1 0 0 0 OA 日本語版ToM Localizer for fMRIの開発
- 著者
- 小川 昭利 横山 諒一 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.88, no.4, pp.366-375, 2017 (Released:2017-10-25)
- 参考文献数
- 45
- 被引用文献数
- 1 4
Theory-of-mind (ToM) has been extensively studied using neuroimaging, with the goal of finding a neural basis for ToM and its associate emotional and cognitive processes. In neuroimaging, a functional localizer is used when a region of interest needs to be identified in a way that is statistically independent of the main experiment. The original ToM localizer (ToM-L) for functional magnetic resonance imaging (Dodell-Feder et al., 2011) measures brain activity when a set of English sentences and related questions are read and answered by participants. We developed a linguistically localized version of the ToM-L for use with Japanese speakers, and evaluated it by scanning 70 participants. The results showed that this localizer could be used to define individual ToM-related areas, requiring about one-third of the scanning time of the original ToM-L while maintaining its statistical ability to identify individual ToM-related brain regions.
1 0 0 0 OA ステレオタイプに基づく予期が学業評価に及ぼす効果
- 著者
- 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- The Japanese Psychological Association
- 雑誌
- Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.27, no.3, pp.163-172, 1985-12-20 (Released:2009-02-24)
- 参考文献数
- 20
- 被引用文献数
- 1
The effect of prior stereotypical expectancy on academic evaluation was examined by varying the information value of a target's current behavior. Following the procedure of Darley and Gross (1983), 62 male and 12 female undergraduate volunteers were asked to evaluate academic abilities of a target child. Half of them were told in advance that the child came from a high socio-economic class, and the other half that he came from a low socio-economic class. Then subjects were asked to examine the results of an academic test in which the child's performance was high, moderate, or low, and to evaluate his abilities in several subject areas. “Labeling effects” occured. That is, given identical performance, the subjects given high socio-economic status information rated the child's abilities higher than those given low socioeconomic status information. This effect emerged mainly under moderate performance of the child, and almost disappeared under high or low performance. These results were discussed from a Bayesian perspective using the concept of datum diagnosticity.
1 0 0 0 OA 恐怖感情は伝染するか? : 選択的注意配分行動による検討
- 著者
- 田村 亮 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- 日本感情心理学会
- 雑誌
- 感情心理学研究 (ISSN:18828817)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.14, no.1, pp.64-70, 2007-03-25 (Released:2008-10-03)
- 参考文献数
- 11
Using a brain-imaging technique, Breiter et al. (1996) and Morris et al. (1996) showed that the amygdala, which is known to respond to threatening stimuli, is activated when participants view fearful facial expressions. These results imply that fear is transferable between individuals. The purpose of this study was to provide behavioral evidence for ‘fear contagion’ using a probe detection task to measure attention bias following exposure to either fear-relevant or fear-neutral primes. As expected, the results revealed a fear-specific response bias in which participants selectively directed their attention towards a fearful facial-expression after being primed with a fear-face. Conversely, selective attention was not observed with neutral-face, sad-face, or snake primes. Interestingly, participants tended to selectively avoid a picture of a snake following a fear-face prime. Implications of these findings and future directions are discussed.
1 0 0 0 OA 人は感受性の異なる他者にどこまで共感できるのか?
