著者

藤田 耕司

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1991, no.100, pp.42-66, 1991-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

39

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This paper argues against the traditional view that Japanese pronouns differ from English pronouns in that they can never be bound by an operator. Rather, it is shown that pronouns cross-linguistically have the property of ' Anti-Minimality, 'by which is meant that a pronoun can be operator-bound only if another operator intervenes between the pronoun and its binding operator. Thus, just as pronouns stand opposed to anaphors with respect to A-binding, so they also stand opposed to variables with respect to O-binding; both anaphors and variables have the property of Minimality for the relevant type of binding. Data from English, Chinese and Japanese are discussed, and it is argued that discrepancies in the distribution of operator-bound pronouns derive from the existence/nonexistence of the pertaining Anti-Minimality inducers in these languages, which in turn reduces to the parametric variations in their configurational structure. Thus English differs from Chinese and Japanese in that only the former has AGR, while Japanese differs from the other two in that it crucially lacks a subject. Hence the strictly limited occurrence of operator-bound pronouns in this language. Since this study shows that the concept of Minimality comes into play for binding as well as for government, it provides further motivation for the reduction of the ECP to the Binding theory.

著者

山本 謙吾

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1960, no.37, pp.25-44, 1960-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

3

著者

山本 謙吾

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1949, no.14, pp.49-62,114, 1949-11-25 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

9

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There are a good many words, ended with the suffix-ri, in Manchurian and Mongolian languages. They are nouns derived from verbs. Followings are their examples: Ma.p.50-52; Hong. p.52-56.We can find this suffix in Evengki language (one' of the nor.-them dialects of tungus language), too. In the latter-ri is used as the termination not only for noun but also for verb.In Manchurian language, besides, -ri is petrified in a series of nouns: niyengniyeri “spring”, juwari “summer”,, bolori “autumn”, tuweri “winter”, cimari “morning”, dobori “night”. In spite of theabsence of verbal stems, *niyengrirge-, *juwa-, *cima-, *dobo- etc., this theory is supported by the following facts, There are vivid Evengki verbal stems corresponding to the petrified Manchurians (see p.57-58), on the one hand, andthere are some doublets in Manchurian language itself, on the other hand: eimari, cimaha; dobori dulin, dobon dulin nmidnigtu etc.

著者

小倉 肇

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1981, no.79, pp.33-69, 1981-03-31 (Released:2011-02-18)

参考文献数

62

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From the phonemic point of view, the author attempts to review the reconstructions of Archaic Chinese sound system by B. Karlgren, Tung T'ungho (董同和). He modifies their reconstructions and presents his phonemic interpretation of the initials and the finals in Archaic Chinese. To summarize the conculusion of his interpretation, the phonemic system of Archaic Chinese is as follows.1) Initial consonants:p-p′-b-m-t-t′-d-n-l-ç-j-ts-ts′-dz-s-z-k-k′-g-η-x-γ-2) Medials:-φ-(zero)-r-u-3) Vowels:(i)(u)e e Aa a4) Final consonants:-m-p-b-n-t-d -r-D-k-g-uη-uk-ug

著者

岩井 隆盛 横山 辰次

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1954, no.26-27, pp.152-154,187, 1954-12-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

著者

加藤 正信

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1962, no.42, pp.31-46, 1962-10-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

