著者

千田 忠男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.21-29, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

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I analyze continously the controversy (1962) between K. Kogi and J. Hashimoto concerning the theory of the industrial health tehchnology, and my opinion is as follows: 1) The directive and administrative actions, which are concerned with the man power on the labour process, are divided into two sections by the historical factors. One is to protect the workers health against unhealthy factors, and another is to organize the labour scientifically in a broad sense. When these actions are organized by the management, they are antagonistic to the workers in the real labour process. The development stage of the actions is judged by objective criterion such as the system of applied means. 2) It is necessary to study industrial fatigue not only by the physical and psychological approach, but also by the sociological route.

著者

中根 美知代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.30-36, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

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W. R. Hamilton proposed, in his articles written between 1824 and 1833, the characteristic function to describe the properties of ray systems. It has been usually presumed that he derived the function from the principle of least action. The present paper aims at revealing the historical connection between the above mentioned function and principle. Firstly discussed are the origin and implication of the principle which he called that of least action. He derived it from the law of reflection and refraction ; what he called ACTION in this process did not imply mechanical action but optical path length. Accordingly, the principle should originally be called that of the shortest optical path length. Secondly dealt with are the basis of his characteristic function and the way of its extension. It was introduced, not on the basis of the above-mentioned principle, but through analysis of rays in focal mirrors and focal refractors; before long, he noticed that the function was compatible with the principle ; then, for the purpose of expressing the ray systems in inhomogeneous medium, he utilized a refined form of the function ; besides, he formulated the function on the basis of the principle; finally the principle was accepted as an axiom.

著者

嶺井 政行

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.37-43, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

山崎 俊雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.40, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.45-62, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

高橋 憲一

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.1-12, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Contrary to the title of our paper, the Catoptrica is generally regarded as a pseudo-Euclidean work―a late recension of a genuine Euclidean one, probably written by Theon of Alexandria. Almost all historians of science have accepted this interpretation, which was proposed by J. L. Heiberg and later elaborated by A. Lejeune. In this paper the author intends first to examine the validity of this widespread interpretation, focussing mainly on Heiberg's arguments, and secondly to propose an alternative interpretation. Heiberg's arguments can be divided into three groups, which concern respectively : (Gl) theoretical contents of the Catoprica (G2) scanty testimonies in antiquity (G3) stylistic analyses of the Greek text (Gl)is, it seems, the most important reason to have led him to the inauthenticity of the work. His arguments in this regard consist of pointing out, on the one hand, inaccurate proof procedures and lack of mathematical rigor(for Propsitions 7-12, 16-18), and, on the other, fallacious assertions(for Postulates 4 & 5). The present author refutes the former by showing Heiberg's misunderstanding of the propositions, and the latter by proposing a new interpretation of the postulates, a kernel of which is the assumption, indicated by the use of 〇 vKerc and supported by the use of the same word in Euclid's Optica, Prop. 3, that observer' s eye moves around the object of sight, looking at the image in the mirror. With the collapse of reasons in (Gl), Heiberg's argument in (G2) is deemed to lose its force. We havz no right to doubt the truth of both Proclus' ascription of the work to Euclid and Euclid's own allusion to the work in his Optica, Prop.19. Concerning (G3), it is shown that his argument is far from convincing. It never supports a hypothesis that Theon was a pseudo-Euclid who compiled the work, but rather indicates, against his intention, that the work has same characteristic style as the genuine Euclidean Optica, probably inherited from optical research before Euclid. Thus if the Optica has the right to claim Euclidean authenticity, the Catoptrica also has, we must admit, the same right in its extant form as handed down to us.

著者

鈴木 善次 玉巻 佐和子 高橋 哲郎 渡辺 正雄 西村 秀雄 中川 徹

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.213-216, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

被引用文献数

1

著者

鈴木 善次

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.211-212, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

今野 宏之

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.152-160, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Einstein introduced the spontaneous process of "outgoing" radiation in 1916, corresponding to the radiation emitted from an oscillating Planck resonator. In 191& Bohr suggested that the probability coefficient of spontaneous emission could be determined by the amplitude of the multiply periodic system. The correspondence principle, however, enabled one to indicate only an asymptotic relation(13)(in the text) in the limit of high quantum numbers, and was powerless to fix the unique form of the amplitude valid for all quantum numbers. Kramers gave up determining the amplitude in terms of the multiply periodic system, and regarded Eq.(26)as quantum-theoretically valid relation. Then he reversed Eq.(26)and took the relation(27)as the definition of the characteristic amplitudes of the virtual oscillators. Eventually, Kramers' dispersion formula was the first fruitful attempt to embody Einstein's probability coefficient of the spontaneous emission in the form of the "strength"(f=A・γ) of the virtual oscillator.

著者

小柳 公代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.135-142, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

布施 光男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.143-151, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Recently some considerations on batteries of Shozan Sakuma (1811-1864) have been given by several scholors, but there is still posibility of further study on this subject. The aim of this paper is to investigate the following matters : Firstly, we clarify what kind of battery was one described in Sakuma's letter, and secondly we investigate what Dutch literature Sakuma made his existing battery based on. Finally, we survey Japanese books published before 1858 in which batteries were described and make a comparative study of Sakuma's battery, in order to know how batteries had been spread in Japan at that time

著者

徳元 琴代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.161-172, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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In the 1920's, R. Robinson and C.K. Ingold controverted on principles of an electronic theory of organic reactions. They had been investigated how to theorize reactivity of many complicated organic reactions from different points of view―polar (Robinson, alternative polarity) and non polar (Ingold,free affinity). Gradually they were conscious of necessity of new concepts (electron valence) for showing quantitative reactivity in this controversy on nitration reactions of nitrosobenzene and benzilamine etc. from 1924 to 1926. The year,1926, was the turningpoint that they indicated new concepts of reactivity of organic reactions―the density of electron around atoms (Robinson) and the electronic strain around atoms(Ingold). So, they could publish the electronic theory of organic reactions in 1930's. Consequently not only Robinson but also Ingold in this controversy played an important part for forming basic concepts and methods to quantiy their reactivities in the electronic theory of organic reactions.

著者

渡辺 正雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.173-177, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

被引用文献数

1

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.178, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

菅原 国香 板倉 聖宣

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.193-202, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

千田 忠男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.203-210, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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An analysis of the points of the controversy (1962) between K. Kogi and J. Hashimoto concerning industrial health technology is as follows : 1)The scientific work is distinct from physical work on social division of labour. 2) The actions to protect worker's health against unhealthy factors or to organize scientfically the labour are derived from the directive and/or administrative actions as workshop division of labour. 3) Above all, it is necessary for the professional activators on the problems of worker^ health, to be able to sympathize with the workers and their demands. 4) The physical and psychological studies link to the political economy by means of the labour process which is doubly defined as the general labour process and the labour process under the capital.

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.49, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.106-122, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.126, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

小柳 公代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.65-79, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)