著者

S. I. HARADA

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1971, no.60, pp.25-38, 1971-12-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

8

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Variations within a single dialect have often been referred to as ‘free variations’. But this terminology is quite a bit misleading, since it tends to imply that an individual speaker allows any of the variants. Recent investigations have revealed that the so-called ‘free variations’ may not in fact be free variations for an individual speaker. There are cases where an individual speaker consistently follows one variation although the dialect as a whole allows more than one variant. Variations of this sort, which cannot be accounted for in terms of geographic nor of sociological divisions, we shall henceforth refer to as ‘idiolectal variations’.The existence of idiolectal variations in this sense is not a new discovery, but systematic investigations have not been made until quite recently. For some of the results of work on idiolectat variations in English, see Carden (1970), Elliott et al.(1969), and Greenbaum and Quirk (1970). Unfortunately, however, it seems to me that there has appeared no such work on like phenomena in Japanese. The present paper will present one area of syntax of the Tokyo dialect of Japanese which clearly exhibits an idiolectal variation and will discuss how general linguistic theory could shed light on such phenomena.

著者

宮川 繁

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.152, pp.1-29, 2017 (Released:2017-12-29)

参考文献数

66

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Chomsky(1977)は,CPの上にトピックのための特別なポジションがあると議論したが,本論文ではこの考え方をいくつかの観点から考察する。まず第1に,英語,日本語,スペイン語の3言語において,いわゆるAboutness topicがこのポジションに入ることを示す。第2に,このトピック・ポジションは主節では自由に現れるが,従属節ではHooper and Thompson(1973)によって特定されたある種の述語としか共起しないことを示す。Villalta(2008)のスペイン語の仮定法の分析に基づき,トピック・ポジションの従属節における制限を,従属節とそれを選択する述語の意味的特性から説明する。最後に,いわゆるContrastive topicとFamiliar topicの分布が言語によって異なることを示し,この言語間のバリエーションがStrong Uniformity(Miyagawa 2010, 2017)から予測できることを指摘する。

著者

久島 茂

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1993, no.104, pp.49-91, 1993-09-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

27

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This paper argues that basic dimension adjectives are divided into two classes according to whether they refer to “object” or “place”. The former are systematized according to the feature of the shape of the object, and the latter the relation of the place to its surroundings.There are conceptually six dimension categories of objects. We will use the following signs analogized to phonetic signs: [A] stands for the volume of a box, [I] the length of a rod, [U] the thickness of a board, [E] the extension of a board, [O] the thickness of a rod, and [_??_] the width of a belt.The six categories have the following system and hierarchy which are based on the developement of visual perceptions and oppositions between categories: (As to the length of sides, let longest_??_intermediate_??_shortest).[P] → [Q] means that if a language contains words /Q/ (=a pair of antonyms), it must also contain words /P/. (The kernal meaning of words /p/ (/Q/) is [P] ([Q]).) Some dialects in Kyusyu have only /A/ /I/ /U/, which correspond to [A•E•0•_??_], [I], [U] respectively. Standard Japanese has /A/ / I / /U/ /0/ corresponding to [A•E], [I] [U], [O•_??_] respectively.

著者

西垣内 泰介

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2002, no.121, pp.49-105, 2002-03-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

21

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本論文は日本語で「かきまぜ」を受けた名詞句がLFでの再構成reconstructionにより文中のさまざまな位置で解釈を受ける可能性があることを主張する.まず,移動を受けた名詞句はD構造位置だけでなくCPやvPの「端」(edge)で再構成を受けることを示す.この主張の基盤となるのは束縛とスコープに関わる事実である.次に,LFでの再構成は束縛理論の制約を受けることを示す.再構成はさまざまな位置で名詞句を解釈することを許すが,その可能性の範囲は束縛条件AとCによって狭められるのである.さらに,LF再構成は指示の非透明性を引き出す動詞など,スコープに関与する要素と相互関係を持つが,このような関係も束縛条件によって制約される.

