著者

SAMANTI KULATILAKE

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.200428, (Released:2020-08-08)

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Swiss naturalists Paul and Fritz Sarasin visited Sri Lanka on five occasions. Their later visits were focused on anthropological research on the Indigenous Wannila Atto (‘Vedda’) people and exploration of prehistoric settlements in Sri Lanka. Among the Sarasins’ anthropological and archaeological collections are skeletal material of several ethnic groups of Sri Lanka belonging to the 19th and early 20th centuries. This collection is curated at the Natural History Museum of Basel, Switzerland. The ethnolinguistic groups represented in the Sarasins’ collection include the ‘Vedda,’ Tamil, and Sinhala people of Sri Lanka, and it constitutes the largest ‘Vedda’ cranial collection housed at a single institution. The objective of this paper is to compare cranial variation of the Indigenous ‘Vedda’ and other Sri Lankan ethnic groups using this important dataset, while publishing the raw craniometric data for further studies. Observations on the dentition show that the Tamil and Sinhala individuals had high incidences of caries and dental abscesses that are typically associated with agriculturalists and that cribra orbitalia associated with iron deficiency was relatively common among all three ethnic groups. Betel quid chewing for recreational and cultural purposes, a practice that is widespread even today, had left dark stains on the teeth of many individuals of all groups in the sample. Multivariate statistical analyses on the craniometric data show that there is significant overlap among the three ethnic groups in terms of cranial shape. These findings underscore the importance of considering the ‘Vedda,’ Tamil, and Sinhala groups from Sri Lanka as closely related, due to gene flow over millennia.

著者

鈴木 誠

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.6, pp.225-233, 1955-02-28 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 2

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We Know that the palmaris longus muscle is one of the most valiable muscles in the human body. It is frequently absent on one or both sides and there areracial differences in the parcentage of absence of this muscle.The stadies of this muscle in the living subjects are the most frequent, because of its easy accessibility to examination.On the cadavers of Japanese several works have appeared, but so far as I have been able to ascertain, there appear to be no reference to work done by thesame method on living subjects.As to method, it is sufficient to state that this relates only to the closed fist of the studied individual who was asked to flex his hand at the wrist with light opposition by the examiner. The tendon of the flexor carpi radialis thus appears clearly on the lateral side, while if it is present, that of the palmaris longus is in a medial position.The author carried out examinations on about 500 (417 males and 116 females) adult subjects of living Japanese and hereditary research on 9 families.The results of this study are tabulated as follows :On one or both sides, the frequency of absence in persons is 5.5% in males and 9.5% in females. The percentage of absence in all arms examined is 3.6%. in vales and 6.0% in females. In the sexual difference the frequency of absence occurs pore often in females than in males.The palmaris longus muscle is lacking more often from the right side than from the left.In many races absence of the muscle more frequently occurs than has been noted among the Japanese among whom it is low and in this respect there are few discrepancies between results of this study and earlier reports on thee cadavers.I believe that the absence of this muscle is a dominant hereditary trait.

著者

高橋 英次

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.3, pp.259-286, 1971 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

