著者

西沢 邦和

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.4, pp.222-226, 1978-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

7

著者

中井 達郎

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.2, pp.223-242, 2007-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

4 1

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The spatial structures of a 101-103 m scale on coral reefs were understood by reading aerial photographs and investigating the topography of the fringing reef at the eastern part of Yoron Island, Ryukyu Islands. This study set a new physiographic unit (PGU) at the coral reefs as well as studied zonation. PGU has the following characteristics. (1) In an aerial photo, a linear pattern comprising micro-landform arrangements is recognized on the reef flat; (2) Seawater flowing beyond the reef crest from the open sea and entering the moat before returning to the open sea through a breakout in the reef crest or a channel flowing parallel to the shoreline constitute a very common pattern in the research area; (3) The series of currents observed in the area constitute a water system resembling a drainage water system on land and 4 systems were arranged at the eastern part of Yoron Island ; (4) The movement of seawater is controlled by landforms such as reef crests, channels and lands (a cape), which might qualify as borders of PGUs ; (5) Movements controlled by such landforms are dominant, and tend to be longer in terms of time. In this study, a physiographic unit is defined as follows. (1) A unit that is distinguishable from other adjacent areas by its geomorphological borders ; (2) And, a unit that is distinguishable from other adjacent areas when referring to the movement systems of seawater and materials.The notion of spatial structures of coral reefs of a 101-103 meter scale was substantiated by this research using the overlapping zonation approach known here as PGU on reef flats. The spatial structure makes a frame of the coral reef ecosystem. Therefore, setting a PGU is thought to be effective for application to coral reef conservation.

著者

水野 一晴 中村 俊夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.1, pp.18-30, 1999-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

2 2

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Leopard's remains were discovered at Tyndall Glacier on Mt. Kenya in 1997. The radiocarbon dates of ca. 900 ± 100 yrs BP correspond to the shift from a warm period to a cool period and the age of the Tyndall Moraine. The leopard was probably not exposed from the ice of the Tyndall Glacier judging from the condition of the remains. The discovery of the leopard's remains in 1997 is consistent with the climatic change from a cool period which continued until the 19th century to warm period in the 20 century.The succession of alpine vegetation around Tyndall Glacier can be clarified from the conditions of glacial margins and moraines (Lewis Moraine : ca. 100 yrs BP, Tyndall Moraine : ca. 900-500 yrs BP). The Tyndall Glacier on Mt. Kenya retreated at a steady rate from the late 1950 s to 1996. The first colonist species over the new till, Senecio keniophytum, advanced at a rate similar to the retreat of the glacier. The species growing near the ice-front of Tyndall Glacier colonized in tandem with the retreat of the glacier. Till age and stability of land surface are important environmental factors controlling the vegetation pattern around Tyndall Glacier. The pioneer species make humus which results in an improved soil condition. About 70 to 100 yrs elapse from the glacial release before such large woody plants as Senecio keniodendron and Lobelia telekii grow on the glacier foreland.

著者

木内 信蔵

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.119-125, 1960-07-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

9

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Professor Hartshorne's 'The Nature of Geography ' has been widely read among Japanese professional geographers, since Professor I. Matsui had reviewed and then Dr. S. Nomura had translated it into Japanese. Its contribution was too much to write here, but he felt it necessary to supply deeper considerations.The writer generally agrees with the “Perspective” view and would like to express his concept here. Geography is a highly synthesized science, and its study is based on the active regions which have been formed through times and with intimately related human and physical phenomena. But complete synthesis is almost impossible. It should be strived for, with analyzing, comparing actual regions assisted by topical studies.But there remains several questions, for instance valuation of Fr. Ratzel's work with relation to prerent ecological study. And how we could get a proper seat of geography, as chorological science, among traditionaly divied natural and human or social sciences ?

