著者
吉川 虎雄
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.57, no.10, pp.691-702, 1984-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
32
被引用文献数
7 9

Landforms are shaped by tectonic movement and sculptured by denudational processes. Davis (1899) deduced landform development by denudational processes, postulating prolonged stillstand of a landmass following rapid uplift, but W. Penck (1924) emphasized that land forms were formed by tectonic and denudational processes proceeding concurrently at different rates. These two distinctive views of tectonics and denudation in geomorphology have been discussed many times, but actual conditions of these processes have rarely been assessed quantitatively. Schumm (1963) and Bloom (1978) estimated modern rates of uplift to be much greater than those of denudation, and supported to some extent the Davisian assumption of rapid uplift of a landmass, which allowed little denudational modification of the area during the period of uplift. Recent geomorphological study has achieved many excellent results concerning tectonic and denudational processes and their products, but landform development by concurrent tectonics and denudation has scarcely been investigated intensively. As a result of the author's estimate in Japan (Yoshikawa, 1974), modern rates of uplift are generally greater than those of denudation, but denudation rates are greater than or approximately equal to uplift rates in high mountains of Central Japan and on the Pacific slope of Southwest Japan; in these mountains both rates are usually of the order of 1mm/yr. These mountains have been rapidly uplifted and intensely denuded in the Quaternary. Landform development of these mountains, therefore, should be explained not by the Davisian scheme, but by the Penckian. When a landmass is uplifted at a constant rate, the area increases its relief with uplift, being sculptured by rivers. Denudation rates become greater and approach uplift rates. Ultimately both rates become equal, and steady-state landforms in dynamic equilibrium of uplift and denudation are accomplished, as far as the landmass is continuously uplifted at the constant rate (Plirano, 1972, 1976; Ohmori, 1978). Landform evolution by uplift and denudation, therefore, can be divided into the following three stages; (1) the developing stage that landforms approach steady state by concurrently proceeding uplift and denudation, (2) the culminating stage that steady-state landforms are maintained in dynamic equilibrium of uplift and denudation, and (3) the declining stage that landforms are reduced down to sea level by denudation when uplift ceases. Landform evolution passes through these three stages in different duration periods according to various rates of uplift and denudation as well as duration periods of uplift. Supported by the interpretation that erosion surfaces fragmentarily distributed in Japanese mountains are remnants of peneplains in previous cycles, the Davisian scheme of landform development has survived in Japan, where active uplift and intense denudation have proceeded concurrently in recent geologic time. It was, however, clarified in the upper drainage basin of the Waiapu River, northeastern North Island, New Zealand, that erosion surfaces in the hills, about 500 to 700m above sea level, were formed nearly at the present height probably by periglacial processes and fluvial transportation of debris in the last glacial age (Yoshikawa et at., in preparation). This suggests that there is a possibility that a considerable part of erosion surfaces in Japanese high mountains is also of the similar origin. Geomorphological study in tectonically active and intensely denuded regions, such as Japan, will produce invaluable information of landform evolution by concurrent tectonics and denudation. This will contribute to further development of geomorphology.
著者
吉川 虎雄 貝塚 爽平 太田 陽子
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.12, pp.627-648, 1964-12-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
23 27

土佐湾北東岸に発達する海鍛丘は,上位より羽根岬面,室戸岬面および沖鷲地に分け皇れ,いずれも南東より北西に低くなる.室戸岬面の高さは南海地震の際の隆起量と正の相関を不し,地震削の沈降量とは負の相関を示す.約120年を周期としておこった大地震の際の室戸岬付近の隆起は,その間の沈降よりも大きく,段丘面の高度分布はこのような隆起沈降を差引した結果である南東より北西への傾動陸起にキって決定されたと考えられる.このような隆起地域であるにもかかわらず,各段丘面の形成過程に沈水期が挾まれているのは,氷期後の海面上昇速度が地盤の隆起速度を上回ったからに他ならない. 室戸岬面は,その地形発達の過程より判断して,約9万年前にはじまる. Riss- Würm問氷期に形成されたと考えられる.室戸岬付近の大地震1周期の問における地盤隆起の平均速度は約2mm/年と算定され,もしRiss-Würm問氷期以後かかる性質の地殼変動が一様に継続したとすれば,室戸岬面は室戸岬付近において約180mの高さにあるはずであるが,これは事実と一致する.また水準測量の結果によると,安田の水準点を基準とした吉良川の水準点の高度は,大地震1周期の問に平均1.2mm/年の割含で増大しているが,もしRiss.Würm間氷期以後このような地殼変動がつづV・てきたのであれば,室戸岬面は吉良川において安田よりも細10m高いはずであるが,これも事実とほぼ一致する.したがって, Riss-Würm間糊以後,室戸岬付近は現在と同じく平均2mm/年の速さで北西へ傾動しつつ隆起してきたと考えられる. このような地殼変動と第四紀における海面変化とを複合した結果は,この海岸の地形発達の過程とよく一致するので,この地域の海岸段丘の分化を生じたのは,地殻変動の緩急ではなく・海面変化の結果であり,その間地殼変動はほぼ一様に推移したと考えられる.
著者
吉川 虎雄
出版者
Tokyo Geographical Society
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, no.1, pp.8-24, 1963-01-30 (Released:2009-11-12)
参考文献数
10