7 9

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アジアおよびヨーロッパにおける身長の地理的分布および東アフリカにおける部族の身長と環境要因との関係を検討した.アジア地域については,MARTIN-SALLER の人類学教科書に所載のアジア諸地域住民の平均身長を利用した.測定年次•被検数•標準偏差などの記載のないものが多いが,他に適切な資料がえられないのでこれを使用した.身長分布の地域差の大きい印度およびその周辺地域では,西パキスタンを含む北西部地方の砂漠•乾燥地帯が一般に長身で165cm 以上を示すが,これに対して東部ガンジス河流域からビルマにかけて,また南インド•セイロンにかけてはすべて165cm 未満であり,山間部族のうちには155cm 末満のものもある.この地方は気候的には降水量が多く,概して稲作地帯に属する.シベリア北部では冬季狩猟•夏季漁撈を行う種族が多いが,牧畜は行っていない.中緯度地方に向うにしたがって半ば定着した遊牧民や農耕民が居住するが,これらシベリア以北の住民の平均身長はすべて155~164cm の範囲内にある.日本列島および朝鮮半島を含む極東地域住民も同じ範囲の中位身長を示している.島嶼東南アジアについては,ルソン島ザンバレス山系のアエタ族やスマトラ西北方のアンダマン島民のように155cm 未満の低身長種族もみられるが,大部分は155~164cm の中位身長を示す.第2次大戦中ジャワ島で計測を行った附田の数値によれば,同島在住の諸種族間の身長差は社会階層や年齢層による差に近い値を示している.中国から大陸東南アジアにかけては,内陸部寄りの住民に高身長がみられるが,平野部の稲作地帯では一般に155~164cm の中位身長を示している.ただしマライ半島山岳部原住民は155cm 未満の低身長である.蒙古•トルキスタン•チベットから中央アジアを経て西アジアに至る中緯度内陸部はインド北西部とともにその大部分が砂漠•半砂漠•高原ステップなどで占められているが,これらの地域の住民の大部分は165cm 以上の高身長を示している.ただし,中央アジアの砂漠地帯の中でもアム•シル両河による灌概が行われ農耕に従事している流域住民は165cm に達しない。要するにアジアでは,主として稲作農業の行われているモンスーン地域やその他の農耕地域の住民にくらべて,食生活において畜産品に対する依存度の大である内陸砂漠地域住民は長身である.FAO の調査報告により1951/53年の国民1人当り食糧供給量をみると,乳および乳製品の配分量は日本•台湾•フィリッピンなどにくらべてトルコやパキスタンは約10倍ほども多い.東アフリカの同一地域に住む原住民について食生活形態と身長の関係をみた。ケニヤの部族については主として East Afr.Med.J.所載の文献により,タンザニヤの部族については京都大学アフリカ学術調査隊報告および同未発表資料を供与利用させてもらったが,牧畜民は農耕民に比して長身である.ヨーロッパについては身長の地理的分布を示した LUNDMAN の地図によって16か国国民の身長を6つの階層に格づけし,FAO の国民1人当りの食品群別配分量との間に相関を求あてみた.身長と乳および乳製品,砂糖類およびいも類との間に順相関,穀類,豆類および野菜果実との間に逆相関がみられた.これらの関係の解釈にはなお慎重な検討を要するものがあるが,著者が前に46都道府県について14才と17才の男女生徒の身長と消費実態調査成績による米•肉魚•牛乳卵•野菜の消費額との間に相関を求めた結果,米とは相関がなく他の3者ことに牛乳卵との相関が最も顕著であったこととも関連して,著者は動物性蛋白質とともにカルシウムの身長発育に対する意義を重視している.カルシウムその他の鉱物質は食物のみならず飲料水からの摂取も当然考えられる.フランスおよびスペインの壮丁身長の地理的分布には地質との関連の考慮されるものがある.この関連は河川水のミネラル含量によって仲介されるものと考えられ,セーヌ•ライン•ローヌの河川水はロアール•ガロンヌにくらべてミネラルことにカルシウムの含量が大である.

著者

TOMO TAKANO MASATO NAKATSUKASA YUTAKA KUNIMATSU YOSHIHIKO NAKANO NAOMICHI OGIHARA HIDEMI ISHIDA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.3, pp.135-149, 2018 (Released:2018-12-21)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

10

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This paper provides a thorough description of humeral, ulnar, and radial specimens of the Nacholapithecus holotype (KNM-BG 35250). A spool-shaped humeral trochlea (and keeled sigmoid notch of the ulna) is a hallmark of elbow joint evolution in hominoids. In lacking this feature, the elbow of Nacholapithecus is comparatively primitive, resembling that of proconsulids. However, the humeroulnar joint in Nacholapithecus is specialized for higher stability than that in proconsulids. The humeroradial joint (humeral capitulum) resembles that of extant apes and Sivapithecus. This condition may represent an intermediate stage leading to the fully modern elbow in extant apes. If this is the case, specialization of the humeroradial joint preceded that of the humeroulnar joint. Nacholapithecus elbow joint morphology suggests more enhanced forearm rotation compared to proconsulids. This observation accords with the forelimb-dominated positional behavior of Nacholapithecus relative to proconsulids, which has been proposed on the grounds of limb proportions and the morphology of the phalanges, shoulder girdle, and vertebrae.