著者

松田 亀三

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.4, pp.230-245, 1979-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

107

被引用文献数

14

著者

茂木 昭夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.5, pp.243-265, 1970-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

6 6

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The Philippine Sea is bounded on the west by the southern half of Japan, the Ryukyu Islands and the Philippines, and on the east by the arcuate seafloor ridge extending from Japan to the Palau Islands through the Mariana Islands. Both arcuate structures are associated with deep sea trench, island arcs, volcanic activity, deep focus earthquakes and negative gravity anomalies. This abyssal deep basin which consists of the oceanic crust is separated into the east and the west basin by the Kyushu-Palau Ridge. The east basin is somewhat shoaler, and can be divided by the central narrow zone at 23°N into two parts, Shikoku Basin and West Mariana Basin, which gradually rise toward the Honshu-Mariana Ridge. There are, however, several seamounts, called the Kinan Seamount Chain, arranged in NNW-SSE direction in the Shikoku Basin. And on its southern extension, there are several troughs, called the West Mariana Trough, arranged is N-S direction. The Shikoku Basin is composed of the smooth floor of the northeastern part and the mountainous area of the southwestern part. The West Mariana Basin is also divided into the abyssal plain on the east and abyssal hill region on the west. And the West Mariana Trough is running on its boundary.The west basin, Philippine Basin, is unusually deep. A region of rugged topography which can be termed the Daito Ridges lies at the northernmost part of the basin. These several parallel ridges elongate from the respective coral islands to southeastward intervening narrow depressions. There are flat plains at the depth of about 1500, 2000 and 3000 m on the northern side of each of the ridges. There is the striking feature, called Central Basin Fault, in the central part of the Philippine Basin. Central Basin Fault which is the low ridge associated with trough in the NW-SE direction separate the Philippine Basin into the north basin and the south basin. On the Philippine Basin floor, the most extensive area is abyssal hill region. Abyssal plains are developed only in limited localities such as the west side of the northern arc of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge.From the description on the submarine topography of the Philippine Sea the author concluded as follows.(1) A few ridges and seamounts not associated with trench are running parallel to the Ryukyu-Philippine Arc and Izu-Mariana Arc : one Kyushu-Palau Ridge, two Kinan Seamount Chain-West Mariana Trough, three Nishi-Shichito Ridge-West Mariana Ridge. These ridges close the space eastward. And basements of basins which intervened between each ridges rise toward the east.(2) There are another ridges having unusual trend. The Daito Ridges have E-W trend and the minor ridges on the Izu Ridge have the NE-SW trend.The numerous minor ridges which construct the abyssal hill region also have the E-W trend on the northern part of the Philippine Sea, although its trend changes to the N-S trend southward gradually. These trends are correspond to the Southwest Japan Arc.(3) Ridges with E-W trend are cut by the ridges with N-S trend, alike the Japan Arc crossed by the Izu-Mariana arc.(4) Kyushu-Palau Ridge consists of two arcs, northern arc parallel to the Ryukyu Arc and southern arc parallel to the Philippine Arc. These two arcs are separated by the Central Basin Fault. Another possible fault runs from the depression in the east side of the northern Kyushu-Palau Ridge to the junction of the Izu-Ogasawara Arc and the Mariana Arc. The southern arc (Mariana) remarkably projects to the southeast along this fault.(5) Abyssal hill provinces in the Philippine Sea occupy the western half of each basins usually. Some of the flat plains occupying the eastern half appear to the archipelagic apron which is constructed by the eruption on the concave side flank of the arcuate ridges.

著者

諏訪 彰

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.3, pp.107-114, 1951-09-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

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The writer intended here to sketch in broad outline the eruption of Mt. Miharayama, on the island of Oshima, and to have a general view of the works of Japanese volcanologists with reference to the eruption.The eruption was one of·the greatest activities of the volcano in the historical time, characterized by frequent explosions of the Strombolian type.A summit eruption took place suddenly on July 16, 1950, ejecting ash and lava fragments and welling out molten lava, and continued without interruption until September 23. Besides, the volcanic activity resumed on February 4, 1951, and continued incessantly until about the end of March, but it declined and became intermittent at the beginning of April and was completely dead on July 28.During the eruption, a large quantity of new lava flowed out over the rim of the central cone after an interval of 172 years.Nearly one hundred able volcanologists In our country made various invaluable studies on the eruption from geophysical, geochemical, geological and petrological viewpoints.Moreover, the eruption went a long way toward the popularization of scientific knowledge on the volcano and its activity.

