著者
小林 周
出版者
一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2022, no.205, pp.205_94-205_107, 2022-02-04 (Released:2022-03-31)
参考文献数
38

The paper analyzes Middle Eastern countries’ foreign aid and military activities in African countries through the lens of Economic Statecraft (ES), the art of employing economic means to exert influence over other countries and thereby pursue geopolitical and strategic goals. Due to changes in the strategic environment, such as the United States’ withdrawal from the Middle East and the escalation of intra-regional conflicts, Middle Eastern countries have pursued foreign and security policies that place greater emphasis on their national interests. Arab states in the Gulf and Turkey are upping their foreign aid to Africa and establishing military bases at geopolitical chokepoints to expand their spheres of influence. The economic and military expansion of Middle Eastern countries into Africa also intensifies competition among various state and non-state actors.There have been studies on foreign aid to African countries and on the establishment of military bases by Middle Eastern countries. By examining these regional dynamics from the perspective of ES, this paper seeks to decipher the complex and multi-dimensional competition, confrontation, and cooperation. Additionally, the paper investigates the effectiveness of the ES as practiced by non-major powers, which is often overlooked, the impact of ES on regional politics and security, and the linkage with international order and international security.ES is frequently discussed in the context of great power politics and strategic competition, such as the US-China rivalry. However, the same is true for regional and middle powers that use economic means to pursue their geopolitical objectives. The distinction is that great powers such as the US, China, and Russia are exceptional in the scale of their military and economic clout in international politics. Therefore, to better understand ES, it is necessary to focus on tactics being employed at the regional level and the geopolitical shifts that arise. This paper outlines the debate on ES in/towards/from the Middle East and examines the trends and background of the pursuit of geopolitical goals linked to foreign aid, which has accelerated in recent years. Then, as a case study, this paper focuses on the Middle Eastern countries’ intervention in Sudan and the Horn of Africa region, as well as the competition among the regional countries. The intervention of Middle Eastern countries in Somalia and Libya is also analyzed to demonstrate that ES involves various actors, including unrecognized states and non-state actors.
著者
小林 昭三 興治 文子
出版者
日本科学史学会
雑誌
科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.268, pp.200-210, 2013 (Released:2021-07-12)
被引用文献数
1

We found varieties of students' notebooks on science in Middle Meiji Era(MME) in various regions of Japan. By investigating these historically valuable primary documents, i. e. "Buturi Hikki and Kagaku Hikki", we gained a deep insight into Japanese science education and clarified those real situations in MME. We also revealed what and how science was taught by using science text books and experimental tools shown in those notebooks in MME. Especially important results of those are verification of the real usage of the "Shogakko Seitoyo Butsurisho" "Physics for Elementary School" Students in English, by various note or memo written by pupils (or teachers) of primary school of Niigata, Saitama, Gunma, etc. in 1885-1897 of MME. Furthermore, we found how Japanese teachers developed their own styles of science teaching based on Japanese culture and how they cached up to the top level of the worlds by worldwide connections and by using hands-on tools in MME for learning actively.
著者
興治 文子 小林 昭三
出版者
日本科学史学会
雑誌
科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.268, pp.240-248, 2013 (Released:2021-07-12)
被引用文献数
1

Modern science education was started in early Meiji era. It is said that the purpose of science education at the compulsory education level had changed qualitatively in middle Meiji Era. Public laws and published text- books were used to study this change, but it was not still clear what happened in the real science classrooms. We discovered students' science notebooks at middle Meiji Era in various regions on Japan. These notebooks are primary resources to reflect on science classes in middle Meiji Era. We analyzed these notebooks and found that teachers were using inventive approaches to promote students' understanding of science concepts.