著者

諸見里 恵一 譜久嶺 忠彦 土肥 直美 埴原 恒彦 西銘 章 米田 穣 石田 肇

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) (ISSN:13443992)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.115, no.1, pp.25-36, 2007

被引用文献数

5 8

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17世紀から19世紀の農耕民であると考えられる,久米島近世人骨(男性56個体,女性45個体)の変形性脊椎関節症の評価を行った。変形性脊椎関節症の頻度は,男女ともに腰椎が最も高く,女性においては重度化を認めた。次に変形性脊椎関節症を認めた部位として,女性は頚椎で,男性は胸椎下部と,男女間で異なった傾向を示した。変形性脊椎関節症の部位別頻度では,椎体前縁部が後縁部に比べ顕著に高く,男性の胸腰椎では右側縁部が左側縁部より高い傾向を示した。関節突起に関しては頚椎が最も頻度が高く,胸腰椎では低い傾向を示した。また,男性は頚椎,胸椎上部の一部に,女性では第11および第12胸椎で頻度が高く性差を認めた。主成分分析の結果でも,頚椎および腰椎の変形性関節症の頻度が高く,腰椎では椎体前縁部と左右縁部に,頚椎では椎体後方と椎間関節に関節症の頻度が高い傾向を確認した。久米島近世人骨の女性は,頚椎の椎体後方に変形性関節症の頻度が男性と比較して高いことから,民俗学者らによって示唆されている,頭上運搬による体幹直立位での荷重の影響を受けたと思われる。<br>

著者

CHRISTIAN T. HERBST JACOB C. DUNN

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.1, pp.19-27, 2018 (Released:2018-04-21)

参考文献数

73

被引用文献数

3

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Electroglottography (EGG) is a low-cost, non-invasive method for documenting laryngeal sound production during vocalization. The EGG signal represents relative vocal fold contact area and thus delivers physiological evidence of vocal fold vibration. While the method has received much attention in human voice research over the last five decades, it has seen very little application in other mammals. Here, we give a concise overview of mammalian vocal production principles. We explain how mammalian voice production physiology and the dynamics of vocal fold vibration can be documented qualitatively and quantitatively with EGG, and we summarize and discuss key issues from research with humans. Finally, we review the limited number of studies applying EGG to non-human mammals, both in vivo and in vitro. The potential of EGG for non-invasive assessment of non-human primate vocalization is demonstrated with novel in vivo data of Cebus albifrons and Ateles chamek vocalization. These examples illustrate the great potential of EGG as a new minimally invasive tool in primate research, which can provide important insight into the ‘black box’ that is vocal production. A better understanding of vocal fold vibration across a range of taxa can provide us with a deeper understanding of several important elements of speech evolution, such as the universality of vocal production mechanisms, the independence of source and filter, the evolution of vocal control, and the relevance of non-linear phenomena.

著者

YUTAKA KUNIMATSU YOSHIHIRO SAWADA TETSUYA SAKAI MOTOTAKA SANEYOSHI HIDEO NAKAYA AYUMI YAMAMOTO MASATO NAKATSUKASA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.2, pp.45-51, 2017 (Released:2017-09-21)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

2

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The African primate fossil record is very poor between the mid-Middle and mid-Late Miocene. Nakali (~10–9.8 Ma) is one of the rare African localities that have yielded primate fossils from this period, including a new genus of great ape, Nakalipithecus nakayamai, and another large-bodied hominoid species. The Nakali primate fauna also includes small-bodied ‘apes’ and Old World monkeys (mostly colobines). In this article, we describe a new specimen of a small-bodied ‘ape’ discovered from Nakali, which is assigned to nyanzapithecines. Nyanzapithecines are characterized by their derived dental morphology, and the previously known nyanzapithecines range in chronological age between the Late Oligocene and early Middle Miocene (~25–13.7 Ma). The new nyanzapithecine specimen from Nakali is therefore the latest occurrence of this group in the African fossil record, extending its chronological range by almost 4 million years younger.