In February, 1957, the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition established a station, called “Syowa”, on a small island off Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica. The station had been occupied by the wintering teams untill February, 1962, except during the period from February, 1958, to January, 1959. Various kinds of scientific observations, for example, aeronomy, meteorology, geology, geomorphology, glaciology, biology, and so on, had been carried out at the station and on its surrounding Antarctic continent. The station was temporarily closed in February, 1962, on account of logistic and financial difficulties, and the reopenning of the station for scientific activities is now being discussed by the Japanese government.In this paper, activities of the Japanese Antarctic Research.Expedition are described and some of scientific results in geography, geology, geodesy, glaciology, and so on are briefly explained.
著者
貝塚 爽平 木曾 敏行 町田 貞 太田 陽子 吉川 虎雄
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.2, pp.89-102, 1964
被引用文献数
2

木曽川・矢作川流域には,第三紀~第四紀に形成された小起伏侵蝕面,河成あるいは海成の段丘面,断層地形など各種の地形がみられる.本文は,この地域でおこなわれた日本地理学会の現地シンポジウムでの討論をもとに編集した総合的報告である.ここには,木曽川・矢作川の段丘と濃尾平野東縁の段丘の対比,それらの形成過程や気候環境なども取上げられているが,主な論点は,むしろ鮮新世末の地層とその堆積面(土岐面・藤岡面),ならびに新旧いくつかの小起伏侵蝕面の形成環境・古地理・地形発達史などの問題にある.ほかに断層地形の形成時代などについても論じた.
著者
吉川 虎雄 太田 陽子 米倉 伸之 岡田 篤正 磯 望
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.4, pp.238-262, 1980
被引用文献数
44

ケルマデック諸島南端部に近いニュージーランド北島プレンティ湾南東岸地域の海成段丘は,上位からマタカオア・オタマロア・テパパ・テアラロアの4段丘に分類される.これらの各段丘は,いずれも海進を示す地形と堆積物とを伴い, 4回の高海面期の存在を示す.段丘をおおうテフラの細分とそれらのフィッション=トラック年代,段丘堆積物の14C年代から,段丘の形成期は,上位のものからそれぞれ約22~23万年前,約12~13万年前,約8~10万年前,約4,000~5,000年前と推定される.<br> 各段丘面の高度分布から,この地域では, (1) 南東から北西への傾動と, (2) 北縁部における北への著しい擁曲とが認められる. (1) は,明瞭な二つのヒンジによって, (1a) 南東部の急な傾動, (1b) 中央部のゆるやかな傾動,および (1c) 北西部の沈降とに分かれる. (1b), (1c) および (2) は,この地域の山地の成長を示すが, (1a)は山地地形とは調和しない.段丘面は古いものほど同じ様式でより著しく変位しているので,第四紀後期には各地域ごとに同じ様式の地殻変動が継続したことを示す. (1a)の隆起や傾動の規模および速さは,ニュージーランドでは最大級の値であり,環太平洋地域の他の島弧一海溝系におけるそれらに匹敵する.このことと,この地域の海溝に対する位置関係から, (1a)はケルマデック海溝内縁に発生する大地震に伴う地殻変動によるものと考えられる.
著者
吉川 虎雄
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, no.8, pp.552-564, 1971
被引用文献数
3

大地震の際におこった地殻変動の調査から生れた山崎直方先生の変動地形観は,その後の研究に大きな影響を与え,変動地形の研究はわが国の地形研究における一つの大きな柱として発展した.先生の変動地形観は,その後の研究によって改められるべき点も生じてきたが,基本的には正しいことが明らかになってきた.わが国における変動地形の研究は,現在ようやく山崎先生の意図しておられた段階に到達し,最近いちじるしい進展のみられる固体地球科学との連契を一層深めて,新しい段階に入るべき時期を迎えている.<br> 本稿では,変動地形について山崎先生が抱いておられた見解の中で,とくに現在の地殻変動と地形発達に関与した過去の地殻変動との関係についてのその後の研究の進展をのべ,地形構造の研究において今後とるべき一つの方向を論じた.
著者
吉川 虎雄
出版者
Japan Association for Quaternary Research
雑誌
第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.4, pp.157-170, 1968-12-20 (Released:2009-08-21)
参考文献数
37
被引用文献数
9 4