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As an experiment in linguistc geography, the writer takes up in the present paper the distribution of a variety of forms denoting salix caprea in the Island of Sado. This word may not belong to the basic Japanes vocabulary, nor can its variation constitute such an important dialectological feature as the word for “bought”, which divides Japan into two areas, one (east) with the form katta and the other (west) with the form kota. Even the conclusion about the changes the word has undergone in that island may have little significance in itself. The writer's aim here is to present the procedures that have led him to his conclusion and invite critical comments from his colleagues.In actual field work, the writer was assisted by Mrs. Sadako Kato. They visited almost all the communities (160 communities in all) in the island except the northern region, from 1959 to 1962. In each community, they examined one informent, who was native to the community and born in the Meiji Era i. e. before 1912. As a result of the survey, 34 different forms have been recorded. If we represent these forms on the maps as they are, their distribution would look so complicated that it would be impossible to know where to draw a dividing line. Matters can be made much simpler, however, by classifying our forms into two groups, one containing the element inu ‘dog’ and one containing the element neko ‘cat’. Thus we find the ‘dog’ group distributed in the central part, and the ‘cat’ group along the seacoast.With respect to the history of the island, we know that it was the central part that was prosperous untill the sixteenth century, and, only later, important lines of communications developed along the coast. On the other hand, the ‘dog’ group contains certain forms affected by a law of vocalic change that must have been completed in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. These two considerations have led the writer to the conclusion that the ‘dog’ group belong to an older layer than the ‘cat’ group. If so, how did some forms of the ‘dog’ group come to be replaced by those of the ‘cat’ group? In order to answer this question, the writer reconstructs an approximate process of innovation on the basis of further material provided by his map, and considers factors involved in each case.

著者

堤 良一

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2002, no.122, pp.45-78, 2002-09-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

34

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The purpose of this paper is to build a model that gives a natural explanation of the distribution of demonstratives in the anaphoric use. Discourse Management Theory (DMT; Takubo and Kinsui (2000) among others) provides a persuasive model for this issue. However, this theory faces some difficulties, especially when dealing with sentences such as those presented in Iori (1997) and Tsutsumi (1998). I argue that this is because the theory is strongly based on the concept of ‘experience, ’ however, these problems are solved when we adopt the model presented in this paper.We create (at least) two worlds in our mind: one of these is Ws and the other is Wp. Ws is the world in which we refer to things directly (such as proper nouns and things that the speaker believes to exist in the real world (Wo)) while Wp is the world where every element is altered to a variable (x, y). Following Tsutsumi (1998), we assume that Ko/A-series refer to elements in Ws and So-series to those in Wp.This predicts that if an object is registered in both of the worlds, then both Ko (A) /So-series can be used. If it is registered in only Ws or Wp, then only Ko (A) or So can be used respectively. This idea is reminiscent of that of DMT's, however, by abandoning the concept of ‘experience, ’ and introducing the idea of ‘variable’ for the So-series demonstratives, we succeed in explaining a wider range of data than DMT can deal with.

著者

土井 忠生

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1969, no.54, pp.73-83, 1969-01-20 (Released:2010-11-26)

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“Nanshizakkai”is a manuscript of three volumes, which was transcribed by a Tongking jurubaca (means an interpreter in Malay word), Gi Gozaemon (d. 1835). This book has a charactor which is called one of the Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, and in which we find the Portuguese language used by interpreters in Nagasaki during 17 th and 18 th centuries, and also we recognize some linguistic features of Portuguese spoken among the Japanese interpreters. Of course the phase of it was different from that of some lingusitic works compiled by Jesuit missionaries in 16 th and 17 th centuries. In this book Portuguese is written by Katakana. We are able to ascertain the practical pronunciations of that time by means of that orthography. First of all, double consonants in one syllable of Portuguese were reduced to open syllables according to the Japanese syllabic type, e. g. letra>reutara, escrito>esukirito; second, two words fused into one, e. g. ja estou>jastou, de ontem>dontem, and also abbreviations were often used, e. g. alguma>goma, ainda>ain.The word order was freely treated, e. g. Portuguese word order was arranged by Japanese order. The compiler of this book explained that the following three expressions had the same meaning: arroz um fardo, um fardo arroz.fardo um arrozPortuguese has the complicated system of conjugations, of which interpreters, generally speaking, adopted present an preterite of Indicative. They used infinitive and present for other conjugated forms. Subjects did not always coordinate with Predicates in Person and Number. The form of Third Person, Singular of Conditional expressed more honorary than usual Imperative form. e. g.Anda por deante. Arnie Vossa Merce por deante.Faze corn deligencia. Faza Vossa Merce corn deligencia.Descobri.Descobra Vossa Merce.This proper use in Portuguese syntax was exactly kept by the Japanese interpreters, because it has the correspondency to the sence of Japanese honorifics.It had the special function to compound with aru after Portuguese words or sentences. Aru was added at the end of predicate or sentence, to make sure of the meaning of preceeding words. e. g. Ir templo aru. Veio arudo. Assi como imitar aprende aru. Saber de coy dearudo. Näo tern novas deyado. Meu (genitive was used for nominative) de dia denoite tern sono aru. It seems to me that it had some relations to the Portuguese verb ending, ar, at the same time, to the Japanese verb, aru.I will, therefore find out the facts of Japanese influence upon Portuguese, at any rate I would like to point out the Japanese sentence particle, ya was added to interogative sentences, and other sentence particles, yo, do were added to imperative forme. e. g. Vossa Merce ter fome ya? Que parte veio ya? Vive yo! Escreva memoria do!