著者

SONG XING YING GUAN MACKIE O’HARA HUIYANG CAI XIAOMIN WANG XING GAO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.170802, (Released:2017-09-29)

被引用文献数

2 6

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Recent fossil finds have complicated the picture of East Asian Late Pleistocene hominin taxonomy and morphology, necessitating analysis of more fossils with secure dates and stratigraphic contexts to better contextualize human evolution during this epoch. Field excavations at the Laoya Cave in Guizhou Province, China in 2013 recovered two isolated human teeth (M3 and dm2). The teeth date from ~21–24 kya, according to AMS radiocarbon dating. The present study provides detailed metric and non-metric descriptions of the Laoya teeth, and compares them with the dentition of other Late Pleistocene hominins (Neanderthals and fossil Homo sapiens from around the world) as well as chronologically earlier fossil hominins from the same geographical area (East Asian Early/Middle Pleistocene hominins). To achieve this, descriptive morphological observations, geometric morphometric analysis, and micro-computed tomography were employed. The lower third molar (LYC1) is characterized by several derived features, including the absence of a hypoconulid, the lack of C6 and C7, and an ‘X’-type cuspal arrangement. The combination of traits expressed by LYC1 is unique, but very similar to other recent H. sapiens. However, the LYC1 also displays a suite of dental features that are not common in other East Asian Late Pleistocene fossil H. sapiens: the absence of a hypoconulid, the presence of a middle trigonid crest, and a narrowed talonid relative to trigonid. This study of the Laoya teeth expands the known morphological diversity of East Asian Late Pleistocene hominin dentitions, and will contribute to a better understanding of the history of modern humans in this area.

著者

HIROKI SEIKE SHINYA WATANABE

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.2, pp.151-164, 2021 (Released:2021-09-01)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

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South American camelids, which were domesticated in the Central Andes, have been emphasized for their secondary uses (e.g. llamas as pack animals and alpacas for their wool). In modern pastoral societies the use of mature animals for meat is not efficient. However, it is interesting that cut marks have often been found on archaeological animal bones. This study aimed to describe butchering of camelids through macroscopic observation of cut marks in the Middle Horizon period, during the Wari Empire (600–1000 CE), when the use of camelids reached its peak, and to test whether these activities are consistent with ethnoarchaeological and ethnographic findings. The materials used here are camelid bones with cut marks from El Palacio in the northern highlands of Peru. They were assigned to Middle Cajamarca Phases B and C, and a part of the Late Cajamarca Phase (800–1000 CE). In this study, cut marks on animal bones were observed by macroscopy, and analyses were focused on their distribution, frequencies, and direction. Cut marks on camelid bones from El Palacio were observed over the entire body, suggesting that these marks were caused by dismembering, skinning, and extraction of meat, fat, and marrow. The frequencies of cut marks on camelid bones at El Palacio was 1.3%, lower than that in the Formative Period. This lower frequency might have been caused by more fragmented bones in the former. Furthermore, it is possible that the use of secondary products was emphasized at El Palacio. Cut marks were concentrated on the ventral side of each bone. This can be attributed to the butchering procedure described from ethnoarchaeology and ethnography, in which animal was turned on its back for dismemberment and removal of its internal organs from the ventral side, being careful not to soil the earth for ritual considerations.

著者

ROBERT R. STIEGLITZ

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.3, pp.263-271, 1993 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

14

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Human migrations in the ancient Near East are attested from the earliest historical times, and continue intermittently throughout the ages. The archaeological evidence for population movements is attested primarily by new pottery assemblages and changes in burial customs. In addition, ancient Near Eastern texts and the writings of the Classical historians provide rather extensive data on the extent of human dispersals in the ancient world. These ancient migrations were primarily of two types-voluntary and forced. This paper discusses the circumstances leading to the former type, such as famine and warfare, as well as the reasons for the latter, namely, the imperial policies which resulted in mass deportations and population transfers.

著者

石川 元助

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.3-4, pp.149-162, 1963 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

