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In early postnatal development, perisomatic innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) switches from glutamatergic climbing fibers (CFs) to GABAergic basket cell fibers (BFs). Here we examined the switching process in C57BL/6 mice. At postnatal day 7 (P7), most perisomatic synapses were formed by CFs on to somatic spines. The density of CF-spine synapses peaked at P9, when pericellular nest around PCs by CFs was most developed, and CF-spine synapses constituted 88% of the total perisomatic synapses. Thereafter, CF-spine synapses dropped to 63% at P12, 6% at P15, and <1% at P20, whereas BF synapses increased reciprocally. During the switching period, a substantial number of BF synapses existed as BF-spine synapses (37% of the total perisomatic synapses at P15), and free spines surrounded by BFs or Bergmann glia also emerged. By P20, BF-spine synapses and free spines virtually disappeared, and BF-soma synapses became predominant (88%), thus attaining the adult pattern of perisomatic innervation. Parallel with the presynaptic switching, postsynaptic receptor phenotype also switched from glutamatergic to GABAergic. In the active switching period, particularly at P12, fragmental clusters of AMPA-type glutamate receptor were juxtaposed with those of GABA(A) receptor. When examined with serial ultrathin sections, immunogold labeling for glutamate and GABA(A) receptors was often clustered beneath single BF terminals. These results suggest that a considerable fraction of somatic spines is succeeded from CFs to BFs and Bergmann glia in the early postnatal period, and that the switching of postsynaptic receptor phenotypes mainly proceeds under the coverage of BF terminals.

2013-05-17 19:48:56
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1 0 0 0 OA 学習につまづく子どもの認知機能に応じる教育支援 : 高次脳機能に関する脳科学の通常学級への応用

著者: 野添絹子
出版者: 早稲田大学大学院教育学研究科
雑誌: 早稲田大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 : 別冊 (ISSN:13402218)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.17, no.2, pp.255-265, 2010-03-30

2013-05-17 09:53:00
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http://hdl.handle.net/2065/31505

1 0 0 0 OA 「事実」と「非事実」を共に構成する言語形式について : 古代日本語における

著者: 栗田岳
出版者: 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科言語情報科学専攻
巻号頁・発行日: 2012-10-25

報告番号: ; 学位授与年月日: 2012-10-25 ; 学位の種別: 課程博士 ; 学位の種類: 博士(学術) ; 学位記番号: 博総合第1174号 ; 研究科・専攻: 総合文化研究科言語情報科学専攻

2013-05-17 09:40:11
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http://hdl.handle.net/2261/53595

1 0 0 0 OA 個別要素法による3次元岩盤不連続面のせん断挙動に関するシミュレーション解析

著者: 高藤早織 Takafuji Saori 楠見晴重 Kusumi Harushige
出版者: 土木学会
巻号頁・発行日: 2007-01

岩盤構造物の安全な設計・施工には,岩盤不連続面のせん断挙動の解明が重要とされている.また,岩盤構造物を建設する際には,多くの費用と時間を要す事前調査が必要となる.そこで本研究は,岩盤不連続面のせん断挙動の解明を目的とし,直接一面せん断試験についての3次元シミュレーション解析を行った.解析では,個別要素法に,引張力を表すことのできるボンディング理論を導入したものを用いている.また,自然な不連続面を有する供試体を解析モデルとし,ボンディングの破断状況やせん断応力分布の可視化によって,せん断挙動のシミュレーションを行っている.さらに,実験との比較を行うことで,本解析手法の有用性の検討を行っている. As is known, it is important to clarify the shear behavior of rock joint for the safty construction of rock structures. In this paper, the three dimentional simulation analysis of direct shear testing using distinct element method have been done. Especially, to reprent the tensile stress in rock mass, we tried to be applied on the bonding theory. As the results of this study, it is recognized that the results of this simulation with that of experiment.

2013-05-17 08:57:00
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http://hdl.handle.net/10112/2148

1 0 0 0 OA Optimized bi-dimensional data projection for clustering visualization

著者: Peres Rodrigo T. Aranha Claus Pedreira Carlos E.
出版者: Elsevier Inc.
雑誌: Information sciences (ISSN:00200255)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.232, pp.104-115, 2013-03
被引用文献数: 4 1

We propose a new method to project n-dimensional data onto two dimensions, for visualization purposes. Our goal is to produce a bi-dimensional representation that better separate existing clusters. Accordingly, to generate this projection we apply Differential Evolution as a meta-heuristic to optimize a divergence measure of the projected data. This divergence measure is based on the Cauchy–Schwartz divergence, extended for multiple classes. It accounts for the separability of the clusters in the projected space using the Renyi entropy and Information Theoretical Clustering analysis. We test the proposed method on two synthetic and five real world data sets, obtaining well separated projected clusters in two dimensions. These results were compared with results generated by PCA and a recent likelihood based visualization method.

2013-05-17 08:32:05
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1 0 0 0 OA Anisotropic Alteration of Scleral Birefringence to Uniaxial Mechanical Strain

著者: Nagase Satoko Yamanari Masahiro Tanaka Ryosuke Yasui Takeshi Miura Masahiro Iwasaki Takuya Goto Hiroshi Yasuno Yoshiaki
出版者: Public Library of Science
雑誌: PLoS ONE (ISSN:19326203)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.8, no.3, pp.e58716, 2013-03
被引用文献数: 13 5

PurposeTo investigate the relationship between scleral mechanical properties, its birefringence, and the anisotropy of birefringence alteration in respect of the direction of the strain by using PS-OCT.MethodsThe scleral birefringence of thirty-nine porcine eyes was measured with a prototype PS-OCT. A rectangle strip of sclera with a width of 4 mm was dissected at the temporal region 5 mm apart from the optic nerve head. The strain and force were measured with a uniaxial tension tester as the sample was stretched with a speed of 1.8 mm/min after preconditioning. The birefringence of the sample was measured by PS-OCT at the center of the sample before applying, denoted as inherent birefringence, and after applying stretching of 6.5% strain. The birefringence alteration was obtained by these two measurements and correlations between birefringence and elastic parameters, tangent modulus, and structural stiffness were examined. Twenty and 19 porcine eyes were stretched in meridional or equatorial directions, respectively.ResultsA moderate positive correlation was found between the inherent birefringence and the structural stiffness. A moderate positive correlation was also found between the inherent birefringence and the tangent modulus. The birefringence increased by strains. Marginal significance was found in the birefringence alteration between meridional and equatorial strains, where the mean birefringence elevation by meridional strain was higher than that by equatorial strain.ConclusionsThe birefringence was found to be altered by applying strain and also be related with inherent birefringence. This implies the birefringence of the sclera of the in vivo eye also could be affected by its mechanical property.Citation: Nagase S, Yamanari M, Tanaka R, Yasui T, Miura M, et al. (2013) Anisotropic Alteration of Scleral Birefringence to Uniaxial Mechanical Strain. PLoS ONE 8(3): e58716. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058716Editor: Laurent Kreplak, Dalhousie University, CanadaReceived: October 30, 2012; Accepted: February 5, 2013; Published: March 11, 2013Copyright: © 2013 Nagase et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Funding: Financial support for this study was provided in part by Japan Science Technology Agency. YY had financial interest in Tomey Corp. MY is an employee of Tomey Corp. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Competing interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: Yasuno and Yamanari are supported by a research grant from Tomey Corp. through their institution. Yamanari is now employee of Tomey Corporation. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.