行った。その結果,男性では弥生時代人,古墳時代人との間に1%水準の有意差を認め,また,女性では弥生時代人との間に1%水準の有意差を,古墳時代人と近代人との間には5%水準の有意差を認めた。日本人の平均推定身長は古墳時代から明治時代の間に低くなる傾向が再確認された。<br>

著者

河内 まき子 持丸 正明

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological science. Japanese series : journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon : 人類學雜誌 (ISSN:13443992)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.1, pp.45-53, 2006-06-01

被引用文献数

2

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日本人の顔面平坦度が20世紀において変化したかどうかを明らかにするため,生年が約80年異なる男性二群(1894年群,1974年群)の顔面石膏模型を比較した。石膏採取時の年齢は大差ないが(平均年齢29.5歳,26.1歳),1894年群はデスマスク(N = 52),1974年群は座位で採取したライフマスク(N = 56)である。石膏模型上に11の計測点を定義し,それらの3次元座標値をデジタイザで取得し,顔面平坦度にかかわる8項目および4示数を算出した。両群の差をt-検定で検定した。1894年群のうち11体については,頭骨についても10の計測点座標値を取得し,6項目および3示数を算出した。頭骨からの対応する項目との間に有意な相関が系統的に認められた石膏からの項目は,眼窩内側間幅(mf間幅),鼻根―眼窩内側深さ(セリオン―mf深さ),鼻根―眼窩内側扁平示数(セリオン―mf扁平示数)だけであった。鼻根から眼窩内側,眼窩外側,眼裂外側までの深さと扁平示数に有意な群間差が認められ,いずれにおいても1974年群の方が深さが大きく,扁平示数が大きい,すなわち扁平傾向が小さかった。骨格と関連が認められた鼻根―眼窩内側深さと鼻根―眼窩内側扁平示数について,二群の差の原因として計測誤差,栄養状態の違いによる軟部の厚みの差の効果,石膏採取時の姿勢の違いについて検討した。これらだけでは群間差を説明できないことから,過去80年間に鼻根部形態は変化し,立体的になったと考えられる。<br>

著者

HIROAKI SATO KYOHEI KAWAMURA KOJI HAYASHI HIROYUKI INAI TARO YAMAGUCHI

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1201250125, (Released:2012-01-27)

被引用文献数

4 19

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We designed observational surveys of controlled foraging trips of Baka hunter-gatherers in Cameroon to verify the ‘wild yam question’—i.e. is it possible for human beings to live without agricultural products in a tropical rainforest?—and to examine their foraging lifestyle. We observed two 20-day trips during which no agricultural or commercial food except salt and pepper could be used. The first trip was conducted by six married couples in August, the short dry season, of the year 2003, and the second one by eight married couples in October, the rainy season, 2005. The Baka cooperators obtained 22 species and 43 vernacular names of food in all during both survey periods. No cooperators lost weight from any food shortage in both seasons. Energy intake per consumption-day was estimated at 2528–2865 kilocalories in the dry season, and at 2479–2777 kilocalories in the rainy season. Providing more than 60% of estimated energy intake in both seasons, wild yam tubers proved to be an essential food to enable a foraging life in tropical rainforests. From this survey we could find no evidence that it is impossible to live independently of agriculture in a tropical rainforest although it seemed that the cooperators paid a high energy cost to secure food, especially wild yam tubers. This study implies that a Paleolithic foraging lifestyle in the African tropical rainforest was very likely, although not easy, and that Paleolithic foragers may have been the ancestors of the present ‘pygmy’ hunter-gatherers.

著者

山口 敏

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.2, pp.105-108, 1984-04-15 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