1 0 0 0 資金獲得に伴う不確実性は他者のためのリスク選択に影響するか
- 著者
- 上島 淳史 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.88, no.4, pp.383-389, 2017-10
1 0 0 0 日本語版ToM Localizer for fMRIの開発
1 0 0 0 OA 資金獲得に伴う不確実性は他者のためのリスク選択に影響するか
- 著者
- 上島 淳史 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会
- 雑誌
- 心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.88.16328, (Released:2017-09-30)
- 参考文献数
- 25
Recent research has revealed neuro-cognitive commonalities between decisions for self and for others. However, very few direct comparisons have been made between decisions for self and others in the context of economic decision-making under risk. In this study, we compared gambling decisions for self and others using a withinparticipants design. We manipulated the level of uncertainty involved in acquisition of seed money for gambling to explore its potential role in mediating risky decisions. The results revealed that participants were significantly more risk-averse when making decisions for others than for self, and this behavioral difference was stronger when the seed money for gambling was obtained with certainty. Moreover, additional analysis using the Social Value Orientation scale (Van Lange, Otten, De Bruin, & Joireman, 1997) revealed that the “individualistic” participants made the self-other distinction more clearly than the “prosocial” participants, indicating that a participant’s socialvalue orientation plays a role when making risky decisions for others.
1 0 0 0 OA 所有と分配 : 共同分配規範の社会的発生基盤に関する進化ゲーム分析
- 著者
- 竹澤 正哲 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.6, no.2, pp.191-205, 1999-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)
- 参考文献数
- 26
- 被引用文献数
- 3
How does a reciprocal communal sharing system come into existence in a sustainable form in human societies? The anthropological literature has provided two explanations for the origin of communal sharing under uncertainty: risk reduction by social sharing (Kaplan & Hill, 1985) and tolerated theft (Blurton Jones, 1984, 1987; Winterhalder, 1986, 1996). In this paper, we aim to develop a third explanation focusing on the emergence of a communal sharing norm. A communal sharing norm here refers to a social norm designating uncertain resources as common properties. A series of computer simulations based on an evolutionary game framework suggests that such a communal sharing norm is indeed evolvable. We argue that the evolutionary game analysis can be a powerful tool in cognitive science to derive empirical hypotheses concerning various cognitive and behavioral mechanisms.
1 0 0 0 集団問題解決におけるステレオタイプ的認知の創発的影響
- 著者
- 中西 大輔 亀田 達也
- 出版者
- The Japanese Psychological Association
- 雑誌
- 心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.71, no.6, pp.469-476, 2001
Effects of stereotypic beliefs were examined in a group problem solving context, featuring full-fledged, face-to-face interaction. Based on formal analysis of group aggregation processes, it was hypothesized that positive and negative impacts of stereotypic beliefs on task performance in problem solving were larger on the group level than on the individual level. In the present study, data from five-person groups working on a series of problem-solving tasks were used to test the hypothesis. Results indicated that stereotypic beliefs indeed exerted "emergent influence" as hypothesized on task performance in the group problem solving. The finding illustrates the importance of socially-shared aspects of stereotypic beliefs, providing a case for the need for "truly social" social-cognition research.
「人間の共感能力とは何か」という問いは、人文・社会科学の共通の根本問題であると同時に、進化生物学などの自然科学領域にもまたがる巨大な問いであり、社会的存在としての人間を理解する上で極めて重要である。本研究では、「原初的共感」という人間の基礎的な感情作用に着目することで、「高次の共感」、「感情の本質的社会性」といったより大きな問題群を考究可能にするための、概念的な整備を体系的に行った。3年間にわたる研究を通じて、二者間での感情の同期化に関する理論構築に力を注ぎ、表情模倣と呼ばれる現象の特定に成功した。表情模倣とは、ターゲットの感情的な表情表出を、受け手が自分の表情表出に引き受ける(再現する)現象を指す。この現象については、母子間の表情模倣に関する古典的な研究が存在するものの、非血縁の成人間の模倣については断片的な知見の蓄積に留まっており現象の再現性やその規定因はほとんど明らかにされていない。本研究では、表情模倣現象が相手の感情理解のための機能を有するという作業仮説を立て、顔筋の活動電位(EMG)を計測することで一連の検証実験を行った。実験の結果は、この仮説をおおむね支持するものであった。これらの知見は、「原初的な共感」のエンジンとしての表情模倣現象の重要性を示唆するもので、人間の共感能力の理論化に向けて有意義な出発点となる。