著者

泉井 久之助 羅 鐘浩

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1968, no.52, pp.1-32, 1968-01-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

71

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The prevailing vowel system of Middle Korean consisted of a group of wide vowels (a, ∧, o), a group of narrow vowels (∂, i, u), and a neutral vowel (i). The formation of words was then performed strictly according to the vowel harmony based on these groupings. However, there were several, or rather many word pairs of which the formation was realized either with wide vowels or narrow ones without seemingly diverging in their meanings or meaning shades.In early modern Korean where the system began to decay and the harmony ceased to operate, the word pairs with alternation of vowels wide and nerrow have feen fixed in their respective forms diverging more clearly in their meaning or acceptation one member from the other of the pair. Many pairs of this kind can be found still in cantemporary Korean language.The vowel system of Korean is generally far different from those of many Uralic and Altaic languages, even from that which is presupposed by Izui to have been in archaic Japanese.Works of many scholars of contemporary Korea are cited and consulted here.

著者

杉藤 美代子

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1969, no.55, pp.14-39, 1969-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

4

著者

早田 輝洋

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1966, no.49, pp.55-69, 1966-03-31 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

6

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This paper attempts to describe the phonological component of a generative grammar of Japanese. The phonological component is an input-output device, the input into which is a sequence of morphemes generated by the syntactic component and the output a sequence of phones with the pitch contour.Three different kinds of accent marks are employed in order to prescribe the accent pattern of a concatenated word group.Rules (R 1)-(R 13) rewrite grammatical formatives as a sequence of phonological symbols.Rules (R 14)-(R 35) convert phonological symbols and boundary elements into phonemes.Rules (R 36)-(R 44) determine the word accent.Rules (R 45)-(R 46) deal with the devocalization of vowels.Rules (R 47)-(R 54) give the pitch contour.Some rules in the syntactic component are also discussed.

著者

早田 輝洋

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.125, pp.145-171, 2004-03-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

12

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Chinese and Manchu have been said to have a distinction between the ‘inclusive we’ including the hearer(s) and the ‘exclusive we’ excluding the hearer(s). However, in both Chinese and Manchu, sometimes the inclusive we is used for a group which does not include the hearer(s) and sometimes the exclusive we is used for a group which does include the hearer(s). An attempt is made here to account for all the exceptions and show, based on the uses of the first person plural pronouns in fin Ping Mei, and its Manchu translation prefaced in 1708, that for both Chinese and Manchu the inclusion of the hearer(s) is irrelevant in the distiction between the so-called inclusive and exclusive, and that the distinction between the two is between the absence and the presence of the feature [part]. An inclusive pronoun, thus, is simply a first person plural pronoun unspecified for [part], whereas an exclusive one, which is specified as [part], denotes the part of a whole including the speaker and other(s), and presupposes the remaining part of the whole. The proposed system is shown as follows:exclusively singular- exclusivelysingular plural pluralINCLUSIVE zan za(n)men, za(n)mei'unmarked (Manchu: muse)(whole-part)'wo(Manchu: bi, min-)EXCLUSIVE an, anmen women‘marked(part)’ (Manchu: be, men-)Manchu does not employ the singular-plural pronouns. The present-day Chinese of Peking follows only the exclusively singular and exclusively plural Manchu-type system. Although an and anmen occur far more than women in Jing Ping Mei, in present-day Peking an and anmen have fallen out of use and women prevails. It is not unreasonable to think that the extinction of an and anmen originated from the Manchu-type system used by Manchus in Peking who had ceased to use Manchu and begun to speak Chinese.