1

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Stingrays are dangerous fish living in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate seas.They are classified into the following seven families; Dasyatidae, Gymnuridae, Myliobatidae, Rhino pteridae, Mobulidae, Urolophidae and Potamotrygonidae, only a few species having been studied by venomologist. The families dealt with in this paper are Dasyatidae and Potamotrygonidae.The representative species of Japanese Dasyatidae is Dasyatis akajei (Müller & Henle) called as Akaei, Ei, Ebuta, Kasebuta (in Japanese), Ai-koro-chiep (in Ainu). This fish, though not so delicious, has been widely utilized by mankind because of it habit and caudal sting. Its origin may probably be traced back as far as to the Paleolithic age (Magdalenian).Ainu has a lore that this Akaei is " a fish that causes earthquakes ". In Palau Is. of Micronesia, there is a tale that Rurr (in Palau ; stingray) and Kim (in Palau ; giant clam) fought each other.Caudal stings have been from old times utilized as arrow poison because of their barbs, and venom gland which secretes strong toxic substances. They have beenused as arrow heads especially by the Ainu, Negritos of Malay (Jakun and Benua), Mentawei islanders, and Indians living in the catchment area of the River Amazon. The caudal stings have also been widely used throughout the world as hunting implements and arms.They were utilized as fish spears by aborigines of northern Australia and Papuans, and were used as spears or harpoons in Micronesia (Truk, Palau, and Mortlock), and in Melanesia (Admiralty, Fiji, New Caledonia, and New Hebrides). As daggers they were employed in Mortlock, Admiralty, and Solomon (Ontong Java and Nukumanu).From Jomon shell mound of Japan many old stings have been excavated which seem to have been used as arrow heads or harpoon heads. This paper has been devoted to the emeritus professor Kotondo Hasebe, Tohoku University.

著者

小浜 基次 加藤 昌太良 欠田 早苗

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.24-36, 1964 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

19

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樺太アイヌは、はじめ1875年に北海道に移住し、1905年に樺太に復帰、1945年にふたたび北海道に移住して今日に至っている。したがってその純血度を追求することは、はなはだ困難である。現代樺太アイヌの形質のうちで原樺太アイヌの特徴として残されている形質は、顔高と鼻高の大きいことである。そのほかの諸特性は認めがたく、恐らくは混血によってその特性を失ったものであろう。現代樺太アイヌの諸形質を総合すれば、北海道混血アイヌにもつとも近似する。体部は北海道純アイヌにやや近く、樺太和人とは遠いが、頭部、顔部は北海道純アイヌよりも和人に接近し、ギリヤーク、オロッコとはもつとも離れている。この研究に協力された現地の方々に対し深甚の謝意を表する。

著者

鈴木 尚 馬場 悠男 神谷 敏郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.4, pp.403-440, 1986 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

1 1

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脳下垂体の腫瘍にもとつく巨人症の形質を,力士•出羽ケ嶽の骨格について,人類学的に研究した。脳頭蓋の外形は巨大であるが,実は,骨の病的肥厚による矢状径と横径の著しい増大にもとつくもので,脳容積に異常はない。顔面は高径•幅径とも過成長をとげ,とくに前者が甚だしく,上顔より下顔部に進むほど加速される。さらに上•下顎骨の不平等な成長による咬合の左右差は,咀蠕筋の不相称を招き,結局,全頭蓋の左右不相称を生じた。四肢は身長に比しても長く,逆に体幹は太く短かったらしい。上肢骨は相対的にも極めて頑丈であるが,下肢骨はあまり頑丈ではない。上肢骨の大きさには特有の相補的な左右差あるいは不均衡が見られる。

著者

NOBORU ADACHI HIDEAKI KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA TAKASHI NARA TSUNEO KAKUDA IWAO NISHIDA KEN-ICHI SHINODA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.1, pp.13-22, 2021 (Released:2021-04-27)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

1 7

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Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first genome analysis of the initial Jomon people of Kyushu Island. These results provide important data for understanding the temporal transition and regional differences of the Jomon people. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were similar to those found in the previously reported later Jomon people. Moreover, comparison of three nuclear genomes from the initial to final Jomon periods indicated genetic continuity throughout the Jomon period within the Japanese archipelago with no significant evidence of admixture. This indicates that the genetic differentiation found among the Jomon people was promoted by the progression of regionalization throughout the Jomon period. Further accumulation of high-quality Jomon genome data spanning a wide range of regions and ages will clarify both intimate regional and temporal differences of the Jomon people and details of their admixture history with rice farmers, as suggested by Jomon mitochondrial genome data. The results obtained from this study provide important information for further analysis.