著者

鈴木 孝夫

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1962, no.42, pp.23-30, 1962-10-31 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

4

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In the vocabulary of sound symbolism of Present-day Japanese, there are a great many examples of word-pairs such as kira-kira: gira-gira, both of which denote substantially the same thing (or event), but connote differently. The denotata of these two are the same sense-impression we obtain from looking at some light-giving object e. g. the sun, and the connotatum of the former is, broadly speaking, our appreciation of the experience, whereas that of the latter seems to be a certain sense of displeasure, if not of disgust. Here we find our emotive attitude towards the event reflected faithfully in a contrastive sound pair; k: g, thus the expressive value of sounds peculiar to Japanese is exploited to the full. The kind of naturalistic connection here illustrated between the meaning of a word and its sound, however, does not normally exist outside the sphere of onomatopoeia in a wide sense of the term. But the author points out in this article that there are a number of word-pairs, mostly of colloquial usage, which, having nothing to do with onomatopoeia, can be regarded in their semantic structure as close parallels to the example above cited. A case in point is the pair; tori: dori. Now tori here means a bird or a chicken looked on as an edible thing, and dori stands for the inedible part, i. e. lungs and intestines, of a bird. One more example; hure: bure. A bure is trembling in general. A bure for a trembling of the hand as one takes pictures. To these are found corresponding verbs as well. Discussing these and other similar pairs in some detail, the author concludes that the functioning of morphophonemic contrasts of this kind are of two levels. As for denotative meaning, the contrast t: d etc. has an associative function. As for connotative meaning the same contrast has a dissociative, i. e. distinctive function.

著者

天川 豊子

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, no.118, pp.29-54, 2000-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

17

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The aim of the present paper is to specify the type of verb which can occur in have/ take+a+V constructions in British English, particularly that spoken in Australia. Two factors are involved in the verb selection: one is the a+V, where a signifies "a" or "an" and V signifies an appropriate verb. The other factor is the construction as a whole.It is argued that since a+V in have/ take + a+V sentences defines the aspect of the verb, it is the a+V alone that determines the possible verbs appearing with it, whether the main verb is have or take. It is also argued that the two constructions have their own respective constructional constraints determined in part by the meanings of the main verbs.Jespersen (1909-49: Part VI) coined the phrase "light verbs" to refer to have and take in have l take+a+V constructions . Cattell (1984: 2) observes that these verbs signify only tense and number and so are of relatively small importance, semantically speaking. However, this paper shows that these light verbs do contribute significantly to the semantics of sentences including them.

著者

杉藤 美代子

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1978, no.74, pp.57-82, 1978-10-31 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

15

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The kinds and number of word accent types of Japanese differ according to the dialect. Some dialects lack phonological distinction of word accent types. Systematization of accent types and distribution of dialectal accent areas have already been investigated by many scholars but quantitative studies concerning the accuracy of identification of accent types have rarely been tried before.Using synthetic stimuli, the auther conducted some identification tests of word accent types on high school students in six cities, which covered four different dialectal accent areas. In addition, stability of dialectal accent types pronounced by many informants in Nagasaki was compared with that in Osaka, and the Nagasaki dialect was found more unstable in producing accent types than the Osaka dialect.As the result of some perception experiments, individual differences were found both in the categorical boundary and in the identification accuracy. Dialectal difierences in boundaries were also found between certain accent types when one of the types was meaningless for certain dialectal subjects. The identification accuracy of subjects in Osaka, Tokyo, and Osaka had no significant difference, while it was significanly lower in Nagasaki where production of accent was unstable, and also in Fukui and Yonezawa whose dialects lack phonological distinction of accent types.Accent perception was presumed to have some connection with accent production.

著者

小泉 政利 玉岡 賀津雄

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.125, pp.173-190, 2004-03-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

35

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本論文では,述語の項構造と文の統語構造との対応関係の研究の一環として行った日本語二重目的語構文の語順に関する実験結果を報告した.日本語の二重目的語文の基本語順に関して下記の3種類の仮説が提案されており,論争になっている,仮説1:「がにを」が基本語順である.仮説2:「がにを」も「がをに」も共に基本語順である.仮説3:動詞によって「がにを」が基本語順のもの(見せるタイプ)と「がをに」が基本語順のもの(渡すタイプ)とがある.これらの仮説の妥当性を検証するために,文正誤判断課題を用いて,文の読み時間(反応時間)を測定する実験を行った.その結果,見せるタイプの動詞を使った文も渡すタイプの動詞を使った文も共に,「がにを」語順の文のほうが「がをに」語順の文よりも反応時間が有意に短かった.この結果は,二重目的語文は動詞のタイプに関わらず「がにを」が基本語順であることを示唆しており,仮説1が支持された.

