著者

野島 永

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.185, pp.183-212, 2014-02-28

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1930年代には言論統制が強まるなかでも,民族論を超克し,金石併用時代に鉄製農具(鉄刃農耕具)が階級発生の原動力となる余剰を作り出す農業生産に決定的な役割を演じたとされ始めた。戦後,弥生時代は共同体を代表する首長が余剰労働を利用して分業と交易を推進し,共同体への支配力を強めていく過程として認識されるようになった。後期には石庖丁など磨製石器類が消滅することが確実視され,これを鉄製農具が普及した実態を示すものとして解釈されていった。しかし,高度経済成長期の発掘調査を通して,鉄製農具が普及したのは弥生時代後期後葉の九州北半域に限定されていたことがわかってきた。稲作農耕の開始とともに鍛造鉄器が使用されたとする定説にも疑義が唱えられ,階級社会の発生を説明するために,農業生産を増大させる鉄製農具の生産と使用を想定する演繹論的立論は次第に衰退した。2000年前後には日本海沿岸域における大規模な発掘調査が相次ぎ,玉作りや高級木器生産に利用された鉄製工具の様相が明らかとなった。余剰労働を精巧な特殊工芸品の加工生産に投入し,それを元手にして長距離交易を主導する首長の姿がみえてきたといえる。また,考古学の国際化の進展とともに新たな歴史認識の枠組みとして新進化主義人類学など西欧人類学を援用した(初期)国家形成論が新たな展開をみせることとなった。鉄製農具使用による農業生産の増大よりも必需物資としての鉄・鉄器の流通管理の重要性が説かれた。しかし,帰納論的立場からの批判もあり,威信財の贈与連鎖によって首長間の不均衡な依存関係が作り出され,物資流通が活発化する経済基盤の成立に鉄・鉄器の流通が密接に関わっていたと考えられるようにもなってきた。上記の研究史は演繹論的立論,つまり階級社会や初期国家の形成論における鉄器文化の役割を,帰納論的立論に基づく鉄器文化論が検証する過程とみることもできるのである。