著者

遠藤 匡俊

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.5, pp.590-612, 1996-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

2

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Many old documents show that the Ainu in the Edo period (1603-1867), who were fishers, hunters and gatherers, were a migratory people. It is also widely accepted that the Ainu moved seasonally from their home residences. This probably indicates that the residents of these settlements were relatively stable. But a detailed analysis of other documents shows that two types of mobility were found in Ainu society : inter-settlement movement of households and inter-household movement of the inhabitants. In the Takashima district during the years 1834-1871, the high death rate was the main cause for inter-household movement of the inhabitants. This type of mobility is entitled “Coping Mobility”.The purpose of this paper is to show that during the years 1848-1858 the composition of households in the Nemuro district of Hokkaido varied as a result of inter-household movement of its members, and the main cause for the high mobility was not the high death rate but the high divorce rate.In the Nemuro district, the population of the Ainu decreased dramatically between 1848 and 1852, and then it increased between 1852 and 1858 (Figs. 1 and 2). Their life had already changed depending less on fishing, hunting, and gathering, under the influence of the Wajin. Most permanent residences were located within the same settlements (Fig. 3), but many resident members moved between households (Fig. 4). The number of persons per 100 inhabitants during a 10-year period who moved between households was very large, especially in the Nemuro district and also in the Takashima and Monbetsu districts. But the number was much smaller in the Mitsuishi and Shizunai districts and the southwestern part of Sakhalin (Table 1). The stability of the household members was much lower in the Nemuro, Takashima and Monbetsu districts than in the Shizunai district and the southwestern part of Sakhalin (Fig. 5).Four factors were recognized as main causes for the movement of household members : (1) the death of a spouse, (2) the death of someone other than a spouse, (3) the divorce of amarried couple, and(4) the separation of someone other than a spouse (Fig.8).About 81% (510/631) of the total number of persons who moved between households did so owing to these four reasons. When we include the cases where people moved for two or more reasons, about 68% (349/510) moved because of divorce, and about 94% (481/510) moved because of the divorce and/or the death of a spouse. Persons who moved between households owing to divorce moved individually in most cases, rarely together. When they moved together, they were in most cases unmarried children and their mother (Table 5). About 54 % of the men divorced between the ages of 20 and 34, and about 62% of the women divorced between the ages of 15 and 34 (Fig. 9). The rate of divorce was much higher in the Nemuro district than in the Takashima, Monbetsu, and Shizunai districts and in the southwestern part of Sakhalin (Table 7).The typical pattern of mobility among households is as follows. After a married couple divorced, the former wife moved to another household, usually by herself, sometimes the children would accompany her (sometimes the children would move with the father). In many cases the divorced persons moved to another household to remarry. When they did not move for marriage purposes, they moved to the households where their siblings, fathers and/ or mothers dwelled. This was the first move for the unmarried children. When the unmarried children grew up, they might move to another household for their own marriage. This would be their second move. Then if they divorced, they would move to a third household. In the Nemuro district the inter-household movement of the inhabitants is regarded to have been caused by the high divorce rate. This type of mobility is entitled “Preparative Mobility”.

著者

村上 文敏

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.1, pp.70-86, 1997-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