著者

小泉 保

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1988, no.94, pp.1-24, 1988-11-05 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

19

著者

吉田 昌平

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1990, no.97, pp.95-123, 1990-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

26

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The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, I will discuss how the possible configurations of syllable constituents are made up, and how these constituents are stitched together to form possible words. Second, I will discuss certain aspects of Japanese phonology in an attempt to show that various phonological events may be successfully explained on the basis of ‘principles and parameters’. This paper is couched in the framework of the government phonology, which has no rule component but sees government as the motor which drives phonological phenomena.

著者

川本 茂雄

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1981, no.80, pp.1-12, 1981-11-30 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

11

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Resumé of the presidential address at the 1981 Spring Convention of the Linguistic Society of Japan. The author tries to show by means ofconcrete examples how semiotics may be brought to collaborate withlinguistics to interpret poems and poetic express

著者

熊谷 学而 川原 繁人

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.153, pp.57-83, 2018 (Released:2018-12-29)

参考文献数

107

被引用文献数

1

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言語知識が二項的(binary)であるか,あるいは確率的(stochastic)であるかという問題は,言語学研究における最も重要な問題の1つである。実際,音韻知識は確率的であると主張する研究が,過去数十年で増えてきている(Hayes & Londe 2006など)。このような一連の研究の成果を生かし,本研究では,日本語において,段階的な(gradient)音韻知識が語形成のパタンに影響を与えることを示す。具体的には,子音やモーラ単位の同一性回避(identity avoidance)の効果が,日本語におけるグループ名形成と連濁という2つの語形成のパタンに影響を与えることを示す。これらの語形成パタンでは,OCP制約の違反が重なって生じている(Coetzee & Pater 2008)と仮定し,本研究では,これについて,「最大エントロピー文法(Maximum Entropy Grammar)」(Goldwater & Johnson 2003)の枠組みによってモデル化する。また,本研究は,このような理論的貢献に加えて,これまでに生成音韻論の視点から分析されたことがなかったグループ名形成の記述的価値も持つ。

著者

庄垣内 正弘

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.124, pp.1-36, 2003-11-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

21

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The author found fragments of Chinese texts in Uighur script at the St. Petersburg Branch for Oriental Studies of Russian Academy of Sciences and identified their corresponding Chinese originals. The phonological system of the Chinese written in Uighur is basically the same as that of the northwestern dialects of Tang and Five Dynasties. Although the fragments were composed later during the period of Yuan Dynasty, its phonological system is undoubtedly quite different from that of colloquial Chinese used in Yuan Dynasty. As a result of detailed examination of the texts, it has become clear that the phonological system behind the texts is well reflected by the Uighur inherited reading of Chinese characters similar to the Japanese Ondoku system, i.e., Chinese reading of Chinese characters.On the other hand, it is occasionally observed that Chinese characters are sporadically inserted between Uighur lines in the above texts. These inserted Chinese characters must have been read in Uighur. These Chinese characters appear not only as words, but also as phrases and sentences. An interesting fact is that in some bilingual texts such as ″Thousand Character Essay″the Uighur inherited, reading of Chinese is followed by its corresponding Uighur translation. Furthermore, in other texts represented by ″Abhidharmakosabhasya-tika Tattvartha″, it is recorded how Uighur speakers read Chinese texts in Uighur pronunciation, translating the contents into the Uighur language. Taking these facts into consideration, a conclusion is inevitable that Uighurs had their own way of reading Chinese texts which is typologically comparable to the Japanese Kundoku system, i.e., Japanese reading of Chinese characters.Japanese is known as a language in which Ondoku and Kundoku are well developed. It is extremely difficult to understand the contents of Chinese texts merely by listening to Ondoku reading, where a large number of homonyms are created by the loss of many phonological distinctions. Japanese Buddhist monks recite Chinese Buddhist texts following the Ondoku system, but at the same time they understand the contents by Kundoku reading utilizing ideographic nature of Chinese characters. The author would like to argue that Uighur monks of the Yuan dynasty period employed the same kind of method when reciting Chinese texts.