11

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縄文時代の土偶や土器の人面把手に,上唇裂を表現したと思われるもののあることは,すでによく知られた事実である(野口,1964;大塚,1975)が,縄文時代の人骨に上顎裂の直接の証拠が発見されたのは,ここに報告する例が最初であろうと考えられる。この人骨は,1963年に北海道釧路市緑ケ岡遺跡の縄文晩期の第29号墓壙で,土器片,石斧,石槍等を伴い,大量のべんがらにおおわれた状態で発見された,熟年女性と推定される骨格である。骨の保存状態は良好ではなく,頭骨では左右上顎骨の歯槽部と下顎体しか保存されていない。左上顎骨は前顎骨に相当する部分を欠いているが,歯槽突起の外側面と内側面とが,犬歯歯槽の近心縁から内上後方に走る稜線で直接にあい接しており、この部に上顎裂があったことは疑いない(第1図)。これは,生前においては,上唇裂を伴っていたものと考えられる。口蓋突起が破損しているため,口蓋裂が伴ったかどうかは明らかでない。なお,右上顎骨の歯槽突起には異常は認められない。小臼歯と大臼歯の磨耗は,左右とも著しく進行しており,しかも咬合面が,通常の場合とは反対に,頬側上方から舌側下方に傾斜している。これは上下の歯列の大きさの関係に異常があったために生じたものと推測される。

著者

埴原 和郎 増田 哲男 田中 武史

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.1, pp.107-112, 1975 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

6 7

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切歯のシャベル型についてはHRDLICKA(1920)が最初に記載していらい,とくにモンゴロイドに高い頻度で現われ,人種特徴を示す形質として注目されてきた。この形質に関する遺伝学的研究も多く,強い遺伝子支配をうけていることは多くの研究者が一致する点である。しかしその遺伝様式については,常染色体性単純優性遺伝説,劣性遺伝説,複対立遺伝子説,polygene説などがあり,研究者の意見はまちまちである。従来,多くの研究者はHRDLICKAの分類にしたがって,シャベル型を発達の程度に応じていくつかのカテゴリーにわけ,これを非連続形質であるかのようにとりあつかってきた。しかし実際には,シャベル型の程度は連続的に変化するものであり,量的形質を非連続形質として分析しようとしたところに無理があったものと思われる。私ども(HANIHARA et al.,1970)は,さきにDAHLBERG and MIKKELSEN (1947)が試みたように,切歯舌側面窩の深さを計測したところ,この形質はほとんど完全に正規分布曲線に一致して連続的に変化することを知った。また同時に,肉眼によるシャベル型の分類がこの計測値の大小ときわめてよく一致することから,舌側面窩の深さをもってシャベル型の発達の程度を代表させることが可能であることがたしかめられー。てのような点から,従来非連続形質としてシャベル型を分類し,その資料から遺伝様式を分析しようとした試みは,理論的に無理であったといえる。今回の研究はこのような観点から,上顎中切歯の舌側面窩の深さを資料として遺伝学的分析を試みたものである。したがって研究の中心はシャベル型の遺伝様式よりも,家族内における遺伝率(heritability)の推定におかれた。まず日本人の一般集団におけるこの計測の平均値は,男性•女性ともに約1mmであり(男女合計の平均値は1.00mm),この値はPima Indian の 1.2mmよりは浅いが,米白人の0.42mmならびに米黒人の0.49mmよりははるかに深く,モンゴロイドの特徴をよく現わしている。また日本人双生児での値もほぼ同様である(Table1)。注目すべきことは,一卵性双生児間の相関係数がきわめて高く,二卵性双生児間ではやや低くなるが,なお高度に有意である点である。このことは,従来いわれていたように,シャベル型に対する遺伝子支配がきわめて強いことを示している。家族内の比較のための資料は日本人41家族よりえられたが,親と子との相関は,母•娘の組合せを除いてきわあて高く,遺伝性の強いことを示している。父•息子,母•息子および父•娘の組合せでは,遺伝率はいずれも0.8をこえる。田中克己(1960)によると,日本人集団では智能の遺伝率は約0.5,身長のそれは0.52-0.67であるというが,これらの形質に比較して,シャベル型の遺伝率はきわめて高いといえる。また試みに,両親間の相関係数を計算すると0に近いので,今回推定した遺伝率の信頼性は高いと考えられる。母•娘間の遺伝率が低い理由はよくわからないが,兄弟間に比して異性同胞間ならびに姉妹間の相関係数がやや低いことと関係しているかもしれない。しかしこの形質が性染色体上の遺伝子に連関をもっているかどうかという問題については,さらに資料を加え,詳細に分析する必要がある。

著者

TARO YAMAUCHI TAKASHI ABE TAISHI MIDORIKAWA MASAKATSU KONDO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.0406280009, (Released:2004-06-29)