著者

Shigeki Kaji

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.Supplement.1, pp.41-68, 2021 (Released:2021-11-09)

参考文献数

12

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Africa south of the Sahara has been characterized by its orality, i.e., as societies without writing systems. In actual fact, however, field research reveals a number of phenomena which function to record messages and events, although they may not appear to at first sight. In this article some of the methods the author studied in Africa are presented: the proverb-based greetings and the drum language of the Mongo, the naming of children and the transmitting of messages by knotted cords among the Tembo, and the suspending of objects representing proverbs by the Lega. These practices exemplify the rich array of methods that nonliterate societies have for transmitting messages formally. Societies without writing might be thought of as societies where communication is always done in prose with no set form. Quite the contrary, the members of such societies resort to formal methods using proverbs, etc., to ensure communication synchronically as well as across generations, as if compensating for the lack of writing systems.

著者

倉部 慶太

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.161, pp.119-137, 2022 (Released:2022-05-20)

参考文献数

51

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鼻音と子音の連続(NC連続)は,分離可能性,音節化,分節音性などの観点から様々な構成を示しうる。東南アジアでは語頭のNC連続が語族を越えて広く観察されるが,従来の多くの研究ではその音韻構成が充分に検討されてこなかった。本稿では,ジンポー語(シナ・チベット語族:ミャンマー北部)に観察される語頭のNC連続を検討し,様々な音韻的・非音韻的現象をもとに,この言語のNC連続が異音節クラスターであることを示す。具体的には,話者の直感,聞こえ度,有声性,声調付与,形態構造,単音節標的型接辞,部分重複,並列複合語の語順,挿入型ルドリング,韻文の音節調整,歌詞とメロディーのアラインメントなど様々な現象において,語頭のNC連続が異音節クラスターとして振る舞うことを指摘する。明瞭な異音節クラスター型のNC連続を持つジンポー語から得られた議論は,異なるタイプのNC連続を持つほかの言語の分析にも示唆を与える。

著者

松本 克己

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.85, pp.148-157, 1984-03-31 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

19

著者

Zendo Uwano

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.Supplement.1, pp.117-154, 2021 (Released:2021-11-09)

参考文献数

31

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Based on modern dialects and ancient documents, I propose a proto-accent system for the mainland Japanese dialects. For the high-beginning series I hypothesize a falling pattern of the form HHMM…, instead of the high-level pattern HHHH…. For the low-beginning series I incorporate the qu (departing) tone, that is, words with rising pitch, into the system. As a whole, the proto-system consists of two tonal registers, falling and low-level, and two accent kernels, ascending and lowering, producing a system that contains more oppositions than that previously proposed.

著者

田中 聡子

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1996, no.110, pp.120-142, 1996-12-20 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

14

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This paper presents an analysis of the polysemic structure of the verb‘mire (see)’. The word is used with various meanings. But all of its meanings, including those which seem to be arbitrarily extended, can be proved to be motivated and characterized by the nature of human cognition.Its meanings are not discrete but in their typical uses they are discernable by semantic features. The fundamental meaning (m.1) of ‘mire’may be expressed in terms of the semantic features: <visual‹ <perception› . This assumption is supported by the fact that it is usually received in this meaning when it lacks the object word i.e. in the default case.The other meanings can be accounted for based on three principles of derivation which can be said to be psychologically valid: (1) incorporation of interpretive inferences into lexical meaning, (2) metaphor, and (3) metonymy.principle (1) ...... m.2: <visual‹ <perception› <judgement‹ ; m.3: <judgement› ; m.4: <visual‹ <perception› <judgement‹ <taking measures›principle (2) ...... m.5: <non-visual‹ <perception› <judgement‹principle (3) ...... m.6: varying from <experience of a state of affairs› to <occurrence of a state of affairsThe variations of m.6 reflect the degrees of “subjectification”(Langacker 1990: 316) of the viewer construed by the conceptualizer.

