著者
六鹿 茂夫
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2012, no.41, pp.76-90, 2012 (Released:2014-05-27)

In the study of semi-presidential systems, it has been claimed that there are often conflicts between the president and the prime minister. This hypothesis can also be applied to cases in Romania. However, in Romania, the outcomes of these conflicts have been varied. In the first two conflicts between the president and prime minister in 1991 and 1998, the prime ministers were forced to resign, while the two most recent cases in 2007 and 2012 led to the suspension of the president by parliament. Can all of these cases be explained by the same hypothesis about semi-presidential systems? If so, we may suppose that conflicts are merely changed in a formal sense from being between the president and prime minister to being between the president and parliament, and that the basic characteristics and structure of the conflicts between them remain essentially unchanged. However, if these cases cannot be explained by the institutional hypothesis alone, we may suppose that some structural change must have happened in recent Romanian politics. We argue that the latter is the case. What then is the structural change that has recently occurred in Romania’s politics? In order to answer this question, firstly, we review the variety of hypotheses on the relations between president and prime minister in semi-presidential systems, and examine their validity in relation to the cases in Romania. We confirm that these hypotheses could adequately explain the relations between president and prime minister in Romania until around the period of the country’s accession to the EU. However, we also observe that, after that period, the essential characteristics of relations between these state organs changed so profoundly that these hypotheses could no longer explain them. Secondly, as a first step to understanding how these relations had changed, we analyse the political process of the suspension of the president by the parliament and government in the summer of 2012, and we notice that the struggle over judicial independence developed in parallel with the conflicts between the president, prime minister, and parliament. Thirdly, we examine the political struggle over judicial independence, and discover that there were two forces struggling over it. One was the status-quo forces attempting to maintain the current structure of a politically-dependent judiciary which easily facilitated corruption, and the other was the forces attempting to restore the independence of the judiciary and reduce corruption. The balance of power between these two forces was overwhelmingly favourable for the former until around the time of Romania’s accession to the EU. Since then, however, the latter has started to gain strength, as Romania has sought to fulfil the conditions for the EU accession, such as judicial independence and the elimination of corruption. As policies for judicial independence and anti-corruption have been producing concrete results, the struggle between the competing forces also has been intensifying, including the struggle between the state organs of president, prime minister, and parliament. Therefore, the conflicts between these three state organs cannot be explained by an institutional analysis of the semi-presidential system alone. They should be also analysed from the point of view of structural conflicts over essential issues in Romanian politics as a whole.
著者
六鹿 茂夫
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2003, no.32, pp.48-62, 2003 (Released:2010-05-31)

Income inequality has greatly increased in the Republic of Moldova since its independence in 1991. This is partly because only a small number of its people became rich through the illegal and unfair redistribution of the national wealth in the process of regime transformation, and partly because the majority of the people were reduced to poverty by the bankruptcy of the national economy. As a result, serious poverty has spread widely in small towns and rural areas, especially among unskilled workers, farmers, agricultural employees, pensioners, those with no primary education and the illiterate, households with many children, children and old people. Poverty has caused a sharp decline in fertility and the migration abroad of 600 thousand to one million workers. While their remittances to their families have prevented a worsening of the economic and social situation in Moldova, this labour emigration has given rise to a brain drain and to human trafficking. This in turn contributed to the great victory of the Communist party in the 2001 elections. Whether these issues of social and economic inequality and mass labour migration will be eased by the EU's ‘European Neighbourhood Policy, ’ which is based on a carrot and stick approach, remains to be seen.
著者
六鹿 茂夫 廣瀬 陽子 黛 秋津 佐藤 真千子 小窪 千早 梅本 哲也 吉川 元 上垣 彰 大西 富士夫 西山 克典 小久保 康之 吉村 貴之 中島 崇文 末澤 恵美 服部 倫卓 木村 真
出版者
静岡県立大学
雑誌
基盤研究(A)
巻号頁・発行日
2008

黒海地域の国際関係を歴史、経済、域内国際関係、域外国際関係の4次元から分析し、国際会議をボアジチ大学(イスタンブール)と静岡県立大学にて開催して学際的総合化に努めた。その結果、1.黒海としての地域性、2.地政学的重要性、3.黒海地域の特殊性と地域特有のイシュー(エネルギー、民主化、凍結された紛争)、4.黒海地域の構造とその変動、5.黒海地域と広域ヨーロッパおよび世界政治との相互連関性が明らかにされた。
著者
六鹿 茂夫 渡邊 啓貴 小久保 康之 廣瀬 陽子 佐藤 真千子
出版者
静岡県立大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2005

本研究では、欧州近隣諸国政策(ENP)のイースタン・ディメンション、すなわち西部新独立国家(WNIS:ウクライナ、ベラルシ、モルドヴァ)および南コーカサス(グルジア、アルメニア、アゼルバイジャン)をめぐる政治過程について海外調査研究をした結果、以下の結論を得た。1.EUは、ENPの二国間関係に加え、黒海シナジーという多国間協力を展開し始めた。2.ENPのアクション・プランは南コーカサスにも適用されるに至った。3.EU=ロシア関係において貿易は増大したものの、深刻な問題が露呈した。エネルギー問題の解決は困難を極め、「4つの空間」ロードマップも、人権やマスメディアの自由および凍結された紛争をめぐる溝を埋められないでいる。4.凍結された紛争をめぐるOSCEとEUの関係は、前者が主要アクター、後者がそれを後方支援する関係にあり、OSCEの紛争解決における重要性が増している。5.とはいえ、凍結された紛争におけるロシアの影響は依然として重要であり、その役割は極めて大きい。(6)EUはモルドヴァのトランスニストリア紛争解決にも一層積極的となり、問題を残しつつもEUBAM(国境支援使節)氏遣で同地の闇経済摘発と民主化に貢献し始めた。(7)米国の対黒海地域政策としては、ポーランドの米系NGOへの支援を通したウクライナの民主化支援や、チェコおよびポーランドへのレーダー基地の設置計画が重要課題である。だがロシアはその代替案として、アゼルバイジャンのレーダー基地を提示している。これは米露関係が中欧と南コーカサスという二つの広範な地域に展開されている証左であり、広域ヨーロッパを見る際の重な分析視角を提示するものである。ENPを通してWNISや南コーカサス諸国の民主化と市場経済化が推進され、それに伴い黒海地域諸国全体の地政学的戦略的重要性が一層高まった結果、今や黒海地域の安全保障環境が劇的な変化を見せている。