著者

石川 元助

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3-4, pp.141-153, 1962-03-30 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

2 2

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The Ainu, a tribe who has inhabited in the northernmost area of Japan, the area which has traditionally been called "Yeso", used toxic substances of various kinds for hunting and fishing. Aconite (surku in Ainu), Ikema (penup in Ainu), Naniwazu (ketuhas in Ainu) and Aka-ei (aikoro chiep in Ainu), Japanese sting ray, were the most popular toxic substances used for the purposes.Since we have already published a report on Aconite, we should like to take up here the rest of the substances, that is to say, Ikema, Naniwazu and Aka-ei.1) Ikema (Cynanchum caudatum Maxim.)Ikema is a climbing plant. The Ainu mix beaten roots of this plant with the flesh of the salmon. They stuff salmon with this mixture and leave the stuffed salmon in haunting places of Bering Island Raven (Corvus corax behringianus Dyb.). Those Bering Island Raven who have pecked Ikema in the flesh of the salmon become intoxicated and giddy and loose balance to be readily captured by hunters.2) Naniwazu (Daphne kamtchatica Maxim, var. yesoensis Ohwi)This plant grows into a shrub of about 1 meter in height. The Ainu make use of the plant for catching Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger) by smearing its sap on a harpoon or lance heads.3) Aka-ei (Dasyatis akajei Müller & Henle)The habitat of Aka-ei ranges from the tropics, sub-tropics to temperate zones. When grown up, the fish measures 1 meter or so in length. Its caudal sting (about 7-10 cm long) contains a venom. There are three ways of using the venom for hunting:a) To use the caudal sting as a lance to stab bears.b) To grind the caudal sting into powder and to spread it on the arrow heads together with aconite.c) To stick the caudal sting to the arrow heads. The Ainu use it repeatedly by sharpening it when its head is broken.As is evident from the above descriptions, plant poisons are used in the cases of 1) and 2) and the fish venom in the case of 3). Where did these methods of hunting and fishing using poisons and the venom originate? In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to make comparative studies between these methods of the Ainu and those of other tribes inhabiting in areas north of Yeso, such as Gilyak, Chukuchee, Koryak, Kamchadal, Yukagir, Aleut and Pacific Eskimo. To achive this end, it may also be necessary to make studies on the religious aspect of their life and on ceremonies and rites practiced by those tribes with regard to hunting and fishing.

著者

MARTA GRACIELA MÉNDEZ SUSANA ALICIA SALCEDA MARÏA FERNANDA LÖPEZ ARMENGOL

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.2, pp.83-98, 1997 (Released:2010-10-21)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1

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The quantitative variables related to aspects of prehistoric populations of Patagonia and Fueguía were analyzed.Skulls from adult individuals of both sexes, 100 deformed and 100 undeformed ones, were studied.Thirty-four linear and angular variables described by Herrera Fritot (1964) based on the sagittal profile were recorded.Data matrices, one for each sample (deformed and undeformed), were computed.Both samples were analyzed by principal components analysis and cluster techniques.Variables with major discriminatory power for each sample were obtained.Results were compared and four sets of variables were delimited.The first one consisted of variables which shared discriminatory power between both the deformed and undeformed skulls;the second set includes those which deal with the variation for undeformed skulls;the third set with the variation for deformed skulls, and the fourth set did not provide any important contributions dealing with the intrasample variation. Differences among variables by region were also analyzed.

著者

埴原 和郎

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.3, pp.391-403, 1987 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

30 33

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主として弥生時代から初期歴史時代にかけての日本への渡来者は,先住の縄文人に対して文化的にも身体的にも多大の影響を与えたと考えられる.この点について,以前は否定的見解もあったが,現在では渡来そのものを否定する研究者はいないと思われる.しかし渡来者の土着集団への影響については見解の相違が大きく,まだ定説を得るに至っていない.ある研究者は渡来者の影響が無視しうる程度という一方で,他の研究者は少なからぬ影響があったことを想定している.しかしこれらはいずれも科学的根拠をもたず,想像の域を出ていない.このような現状を考えると,どれほどの集団が渡来したかという問題を放置しておくわけにいかず,渡来者の数を推定することは極めて重要な問題となる.しかし実際にそれを行うには多くの困難が伴う.その解決法のーつとして,この研究では2種のモデル,すなわち人口増加モデルと形態変化モデルによるシミュレーションを試みた.人口増加モデルは,弥生時代初期から7世紀にいたる約1000年間の人口増加率の特異性に基づき,この期間に渡来した集団の数を推定する方法である.また形態変化モデルは,弥生時代から古墳時代にいたる頭骨形態の変化に基づく方法であるが,基準となる集団を西北九州型弥生人および南九州古墳人(内藤芳篤による)とした.一方,渡来系と思われる北九州型弥生人と土着系の西北九州型弥生人の計測値に基づき,混血率を変化させながら仮想集団の計測値を推定し,これらと古墳人集団との類似係数ならびに距離を計算した.その結果,最も高い類似性を示す仮想集団の混血率を採用し,渡来人の数を推定した.これら2種のモデルによるシミュレーションはほぼ同じ結果を示したが,それらは予想をはるかに越える多数の渡来者があったことを示唆している.おそらく,この結果は常識外とも受け取られるであろうが,一方で日本人の形質や日本文化の多様性を考えると,相当に多数の渡来者があったと考えざるをえない点もある.今後,モデルをさらに精密化して研究を続ける必要があることはいうまでもないが,予想を越える数の渡来者が日本に入ったということを念頭に入れて,関連諸分野の研究を進めることも必要かと思われる.ただし,今回得られた結果を機械的に採用することは危険であり,私としても,おおよその見当がついたという程度に考えていることをつけ加えておきたい.