6 6

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Myojin Knoll Caldera is located on the broad volcanic edifice of Myojin Knoll and is one of the twelve calderas along the front of the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc. The caldera floor is about 3×4 km in diameter and lies at a depth of about 1, 400 m.Myojin Knoll is composed of three acoustically defined stratigraphic units, 1A, 1B, and 1C. These are correlated respectively with three lithologic units : stratified volcanic breccia, massive volcanic breccia and rhyolitic lava. These same lithologies were observed during submersible dives using Shinkai 2000. The volume of these units making up Myojin Knoll is Unit1A, 17.5 km3; Unit 1B, 64 km3; and Unit 1C, 48.3 km3.The mean density of Myojin Knoll is about 1.84 g/cm3, based on the calculated volumes and assumed densities of Unit 1A, 1B, and 1C. Using this density for Bouguer corrections, there is neither a high nor a low Bouguer anomaly associated with the caldera. This pattern is more typical of anomalies associated with volcanic craters rather than with Krakatau-type calderas. Three dipole type magnetic anomalies have been recognized, one on the north caldera rim, another on the west rim, and a third on the central cone. The anomaliy associated with the central cone is small, reflecting its relatively small volume.Three mechanisms are suggested for the formation of the Myojin Knoll Caldera : (1) the caldera formed as a pumice cone, (2) it formed by collapse of the pre-caldera stratovolcano that formed Units 1B and 1C, and (3) it formed by the destruction of the pre-caldera stratovolcano as a result of the explosive eruption of the huge volume of pumice associated with Unit 1A. The gravity and magnetic data presented here suggest that the models of the pumice cone and the explosive destruction of the pre-caldera stratovolcano are preferable to the model of a collapsing stratovolcano.

著者

野上 道男

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.7, pp.581-585, 1986-01-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

9

著者

松山 薫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.3, pp.332-355, 1997-06-25 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

4 4

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Military establishments are special kinds of public facilities which are not oriented to common users and are under direct government control. To verify their strong spatial influence, the author reviewed a series of policies on the disposal of national properties, and studied changing land use of the former military airfields in the Kanto District.With the end of World War II, a large number of military establishments and properties all over Japan lost their functions. Many of them were released for public use and others were taken over by U.S. military. Their disposal was affected by three groups of government policies : fundamental laws on the disposal of national property exercised by the Finance Ministry; several policies on postwar reconstruction, industrial promotion, regional development, etc. ; and the occupation policies with military purposes and defense policies based on the Security Treaty between Japan and U.S.A.Based on the investigations covering 60 airfields in the Kanto District, the author has found that three stages characterize the major patterns of land use conversion.In the first stage (1945-1960), most of the former Japanese military airfields became farmlands for food supply and unemployment relief under the reclamation policy. The other airfields, especially those located closer to the metropolis, remained for military use by the U.S. Armed Forces.The second stage (1960-1975) corresponds with the period of rapid economic development, and a lot of industrial estates were developed on the former airfields. Most of them were converted from reclaimed farmlands. Another conspicuous land use emerging on the former airfields in this period was military use by the Japanese Self Defense Forces, taking over the U.S. military bases or reclaimed farmland.The third stage (1975-) is characterized by large-scale redevelopment for public purposes on the former U.S. military airfields which were returned to the Japanese Government.Although these three stages generally correspond with the Japanese socio-economic changes throughout the postwar period, some of the land use changes preceded general changes, because they were authorized by the government policies.Actual cases of the changing of land use on the 60 airfields are classified into five types : A (farmlands), B (farmlands to industrial sites), C (U.S. military to public use), D (U.S.military or Japanese Self Defense Forces), and E (farmlands or U.S. military to airfields). The average distance from the metropolis is the greatest in type A, followed by B and D. C and E are situated closest to the metropolis. Type C has had the most extensive and various spatial effects on surrounding areas. It is also worth noting that the boundaries of former military airfields can be easily identified in many cases even after land use conversion.These changes have influenced various aspects of the changing spatial structure in the Kanto District, mainly because of the land property characteristics (large-scale area, firm ground surface, land ownership with grid pattern, etc.) and historical factors (former national lands with special public facilities).

著者

荒川 秀俊

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.167-172, 1951-12-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

2

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As the appropriate level for the balloon bombs 10-12 km level has been selected, for the level is the barotropic surface with maximum westerly currents. During the winter 1944-1945, many balloons were sent to United States from Japan, for this period is characterized by heavy baroclinicy in the middle latitudes and hence the greatest strength of the westerlies is found in winter. Two or three days will be enough to send balloons through the upper troposphere, if the conditions are favourable.