著者

益岡 隆志

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1982, no.82, pp.48-64, 1982-09-30 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

13

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Basic assumptions made in the present paper are that a passive sentence be considered to be a marked form as against the corresponding active sentence and that the meaning of a marked sentence can be described on the basis of its unmarked counterpart. In order to elucidate the meaning of passives, it is necessary to clarify what is added to the meaning of an active sentence by passivization. Thus, we must concern ourselves with the question of what motivates passivization, i. e., what the functions of passivization are.Toward that goal, this paper first sets forth the proposal that two types of passives be differentiated: they are here referred to as the ‘promotional passive’ and the ‘demotional passive’, where passivization is motivated by the promotion of a non-subject NP to subject position and the demotion of a subject NP to non-subject position, respectively. It is further argued that the principal motivations for the promotions involved in passivization are the foregrounding of affectivity and the characterization of a certain NP. Hence, two subtypes of the promotional passives are distinguished, the ‘affective passive’ and the ‘predicational passive’. On the other hand, the motivation for demotions lies in the backgrounding of an agent NP.

著者

池田 潤

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.126, pp.69-92, 2004-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

31

著者

平山 輝男

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1979, no.76, pp.29-73, 1979-11-30 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

69

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The Totsukawa dialect (TD) shares the accent of the Tokyo type, though TD is located in the area of the accent of the Keihan (Kyoto-Osaka) type. The accent of TD is derived originally from the accent of the Keihan type. Actually, the neighbouring dialects of Tanabe, Hongu, etc. exhibit the accent of the Keihan type clearly, namely they have more accent patterns than TD has.It can be concluded that the accent of TD has been transformed from the original type of acceet which had more patterns. This conclusion is supported by historical developments and the geographical distribution of dialects in the said area.As for other linguistic features such as segmental phonemes, morphology and vocabulary, TD is similar to the dialects of Tanabe, Hongu, etc.

著者

Masahiro Shōgaito

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.Supplement.1, pp.155-185, 2021 (Released:2021-11-09)

参考文献数

23

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The author found fragments of Chinese texts in Uighur script at the St. Petersburg Branch for Oriental Studies of Russian Academy of Sciences and identified their corresponding Chinese originals. The phonological system of the Chinese written in Uighur script is basically the same as that of the northwestern dialects of Tang and Five Dynasties. Although the fragments were composed later during the period of Yuan Dynasty, its phonological system is undoubtedly quite different from that of colloquial Chinese used in Yuan Dynasty. As a result of detailed examination of the texts, it has become clear that the phonological system behind the texts is well reflected by the inherited Uighur pronunciation of Chinese characters similar to the Japanese Ondoku system, i.e., Chinese reading of Chinese characters.On the other hand, it is occasionally observed that Chinese characters are sporadically inserted into Uighur lines in the above texts. These inserted Chinese characters must have been read in Uighur. These Chinese characters appear not only as words, but also as phrases and sentences. An interesting fact is that in some bilingual texts such as Thousand Character Essay, the Uighur inherited reading of Chinese is followed by its corresponding Uighur translation. Furthermore, in other texts represented by Abhidharmakośabhāṣya-ṭīkā Tattvārthā, it is recorded how Uighur speakers read Chinese texts in Uighur pronunciation, translating the contents into the Uighur language. Taking these facts into consideration, a conclusion is inevitable that Uighurs had their own way of reading Chinese texts which is typologically comparable to the Japanese Kundoku system, i.e., Japanese reading of Chinese characters.Japanese is known as a language in which Ondoku and Kundoku are well developed. It is extremely difficult to understand the contents of Chinese texts merely by listening to Ondoku reading, where a large number of homonyms are created by the loss of many phonological distinctions.Japanese Buddhist monks recite Chinese Buddhist texts following the Ondoku system, but at the same time they understand the contents by Kundoku reading utilizing ideographic nature of Chinese characters. The author would like to argue that Uighur monks of the Yuan dynasty period employed the same kind of method when reciting Chinese texts.