著者

SOICHIRO KUSAKA TSUTOMU SAITO ERIKO ISHIMARU YASUHIRO YAMADA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2202191, (Released:2022-05-19)

被引用文献数

1

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Many human skeletal remains of the Late–Final Jomon period have been found in shell-mounds on the Atsumi peninsula in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Several types of burials have been found, such as mass burial and bone-gathering burials arranged like a square board (banjo-shuseki burial). In this study, strontium isotope analysis was performed to reveal the meanings of banjo-shuseki burials. The materials included 22 samples of tooth enamel and bones from the Hobi shell-mound, and 30 samples from the Ikawazu shell-mound. The concentration of calcium and strontium was measured, as were the strontium isotope ratios. The results indicated that the tooth enamel from the banjo-shuseki burial exhibited higher strontium isotope ratios than those of tooth enamel from the single burial in Hobi. The tooth enamel from the banjo-shuseki burial and a mass burial in Ikawazu included some individuals with higher strontium isotope ratios. These ratios were higher than the range of the values of human bone samples, modern plants around the sites, and the enamel of terrestrial animals, indicating the possibility that these people grew up in a different place to the sites where they were buried. The individuals in the banjo-shuseki burials may include immigrants who grew up in other areas or their diets incorporated food from other areas.

著者

OSAMU KONDO MEGUMI TASHIRO YUTAKA MIYAKE

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.220122, (Released:2022-05-24)

被引用文献数

1

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Although early Neolithic Anatolia is a key region for the development of sedentary society by modern humans, osteological studies are limited to specimens from the later period or from other regions such as southern Levant. We examined nearly 100 human skeletal remains from Hasankeyf Höyük, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) site in southeastern Anatolia, which were uncovered during an excavation between 2011 and 2015. A total of 124 individuals were identified as belonging to the Neolithic period. The adult/subadult ratio was close to 1:1, and the sex proportion was skewed towards an abundance in males. A few stature estimates fell within the variation range for Natufian and Neolithic peoples in the southern Levant and Anatolia. The estimated life expectancy was below 30, from 27 to 30 years old, based on age criteria related to dental wear stage. On the basis of dentognathic evidence, the skeletons exhibited heavy occlusal wear for their age, with a lot of obliquely slanted occlusal surfaces and enamel chipping. The observed oral health and dental abrasion patterns are discussed with regards to the people’s biological/behavioral adaptations to the environment, such as the nutritional quality of their diet, alimentary customs, or any indications that the teeth were used as a ‘third hand.’ The Hasankeyf Höyük people are considered to represent very early sedentary villagers in southeast Anatolia who would not have initiated the domestication of plants and animals.

著者

岡田 宣子

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

人類學雜誌 (ISSN:00035505)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.2, pp.139-150, 1971 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

3 1

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示數7項目を用い,日本人(5歳~20歳,各年齢男女各100名)の身体比例の年齢的変化を観察した.また,示数7項目を組み合わせて身体比例に基づく年齢区分を試みた.その結果,示数項目の年齢による変化様相は男女とも3つの型(増加型,減少型,増加•減少型)に分類出来る.身体比例は年齢とともに変化してゆくが,各年齢の体型を特徴づけて考えると類似した体型を一括することが出来る.そこで Table3のように,身体比例に基づく年齢区分を行なった.