著者

吉原 新

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.2, pp.212-222, 2005-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

1 1

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Knowledge of the Earth's magnetic field during Archean and Proterozoic times can provide important sources of information for understanding the internal and environmental evolution of the Earth. The long-term variation in field intensity and reversal rate is considered to reflect mode changes in powering the geodynamo. Several recent efforts to reconstruct the magnetic field of the early Earth have reported relatively low to moderate field accompanied by occasional polarity reversals. The volume of reliable paleomagnetic data, however, is still insufficient to characterize its long-term nature. Here, recent paleointensity and paleodirectional studies on Archean and Proterozoic rocks including our new findings are reviewed, and their problems and further perspectives are argued.

著者

磯崎 行雄 笠原 順三

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.185-186, 2003-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

カーシュビンク ジョセフ L. ワイス ベンジャミン P.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.187-196, 2003-04-25 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

5 7

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Recent paleomagnetic studies on the Martian meteorite ALH84001 have shown that this rock traveled from Mars to Earth with an internal temperature entirely below 40°C. Dynamical studies indicate that the transfer of rocks from Mars to Earth (and to a limited extent, vice versa) can proceed on a biologically-short time scale, making it likely that organic hitchhikers have traveled between these planets many times during the history of the Solar system. These results demand a re-evaluation of the long-held assumption that terrestrial life. first evolved on Earth, as it could just as easily have evolved on Mars and traveled here. We argue here that the chemical environment on early Mars would have been better for the evolution of early biochemical reactions than that of early Earth.

著者

磯崎 行雄

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.3, pp.410-418, 2005-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

14

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Current trends in research on history of life are briefly reviewed. Since the 1990s study on deep past focusing on early life on Earth and Mars has become popular. This trend often called astrobiology will be a main stream in earth science in this century because it involves the latest human issues, such as global environment, energy, food, world population, and search for habitable planets outside the solar system, in addition to conventional studies on the evolution of Earth and life. Studies on chemofossils of nanometric scale and on geochemical proxies for evaluating paleoenvironments will be the most important targets in this research field. Inevitable in Japan are overhaul of the current domestic-oriented atmosphere in the geological community and deployment of a new research style under a long-term scope.

著者

村上 亮 飛田 幹男 矢来 博司 小澤 慎三郎 西村 卓也 中川 弘之 藤原 智

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, no.6, pp.944-956, 2000-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 1

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The power of interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) when applied to studies of crustal deformation has been fully demonstrated by Massonnet et al. (1993, 1994) and Zebker et al. (1994) for the Landers, California earthquake of June 28, 1992. This method is unique in its capability of providing a two-dimensional representation of a deformation with a dense spatial coverage over most of the globe. Since 1994, the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) has been conducting a study on applications of differential InSAR (Interferometric SAR) for the detection of crustal deformations associated with earthquakes and volcanic activities. Crustal deformations of many episodes were mapped by InSAR, such as those due to the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, the 1995 Neftegorsk earthquake, and volcanic deformations of Mt. Iwate and Mt. Usu. These interferograms played an important role in constructing geophysical models.

著者

岩森 光

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.1, pp.174-187, 2007-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

1

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To understand the transportation and the circulation of water in subduction zones and the mantle, the maximum H2O content of rocks under variable pressure-temperature conditions was reviewed. The maximum H2O content is also important for assessing the potential storage of H2O in the mantle, which shows that the mantle can contain 4.6 to 12.5 times more H2O than the current ocean mass, assuming a standard geothermal gradient. Although the estimation has a large degree of uncertainty, the mantle is a significant storage, and plays an important role in global water circulation, especially due to the unexpectedly high capacities of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs). Based on this information, water circulation in subduction zones (especially in the Japanarcs) and the mantle has been discussed with the relevant numerical modeling and geophysical and geological observations. Consequently, the following points have been clarified : (1) breakdown depths of the major hydrous minerals within and around the subducting slab depend on the thermal structure (deeper for colder environments); (2) when a hot slab, including a spreading mid-ocean ridge, subducts, both water and heat are supplied to the forearc region, contributing to the formation of regional metamorphic belts; (3) both high-pressure-type and high-temperature-type metamorphism occur within a limited time in a single forearc domain associated with ridge subduction ; (4) arc magmatism and regional metamorphism are regarded as a series of geological events corresponding to different stages of a temporal change in the thermal state of a subduction zone; (5) although major dehydration of subducting slabs occurs at depths shallower than 200 km, triggering arc magmatism or regional metamorphism, the subducting slab and the bottom portion of the overlying mantle wedge above the slab transport several 100 to several 1000 ppm of H2O with NAMs to the transition zone ; (6) the influx of H2O into the transition zone by this mechanism is comparable to or exceeds outgassing by magmatism at mid-ocean ridges and hotspots; (7) the influx was suppressed in the past where the potential temperature was high (hot-dry regime), while it will be enhanced in the future as the Earth cools (cold-wet regime), resulting in stabilization and prolongation of mantle convection; and, (8) considering the presence of very cold subduction zones such as central Japan, where a significant amount of water is exceptionally transported to the deep mantle, the present-day Earth is probably in a transition from a hot-dry regime to a cold-wet regime. In any case, the maximum H2O content in NAMs in the upper mantle controls the influx, which needs to be constrained tightly for more accurate estimations of global water circulation.