被引用文献数

7 9

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The body mass index [BMI = body weight/height2 (kg/m2)] is widely used as an indicator of obesity. However, BMI is not the best way to assess obesity, because obesity is an excess of body fat, not body weight. The difference between obesity assessments based on BMI and those based on the percentage of body fat (%Fat) causes problems in evaluating extraordinarily large people, such as Sumo wrestlers, who have both a large fat mass and a large muscle mass. We assessed obesity in male college Sumo wrestlers (n = 15) and non-athlete students (n = 20) using BMI and %Fat as reference indices. Anthropometric parameters and resting metabolic rate (in the sitting position) were measured. The mean body weight, BMI, and %Fat for Sumo wrestlers were 125.1 kg, 40.0, and 25.6%, respectively, which were extraordinarily high, as compared to non-athlete students (P 25%). Furthermore, the body composition chart clearly showed that some Sumo wrestlers were no more adipose than the non-athlete students. Due to their remarkable muscle development, Sumo wrestlers have an excessive fat-free mass. Thus we conclude that it is necessary to consider both BMI and %Fat to assess obesity in excessively muscular people, such as Sumo wrestlers. Furthermore, we propose new criteria and methods for documenting obesity in Sumo wrestlers based on energy metabolism that considers physical activity and dietary intake.

著者

生駒 栄喜 津本 定男 前坊 毅 竹田 純子

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.5, pp.224-229, 1967 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2 3

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Cross sections of parietal hair of 1024 males and 2046 females of various ages were measured. The maximum and minimum diameters of the hair shaft and the hair index were statistically studied in terms of age and sex.The maximum and minimum diameters in the cross section of the hair shaft were very variable depending upon age.In males, both diameters change with a rather linear relationship to age, while in females they show a rather smooth curve relationship. In infancy and childhood, the diameters in males are larger than those in females, but in adults, they are smaller in males than in females.In females, a diameter to age correlationship shows two phases at 13 and 48 years of age respectively.Except infancy, in both sexes, the hair index in the cross section of the hair shaft is almost constant irrespective of age.It seems that studies of parietal hair on the cross section shoud not be made without a careful consideration of age and sex.

著者

松田 健史 秋山 和也

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.4, pp.182-195, 1961-02-20 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

5

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The following are the summary of our study on finger nails of 195 youth (112 male and 83 female students). The classification of the nail type is based on that of MARTIN-SALLrx, in which nails are classified into 11 types. In the present study each of the 11 types is further subdivided into 2 sub-types, hence 22 types in all.1. Concerning the frequency of each finger nail type, Type II and Type II' appear with over 40% incidence on both sides of the first finger, but other types are of only less than 5% incidence. In the second finger, too, the Type II appears with over 40% incidence and type II-a in 20%. In the third finger, Type II and Type II-a' appear with about 20% incidence, but Type II is of 15% incidence which is less than half of that in the first or the second finger. In the fourth finger, Type II', Type II-a' and Type IV' appear with approximately 20% incidence, but Type II is reduced to 9 to 10%. In the fifth finger, Type II' appears in 3%, and Type I, Type II, Type II-a and Type II-a' appear in 10 to 15% respectively.As for the frequency of each nail types in females, Type II appears in 40 to 50%, Type II' in about 30% and Type I in 10% in the first finger. In the second finger, both type II and Type II-a appear in about 20% and Type I and Type II-a in about 10%. In the third finger, both Type II-a and the Type II-a' appear in 20%, and Type II in 15% and Type II' in 10%. In the fourth finger, Type II-a' appears in more than 30%, the type II' in 15%, Type I-a and Type Vin approximately 10%. In the fifth finger, Type II-a appears in 20% to 26%, Type I-a', Type II' and Type II-a in approximately 10% to 15%.2. There is no difference among each nail type of each finger on both sides in both males and females.3. There is no sexual difference among each nail type in the first finger. The nail types which appear significantly larger in males are Type II in the second finger, Type II' in the second, third and the fifth fingers and Type IV' in the third, fourth and the fifth fingers. In females, Type VII in the second finger, Type I-a in the second, third, fourth and the fifth fingers, Type II-a' in the fourth finger, Type I-a' in the fifth finger appear significantly more than in males.4. The incidence of nail types with concave-shaped covered margin is as low as about 5% in the first finger on both sides in both sexes, but is 30 to 40% in the second, third, fourth and the fifth fingers on both sides in the male and is as high as 56 to 76% in females. The sexual difference in covered nail margin is not existing in the first finger, but concave-shaped types appear significantly more in the second, third, fourth and fifth fingers of females. On the contrary, the straight covered margin appear significantly more in the second, fourth and the fifth fingers on both sides in males.5. The nail type in which free margin does not exceed the finger tip appears in 30% on both sides in the second finger, and in more than 50% in other four fingers in males. Among females, it appears in lower percentage of about 20% in the second finger, but in more than 50% in the first, third and fifth fingers, and in more than 70% in the fourth finger. Therefore, in both sexes, the type of the nail extending to the tip of the finger is more common in the second finger, whereas, in the fourth finger, the type of the nail which does not extend to the tip of the finger is more common.