著者

服部 四郎

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1957, no.32, pp.1-42, 1957-12-31 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

11

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Analyzing and criticizing de Saussure's theory on langage, langue and parole', the author introduces his own distinction between the features of social habit and the individual features (which include the f. of individual habit, disposition and constitution and the casual f.), both of which, he maintains, are found in de Saussure's ‘parole’ and ‘la partie passive du circuit’, i. e. the psychological and physiological activity of the utterer, the sounds produced thereby and the physiological and psychological activity of the hearer (s).He criticizes Professor Tokieda's linguistic theory in terms of his own concepts ‘utterance’, ‘sentence’, ‘form’;‘utterer’, ‘expresser’, ‘first personer’ and ‘indefinite personer’.The ‘utterance’ is a unique speech-event, which includes the psychological and physiological activity of the utterer and the sounds produced thereby.The recurrent features of social habit in the utterances which are recognized as the repetions of ‘the same words’ by every speaker of a speechcommunity are defined as the ‘linguistic production’. A linguistic production consists of one or more ‘sentences’. A sentence is composed of an ‘intonation-pattern’ marking its end, one or more ‘taxemes’ and ‘forms’.(Cf. the, author's article ‘The analysis of meaning’ in For Roman Jakobson, 1956)The ‘expresser’ of a sentence is, according to the author, theoretically independent from the utterer of the utterance corresponding to the sentence.The ‘word’ is a minimal ‘free form’. The phonetic side of a word is called its ‘shape’, and its semantic side its ‘sememe’.In Japanese, nouns ‘indicate’, verbs and adjectives ‘indicate and express, ’ and enclitics and some suffixes ‘express.’ With relation to the expressing words and forms, it is necessary to discriminate between the ‘first personer’ and the ‘indefinite personer’. For instance, the form sizuka da «(it is) quiet» expresses the first personer's judgment, while the adjective atatakai «warm»expresses the indefinite personer's. The latter can take an interrogative intonation-pattern and make an interrogative sentence, while the former can not.

著者

鈴木 博之 四郎翁姆 才譲三周

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.159, pp.69-101, 2021 (Released:2021-03-30)

参考文献数

73

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チベット系諸言語は複雑な証拠性・認識性の標示体系をもつ言語群として知られている。これまで多くの先行研究がさまざまなチベット系諸言語の証拠性の記述を行ってきたが,用語と枠組みが先行研究によって多岐にわたるため,これらの言語の証拠性に関する対照研究は困難であった。本稿では,研究蓄積のあるラサチベット語の証拠性の体系を1つの基準として,共通の調査票を用いて5種類のチベット系諸言語の判断動詞と存在動詞に関する「アクセス系」に属する証拠性の体系を記述し,各形式の形態を分析する。次いで,言語間に認められる異同を議論する。結論として,本稿で取り上げたカム及びアムド地域のチベット系諸言語は,判断動詞と存在動詞を統一的な証拠性の枠組みのもとに記述することが可能であり,その中で細部に異なりが認められるものの,本質的な体系を共有していることを示す。

著者

森山 卓郎

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1992, no.101, pp.64-83, 1992-03-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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In Japanese, there are two kinds of forms which stand for epistemic modality(EM) : one type 'daroo' can be used in questions, and the other-so-called secondary modal forms(e. g. 'kamoshirenai')-can not.This paper explains this phenomenon and analyzes the meaning and function of 'daroo' in relation to a new discourse model in Japanese.EM implies that the contradictory assumption is also probable in the supposed world. On the other hand, a typical question stands for the optional relation of the supposed worlds. Because of this relation, the secondary modal forms can not be used in questions. For example, a collocation such as *kare-wa tabun ichinensei kamoshirenaika ?(Lit.Possibly, may he be a freshman?) is ungrammatical.'Daroo' however can be used in. quetions. The meaning of 'daroo'should be regarded as the indicator of judgement-forming process(IJFP)in discourse. In questions, 'daroo' functions as the moderation of the demand for a clear answer. In declarative sentences, 'daroo' means possibility, in case the hearer's information is neglected, but- if the hearer's information is mentioned, 'daroo' means a sort of confirmation. These phenomena can be explained if we assume that IJFP can involve the hearer's judgement in the discourse, and these arguments are supported by morphological evidence.