著者

野島 永 村田 晋 今福 拓哉 真木 大空 今西 隆行 シュタインハウス ウェルナー

出版者

庄原市教育委員会

雑誌

広島大学大学院文学研究科考古学研究室報告

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.1-148, 2018-03-31

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The Satadani-Satadao group of graves with burial mound, where the excavations were carried out, is located at the urban area on the east side of Shōbara city in the northern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. The group was built between the end of the last third of the Middle Yayoi period (1st century BC) and the first third of the Late Yayoi period (1st century AD).A series of excavations yielded the following results: Satadani grave No. 1 and 2, Satadao grave No. 3 are graves with rectangular burial mound and four corner projections (yosumi tosshutsugata funkyū bo); Satadao grave No. 4 has also a rectangular burial mound with four corner projections, but it has subsequently been modified and altered into a square-shaped burial mound; Satadani grave No. 3, Satadao grave No. 1 and 2 are square-shaped ditch-enclosed slightly elevated burial precincts (hōkei shūkō bo); Satadao grave No. 5 is a square-shaped ditch-enclosed slightly elevated burial precinct (hōkei shūkō bo), where on the inside of the ditch-enclosed space a grave pit was confirmed.One important result of this investigation was the discovery of variations in Yayoi burial mound construction techniques. Towards the end of the last third of the Middle Yayoi period after repeated burials of several individuals, the burial mound of the Satadao No. 3 grave was completed. In other words, it became clear, that at the grave No. 3 with rectangular burial mound with four corner projections, grave pits were first excavated before the burial mound was finally taking shape. Then the deceased persons were buried within and thereafter the grave pits were backfilled with the soil of the pit excavation. The so repeated iterations of grave pit excavation, burial and backfilling gradually produced the mound. However, on the other hand at Satadani grave No. 1, Satadao grave No.1 and 2 the burials took place after the earthworks of the mound were nearly completed.According to the results of the surveys, within the same group of graves one could confirm that the construction methods of the burial mounds changed: from the type, where the mound and the burial facilities are simultaneously constructed ("concurrent progression" type) of the end of the last third of the Middle Yayoi period to the type, where burial mound construction proceeds first ("mound first" type) of the first third of the Late Yayoi period. It became clear that this is a rather rare group ofgraves with burial mound.Due to our research it became clear that from the San'in region to the Chūgoku mountain range, a type of burial – termed here, the "mound last" type – can be found, wherein an earth mound was constructed only after digging the grave and completing the burial. The "concurrent progressive" types, referred to previously, were common in the Middle Yayoi period stage. The "mound-first" type noted at Satadani grave No. 1 appeared in the Late Yayoi period. These elements were adopted in large or huge burial mounds in other regions. This empirical evidence demonstrates that changes in burial mound construction methods were a catalyst for the changes in burial rites – concerning their scale and magnificence on the occasion of burials of chiefs.In Satadani burial mound No. 3, small grave pits are distributed at the lower level of the mounding, revealing that burials were continually taking place there while the mound was being formed. Furthermore, a large grave pit over 6m in length, which constitutes the principal burial chamber, was detected in the upper mounding along with shafts and other burial facilities, and part of this pit was revealed to be overlapping with another grave pit which constitutes a peripheral burial chamber. It is therefore plausible that this burial mound can be classified as an "eclectic" style that mixes together the "concurrent progressive" and "mound-first" styles. Moreover, two pieces of earthenware were unearthed: vermilion-lacquered vessels with spout and large attached pedestal foot. These were products of the technology of the southern part of Okayama Prefecture. Interestingly, they have holes knocked into them. This feature conjures up an image of the subsequent ceremonial vessel stand (tokushu kidai), which later evolved into the cylindrical clay figures (entō haniwa) of the Kofun period).The Satadani burial mound group is the place where funeral rituals first started to involve a combination of elements such as the following: A wooden chamber (mokkaku) housing a wooden coffin is interred within the burial pit and then large red-colored pottery (like vessels with attached pedestal foot, chūkō kyaku tsuki bachi) are offered at the surface of the grave pit; round pebbles or stone slabs are distributed around the grave to serve as markers, which were become used with offering pottery in the Late Yayoi period; and the graves are arranged in such a way that a large grave pit constituting the main burial is surrounded by other smaller burials in its vicinity at the top of the mound. These elements of ritual (facilities, implements and process of the burial, etc.) are the origin of the elements of the funerary ritual observed in the large and giant Yayoi burial mounds that developed from the last third of the Late Yayoi period onward in the eastern part of Shimane Prefecture, the southern part of Okayama Prefecture, and the northern part of Kyōto Prefecture.The results of the research have provided further confirmation of the Satadani burial mound group's forerunner-status in the development of Yayoi burial mounds. The site vividly displayed the transformation in Yayoi burial mounds that occurred from the Middle Yayoi period to the Late Yayoiperiod.Thus, we identify the Satadani-Satadao burial mound group as an extremely important archaeological site for studying the development, in terms of appearance and increase in size, of the Yayoi-period burial mounds. This group is not only constructed during a relatively early stage of Yayoi period graves with burial mound, but also it became obvious that this a very important site, if one is taking into consideration the development of burial mounds of Yayoi period graves.In addition, this study incorporates the interrelation of burial mound construction methods and funeral rites, thus making it a fundamental investigation from a comparative archaeological perspective regarding the research of burial mounds not only in Japan, but also overseas.その他のタイトル : 庄原市教育委員会発掘調査報告書30本報告書〈研究編〉は『四隅突出型墳丘墓の発達に関する考古学的研究』と題する科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(C)、課題番号23520922〈研究代表者:野島 永〉)による調査研究の成果を掲載した。