著者

ビルンド エリック 岩田 修二

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.2, pp.112-121, 1981-04-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

被引用文献数

1

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フィンランド・ノルウエー・スウェーデンの北部に35, 000人ほどいるラップ人のうち, 山地の森林限界以上に居住する山地ラップ人と, 低地の森林に居住する森林ラップ人とは, 暮らし方がかなりちがっている。森林ラップ人の生活は古い時代のラップ人の生活様式を色濃く残している。ごく最近まで, 森林ラップ人は狩猟や漁労 (これらはラップ人の古い生業形態である) を生業にしていた。トナカイの飼育を始めたのは最近で, 飼っている頭数も少なく, 移動範囲もせまい。山地ラップ人が牧畜を始めたのもそれほど古いことではなく, 16-17世紀である。そして, およそ100年前には完全に牧畜(移牧)だけに依存するようになった。夏には高山地域へ, 冬には森林地域へ移動し, 春と秋は亜高山帯で過す。移動距離は数100kmにも達している。山地ラツプ人の生活基盤は牧畜業にあると考えられがちであるが, 現在では牧畜だけで生活しているラップ人の数はたいへん少数になった。スウェーデンの場合, ラップ人口のうちの7%ないし25%にすぎない。17世紀後半には, ラップランドにはラップ人だけが居住していた。そこへ, 南からの移住農民が侵入するにつれて, いろいろの問題がおこり始めた。これに対する政府の立場は, スウェーデンの場合, 土地は広大であり, 移住農民と牧畜ラップ人とは生活の場が異なるから摩擦は起きないであろうというものであった。しかし, 現実には多くの問題が起き, ラップ人はいつも不利益をこうむってきた。政府が長年ラップ人を保護し, 生活水準・教育水準を高めてきたとはいうものの, 少数民族であることと, 牧畜という不安定な生業に依存していることとのために問題の根本解決はなされていない。ラップランドからの人口流出が20世紀半ばから始まったことによって, ラップ人がラップランドとその周辺でスウェーデン人に雇用される機会が減った。いっぽう, ラップ人に対する人種偏見は減り, ラップ人がスウェーデン社会にとけこみやすくなった。しかし, これがラップの固有文化の崩壊をはやめることになった。現在では都市で生活しているラップ人も多い。

著者

W. G. ERNST

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.5, pp.735-738, 1997-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

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The strategic justification for supporting scientific activities has largely depending on the understanding that research provided both national security in a time of global hostility involving the improvement of the economy, greater social equity, better health, better race relations, and enhancement of environmental quality, and widespread health benefits. In terms of curriculum in the Earth Sciences, the important point here is that study courses must evolve to accommodate the changing, enlarging body of knowledge as well as the ultimate career needs of the future degree holders. Growing subdisciplines needed in America include hydrology, hydrogeology, neotectonics, continental margin oceanography, engineering geology, geologic hazards, environmental science, aqueous geochemistry, and material sciences. Metamorphic petrologists are especially well-equipped with the fundamental knowledge from physics and chemistry as well as geology to treat the problems society wishes to address and solve. The situation provides us with a natural advantage, but to realize it, we must move our emphasis away from the traditional topics of metamorphic petrology.