著者

三根谷 徹

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1965, no.48, pp.13-22, 1965-11-30 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

14

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Though the terminology of the Yfin Ching has been widely used in the studies of Ancient Chinese, it is already proved that the phonemic system on which Yiin Cbing is based is not the same as that of Ancient Chinese, reconstructed through the study of fan-cb'ieb of Cb'ieb Yiin切韵.The writer estimates that Yiin Cbing is a reflex of the tradition of the Buddhists' circle that was different from the Confucianists' standard pronunciation. He attempts a solution of this problem by the peculiar correspondence of the tones in the Sino-Vietnamese as shown on p.16.

著者

スコーフッフ ローレンス

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2002, no.122, pp.1-43, 2002-09-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

32

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間投詞的な談話標識why(具体例:‘Why, that's a brilliant idea!’)は,現代英語では比較的まれで,古めかしさやわざとらしさを連想させる.本稿では,whyがそれに後続する文発話の意味にいかに貢献するかを考察し,文発話に先行して多く用いられる間投詞well(Schourup 2001)と同様,whyは,発話の直前に話し手が持っていた心的状態をジェスチャー的に表すものとして解釈されると主張する.whyは,発話の出だしに用いられると,聞き手に表意(explicature:関連性理論の用語で,発話により伝達される想定を意味し,論理形式を推論によって発展させたものを指す)の構築を促すことで,whyに後続する発話の解釈に貢献していると考えられる.つまり,whyは,それに後続する文発話によって表出される命題を高次の記述に埋め込むことで,表意に貢献すると結論づけられるのである.さらに,wellとwhyの機能に関しても詳細に比較検討した.両者は,本来ジェスチャー的であり,高次表意(higher-1evel explicature)に貢献し,他の様々な特徴を共有するが,この二つの標識によって表される心的状態は本質的に正反対のものである.最後に,whyと他の非命題的な表現との関係についても議論し,疑問詞whyからどのような歴史的過程を経て間投詞whyが生じたのかに対しても,説明を提案する.

著者

日下部 文夫

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1968, no.53, pp.40-68, 1968-03-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

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The standard to classify the particles or postpositions in the Modern Japanese is led to the scheme for the verbal conjugation.The conjugation has two divisions of mood and two divisions of aspect. Two of mood are indicatives (yomu, yonda, etc.) and optatives (yomô, yondarô, etc.); each division has five subclasses: indefinitive, definitive, copulative, predicative, and attributive (or infinitive). Two of aspect are imperfects (yomu, yomô, etc.) and perfects (yonda, yondarô, etc.); each division has three subclasses: introversive, extroversive, and retroversive.Now about the imperfect-indicatives, there are eleven forms: namely three indefinitives (extroversive “yomi, ” introversive “yomuni, ” and retroversive “yomu to, ”), three definitives (extroversive “yomi, ” introversive “yomu nari, ” and retroversive “yomu to or yomusi, ”), three copulatives (extroversive “yomeba, ” introversive “yomu nara, ” and retroversive “yomu tara, ”), one predicative (“yomu.”), and one attributive or infinitive (“yomu”).And then, in the scheme for the conjugation of the imperfect-indicatives, the basic particles (postpositions) may be put as follow: indefinite-introversive “e (illative), ” indefinite-extroversive “yori (comparative), ” indefinite-retroversive “o (accusative), ” definite-introversive “made (allative), ” definite-extroversive “kara (ablative), ” definite-retroversive “dake (restrictive), ” copulate-introversive “mo (additive), ” copulate-extroversive “wa (topical or themative), ” copulateretroversive “ga (subjective), ” predicative (-extroversive)“sa (designative), ” and attributive or infinitive “no (genitive)”.Additionally socalled postpositions “ni (dative), ”“de (instrumentative), ” and “to (commitative)” should be classify as the three indefinite forms of the copulative auxiliary verb “da.”