著者

野島 永 広島大学大学院文学研究科考古学研究室 庄原市教育委員会

出版者

広島大学大学院文学研究科考古学研究室

雑誌

広島大学大学院文学研究科考古学研究室報告

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.1-150, 2016-03-31

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The Sata-dao group of graves with burial mound, where the excavations were carried out, is located in the urban area on the east side of Shōbara city in the northern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. The group was built between the end of the last third of the Middle Yayoi period (1st century BC) and the first third of the Late Yayoi period (1st century AD).A series of excavations yielded the following results: Sata-dao No. 1 and 2 are square-shaped ditch-enclosed slightly elevated burial precincts (hōkei shūkō bo); No. 3 is a grave with rectangular burial mound and four corner projections (yosumi tosshutsugata funkyū bo); No. 4 is also a grave with rectangular burial mound and four corner projections, but has subsequently been modified and altered into a square-shaped burial mound; No. 5 is a square-shaped ditch-enclosed slightly elevated burial precinct (hōkei shūkō bo), where on the inside of the ditch-enclosed space a grave pit was confirmed.Towards the end of the last third of the Middle Yayoi period after repeated burials of several individuals, the burial mound of the Sata-dao No. 3 grave was completed. At grave No. 4, which is from the same phase, in the lower strata of the burial mound the surface of the excavation of a grave pit could be confirmed. In other words, it became clear, that at the graves No. 3 and 4 with rectangular burial mound and four corner projections, grave pits were first excavated before the burial mound was finally taking shape. Then the deceased persons were buried within and thereafter the grave pits were backfilled with the soil of the pit excavation. The so repeated iterations of grave pit excavation, burial and backfilling gradually produced the mound. However, on the other hand at Sata-dao grave No.1 and 2 the burials took place after the earthworks of the mound were nearly completed.According to the results of the surveys, within the same group of graves one could confirm that the construction methods of the burial mounds changed: from the type, where the mound and the burial facilities are simultaneously constructed [co-occurrent progression type] of the end of the last third of the Middle Yayoi period to the type, where burial mound construction proceeds first ["mound first" type] of the first third of the Late Yayoi period. It became clear that is a rather rare group of graves with burial mound. This group is not only constructed during a relatively early stage of Yayoi period graves with burial mound, but also it became obvious that this is a very important site, if one is taking into consideration the development of construction methods of burial mounds of Yayoi period graves. Hereafter, for an understanding of the development of construction methods of burial mounds of Yayoi period graves the site is offering important insights.その他のタイトル:庄原市教育委員会発掘調査報告書第28冊本報告は広島大学大学院文学研究科考古学研究室と庄原市教育委員会が提携して推進している共同研究『佐田谷・佐田峠墳墓群の発掘調査』(研究代表者:古瀬清秀)および、『四隅突出型墳丘墓の発達に関する考古学的研究』と題する科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(C)、課題番号23520922〈研究代表者:野島 永〉)による調査研究の成果を掲載した。

著者

野島 永

出版者

富山大学人文学部考古学研究室

雑誌

考古学からみた日本海沿岸の地域性と交流:日本海総合研究プロジェクト

巻号頁・発行日

no.5, pp.21-34, 2005

著者

狩野 充徳 岸田 裕之 勝部 眞人 妹尾 好信 高永 茂 伊藤 奈保子 本多 博之 西別府 元日 中山 富廣 有元 伸子 竹広 文明 古瀬 清秀 フンク カロリン 三浦 正幸 久保田 啓一 野島 永 瀬崎 圭二

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2008

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多くの伝承・伝説に包まれた世界遺産・厳島は、人間社会の傍らで、人びとの暮らしとともにあった。無文字時代には、原始的宗教の雰囲気を漂わせながら、サヌカイト・安山岩交易の舞台として。有史以後には、佐伯景弘らの創造した伝説を原点に、中世では信仰と瀬戸内海交通・交易の拠点として、近世では信仰と遊興の町として、近代では軍事施設をもつ信仰と観光の町としてあった。そして、それぞれの時代に、多くの伝承・伝説が再生産されていったのである。