著者

Silvia Blasco-Moreno Cecilia García-Campos Clément Zanolli Elena Gil-Donoso Anna Oettlé Mario Modesto-Mata Marina Martínez de Pinillos Laura Martín-Francés María Martinón-Torres José María Bermúdez de Castro

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2307141, (Released:2023-10-20)

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Numerous studies have shown that human dentition traits vary both between and within populations. However, there is still little knowledge about how dental tissue proportions differ between modern human groups. In this study, two samples of European and African individuals were compared to assess the possible differences and similarities present in the dental tissue dimensions of their permanent canines. For this purpose, the volumes and surface areas of the coronal dentine and pulp complex and the enamel cap of 127 canines were measured by microcomputed tomography. The results show the existence of interpopulation variability in the dental tissue pattern of both samples, which is mainly due to the presence of a larger enamel component in the African population, while dentine seems to play a less critical role in the differences described between both dental samples. We also observed a similar pattern of sexual dimorphism in the dental tissue proportions of European and African canines, but in this case, the intrapopulation variability was mainly due to the presence of a greater dentine component in males. Therefore, because the dimensions of dental tissues vary at both inter- and intrapopulation levels in modern human groups, our results highlight the importance of selecting comparative samples that are geographically mixed and sex-balanced for future paleoanthropological investigations on dental tissue patterns of extinct and extant species to avoid overestimating or underestimating any possible similarities or differences.

著者

井上 直彦 幸地 省子

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.3, pp.305-324, 1987 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1

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東京大学総合研究資料館の近世アイヌの頭蓋標本を観察したところ,125例中19例に,いわゆる風習によると思われる抜歯痕が見られた。抜歯された歯は主として上下顎の中切歯および側切歯で,その数は,上顎22本,下顎25本であった。地域別に見ると,北海道の太平洋岸では49例中8例,16.3%,日本海岸では30例中2例,6.7%,オホーツク海岸では34例中7例,20.6%で,全体では15.2%であった。とくに興味深いのは,抜歯が中切歯と側切歯に集中していたことで,これは,北海道の繩文時代人とも,本州以南の繩文および弥生時代人とも異なる様式であり,近世アイヌが,いわゆる北方文化の強い影響を受けていたことを示すもののように思われた。

著者

Xiayire Xiaokaiti Takao Sato Kenji Kasai Kenichi Machida Kyomi Yamazaki Naomitsu Yamaji Hiroki Kikuchi Jun Gojobori Hitomi Hongo Yohey Terai Takashi Gakuhari

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.230617, (Released:2023-10-24)

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Archaeological evidence indicates that dogs appeared in Japan at least 9300 years ago, dur‍ing the Jomon period. The Jomon period dogs (Jomon dogs) retained the morphological characteristics of ancient domestic dogs throughout the Jomon period, possibly due to their geographical isolation ‍from continental dogs. Therefore, we expect them to retain the genetic characteristics of ancient domestic dogs. To explore this possibility, we determined the mitochondrial genomes of five Jomon dogs, including one of the oldest dogs in Japan (7400–7200 cal BP), and seven late-8th-century Japanese dogs (Suwada dogs). We analyzed these sequences with 719 mitochondrial genomes of an‍cient and modern canids. The dog mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have been grouped into six clades (haplogroups A–F), and clade A comprises six sub-clades (sub-haplogroups A1–A6). Classification of the Jomon dogs’ mtDNA haplotypes revealed that these dogs belong to a nested A2/A3 sub-‍haplogroup not shared by other modern or ancient samples. The mtDNA sequences of Jomon dogs ‍form a monophyletic clade which is sister to the A3 sub-clade in the phylogenetic trees. Network analysis showed that the Jomon dogs’ mtDNA sub-clade diverged close to the base of the A2 and A3 haplotype network, which was centered by an ancient dog from South China. The Jomon dog mtDNAs diverged from A3 (~11500 years ago) soon after the A2 and A3 divergence (~12800 years ago), in‍di‍cating early divergence of the Jomon dogs’ sub-clade. These results suggest that the Jomon dogs were possibly introduced into the Japanese archipelago 11500–9300 years ago. The mtDNAs of late-8th-century dogs were more diverse and were different haplogroups than that of Jomon dogs, sug‍gesting that other haplogroups likely replaced the haplogroup of Jomon dogs through the introduction of dogs that accompanied the migration of people into Japan in later periods.