The Pacific coast of Southwest Japan has been attacked by violent earthquakes accompanied by remarkable crustal deformation at intervals of 100 to 150 years in the historical period. At the most recent great earthquake in 1946, promontories protruding south into the Pacific Ocean were upheaved by about one meter, being tilted northwards, and inland mountainous regions were subsided. The mode of recent crustal deformation, including seismic one, of Shikoku has been revealed with precise levellings, as shown in Figs. 1-3.In the southern part of Shikoku runs a hinge line of the recent crustal deformation, which was subsided at the seismic time and upheaved in the inter-seismic periods. The coastal areas south of the hinge line were tilted southwards in the inter-seismic periods and remarkably northwards at the seismic time, while the mountainous region north of the line was quite reversely deformed.In the vicinity of Muroto Promontory, the southeastern tip of Shikoku, a characteristic process of post-seismic crustal deformation was clarified with precise levellings carried out seven times for six years after the great earthquake in 1946 (Okada et al., 1953). Immediately after the earthquake, Muroto Promontory was rapidly tilted southwards, and then the rate of southward tilting exponentially decreased to become as constant as in the pre-seismic period. The post-seismic crustal deformation (Fig. 3) is nearly reverse to the seismic one (Fig. 2) and is different in its mode from the pre-seismic one (Fig. 1), while similar minor features are found in their mode. It is, therefore, inferred that the post-seismic crustal deformation was chiefly caused by seismic after-effect and the pre-seismic crustal deformation resulted from secular tectonic movement and decelerated seismic after-effect.From this inference secular crustal deformation of Shikoku was tentatively estimated, by subtracting the post-seismic vertical displacement from the triplicated pre-seismic one. Although there is no definite reason for triplicating the latter, the estimated secular crustal deformation (Fig. 6) is nearly concordant with the patterns of geomorphological and geological structure of the mountains, and is negatively correlated with Bouguer's anomalies of gravity (Geogr. Surv. Inst., 1966).Resultant crustal deformation of Shikoku in the seismic and inter-seismic periods was also obtained from results of precise levellings (Fig. 7), assuming that great earthquakes accompanying crustal deformation of similar mode have occurred at intervals of about 120 years. Coastal terraces on the south coast descend northward and their heights have a positive correlation with the resultant deformation (Fig. 9). Topographic features of various types caused by subsidence are found along the hinge line, which is inferred to have been subsided as a result of the seismic and inter-seismic crustal deformation. Heights of the mountains north of the hinge line show positive correlations with the resultant deformation, except in the central part of the western Shikoku Mountains, and coefficients of regression are larger in higher mountains than in lower ones (Figs. 10 and 11). In the coastal areas south of the hinge line, however, correlation between heights of the mountains and the resultant deformation are negative (Figs. 9 and 11). This means that the mountains have been upheaved by tectonic movement of similar mode to the recent crustal deformation including seismic one, which probably dates from before the formation of coastal terraces and at least after the evolution of the lower mountains.A quite similar relation between the recent crustal deformation and the geomorphic features is also found in Kii Peninsula, east of Shikoku.
著者
吉川 虎雄
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, no.8, pp.552-564, 1971-08-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
58
被引用文献数
2 3

大地震の際におこった地殻変動の調査から生れた山崎直方先生の変動地形観は,その後の研究に大きな影響を与え,変動地形の研究はわが国の地形研究における一つの大きな柱として発展した.先生の変動地形観は,その後の研究によって改められるべき点も生じてきたが,基本的には正しいことが明らかになってきた.わが国における変動地形の研究は,現在ようやく山崎先生の意図しておられた段階に到達し,最近いちじるしい進展のみられる固体地球科学との連契を一層深めて,新しい段階に入るべき時期を迎えている. 本稿では,変動地形について山崎先生が抱いておられた見解の中で,とくに現在の地殻変動と地形発達に関与した過去の地殻変動との関係についてのその後の研究の進展をのべ,地形構造の研究において今後とるべき一つの方向を論じた.
著者
茅根 創 吉川 虎雄
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.1, pp.18-36, 1986-01-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
39
被引用文献数
17

海成段丘の形成過程を考察したり,それらを利用して地殻変動や海水準変動を論ずる場合には,現成の海岸地形に関する知見にもとついて,海成段丘を構成する諸地形要素の成因や意義などを明確にしておくことが重要である.このような視点から筆者らは,房総半島南東岸において,現成ならびに完新世に離水した浸食海岸地形の比較研究を行なつた. その結果,まず, (1) 現成の浸食海岸地形はベンチー小崖-海食台という-連の地形からなる地形系であり, (2) 汀線高度はベンチによって示されることを明らかにした。次に,房総半島南端に近い千倉町南部において,4群の離水したベンチ群一小崖一海食台系を認定し, (3) これまで汀線アングルと考えられていた小崖基部の傾斜変換線は,必ずしも旧汀線に対応しないこと, (4) これらの離水したベンチ群一小崖一海食台系は,4回の海食台まであらわれる3~6mの隆起と,それらの間に2~3回ずつはさまれたベンチだけが離水した1~2mの隆起との累積によつて形成されたことを明らかにした.