著者

ELENA GIL-DONOSO CECILIA GARCÍA-CAMPOS SILVIA BLASCO-MORENO MARIO MODESTO-MATA MARINA MARTÍNEZ DE PINILLOS CHITINA MORENO-TORRES MARÍA MARTINÓN-TORRES JOSÉ MARÍA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, no.2, pp.107-115, 2023 (Released:2023-08-22)

参考文献数

68

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The dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines are one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that are present in childhood, and therefore offer the opportunity to estimate the sex of immature individuals. This work aims to evaluate for the first time the degree of sexual dimorphism in the three-dimensional (3D) measurements of deciduous canine dental tissues, to assess their potential in sexual assessment. Computed microtomographic techniques have been employed to analyse the maxillary and mandibular deciduous canines of 65 individuals (36 females and 29 males) of known sex and age. The teeth were scanned and the volumes and 3D surface areas of the enamel cup and the dentine–pulp complex were obtained. Our results did not show statistically significant differences in either the absolute or relative dimensions of the enamel and dentine between female and male teeth. We hence conclude that volumes and 3D surface areas of deciduous canine dental tissues do not allow for sex determination, which contrasts with what has been observed in permanent canines by other authors. The differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism in dental tissue proportions between permanent and deciduous canines seem to be due to a decrease in the intersexual variability of the dentine component dimensions. Since the dentine component is a tissue capable of responding to changes in sex hormone concentration levels, our results might indicate that hormones play a more important role in the development of sexual dimorphism in the permanent dentition than previously thought.

著者

石田 英実

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.2, pp.125-142, 1972 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

15 15

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霊長類の下肢の筋構成とロコモーション様式とが密接な関係をもつ点に着目し,ブラキエーションという特異なロコモーション様式をもつ類人猿の下肢の筋構成を明らかにし,その Hominization の過程における意義を検討するため,10種77頭の霊長類の下肢筋相対重量値を比較した.その結果,一関節筋が大きく,二関節筋が小さいヒト,その逆のニホンザルの筋構成が,それぞれの下肢筋の推進および支持機能とよく対応すること,ブラキエーターである類人猿の下肢の筋構成は四足歩行型のニホンザルとははっきり異り,二足歩行型のヒトに近いことが明らかとなった.

著者

近藤 四郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.3-4, pp.175-188, 1963 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

46

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In our country, very few studies on growth of the Japanese by means of measuring body composition have been performed. Up to the present time, most basic informations regarding growth pattern of physical characteristics have been obtained on the basis of traditional anthropometry. In spite of dealing with the living subjects, the chief method of anthropometry was to measure external dimensions of the skeletal frame. Frankly speaking, this method omits or neglects variation of inner dimensions of human body such as fat and musculature. The techniques of traditional anthropometry will be more useful if knowledges of inner dimensions of human body along with their relationship with external dimensions are added. In this respect, the present author thinks that recent rapid progress of the measurement of body composition or somatometry in foreign countries could be interpreted as extension of traditional anthropometry.These arguments are described in Section I along with an introduction to several methods concerned with prediction of total body fat.Section II deals with growth pattern of subcutaneous fat of the Fels children, covering 4.5 to 10.5 years of age. The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. S. M. GARN for giving an opportunity to examine these data. Measurements were taken on anteroposterior roentgenograms of those lower legs, at the level of maximum breadth of calf. In medial fat breadth, there is no significant difference between mean values in each two-year-interval in each sex respectively, though girls have greater values than boys. Bone breadth of the lower leg, however, shows a consistent increase. On the other hand, muscle breadth shows significant decrease between 8.5 and 10.5 years of age in both sexes. This discrepancy may occur from simple linear measurement way in muscle breadth, because muscle and fat are themselves a volume. The present author is trying to obtain a new method to calculate muscle volume as accurate as possible. Also, it seems to be necessary to convert measurement values of fat breadth into a logarithmic scale, because this brings the distribution of the measurement values more nearly to Gaussian form. When this conversion is carried out, then the author intends to compare growth pattern of the Fels children with the Japanese children or the hydrids between the Americans and the Japanese. Contents of Section III are concerned with Steatopygia which frequently appears only in the women of Bushman and Hottentot. He discussed on several works by other investigators concerning relative fat patterning, hereditary factor of fat, adaptation of skin and rectal temperatures in the tropic and so on. However, he has not yet arrived at definite conclusion about the cause of the formation of Steatopygia.

著者

松村 博文

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, no.1, pp.129-132, 1989 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 1

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北海道伊達市の有珠10遺跡において続縄文時代恵山文化期に属する17号墓の散乱人骨のなかから,石鏃が射込まれている成人男性の大腿骨が検出された。CT画像による観察の結果,石鏃の先端が14mm におよんで大腿骨の骨頭内に射入されており,治癒した傾向は認められなかった。

著者

TOMOHITO NAGAOKA AKIO SHIZUSHIMA JUNMEI SAWADA SOICHIRO TOMO KEIGO HOSHINO HANAKO SATO KAZUAKI HIRATA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.2, pp.105-113, 2008 (Released:2008-08-27)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

27 33

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The purpose of this study was to develop new standards for determining the sex of fragmentary human skeletal remains. We measured height, width, and length of the mastoid process in medieval to early modern Japanese skeletons, from the Yuigahama-minami and Hitotsubashi sites, in order to provide a metric standard for the diagnosis of sex using the mastoid process. We calculated discriminant functions based on these measurements; the accuracy of sex classification was over 80% using a single variable, and reached 82–92% with two variables, mastoid height and width. This accuracy is equal to or better than that reported by some previous studies of sex determination using the cranium. However, when we examined intra- and interobserver errors in the mastoid process measurements, we found a high level of errors, and this highlights the difficulty involved in intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility. Our results imply that, in order to achieve reliable results of sex determination using the mastoid process, the measurement methods need to be carefully determined and executed.

著者

鈴木 尚 馬場 悠男 神谷 敏郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.4, pp.441-468, 1986 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

2

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元関脇出羽ヶ嶽の全身骨格に関する形態学的資料を報告する.計測はマルチンの教科書に準拠して行ない,結果を Table1~11にまとめた.写真はマイクロニッコール55mm で撮影し, Plate1~6にまとめた. X線写真は距離1.2mで撮影し,直焼像を Plate7~14にまとめた.X 線写真のスケールは骨自体の人きさではなく,フィルム面上の像の大きさを表わしている.骨格の形態学的記載および現代日本人との比較は,この資料報告に先行する本報告(巨人関脇出羽ヶ嶽骨格の形態学的研究,鈴木他1986)に載せた.

著者

HIROFUMI MATSUMURA MINORU YONEDA HIDEAKI SHUDAI

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.3, pp.199-210, 2006 (Released:2006-12-19)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

3 3

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Eight human skeletons in a good state of preservation have been recovered from excavations at the Hasekouji-Shuhen site in Kamakura city, Kanto region, Japan. We conducted AMS radiocarbon dating that revealed the skeletons to belong to the early historic Asuka, Nara, and early Heian periods (circa 670–970 calAD). In terms of their cranial, dental, and limb bone measurements, the Hasekouji-Shuhen skeletons exhibit morphological characteristics that show affinities with the earlier Yayoi series, which are generally considered to represent immigrant populations from the Asian continent. Furthermore, an early indication of dolichocephalization was observed in these early historic people, a trait which became more pronounced in later medieval times. Three adult males have scars that may have been caused by assaults with a spear or a sword-like weapon. One male individual exhibits skeletal abnormalities including multiple cartilaginous exostosis.