著者

李 雪 黒田 乃生 藤川 昌樹 安藤 邦廣

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.721, pp.603-612, 2016 (Released:2016-03-30)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

2

---

In the region of Minority nationalities, Guizhou Province of China, houses are built by using traditional technology and local materials with the joint efforts of villagers. By investigating the construction process of G house in Gongna Village, this study has clarified that the participants mainly involved in the construction including house owner, the villagers and the experts such as carpenters, feng shui master, transportation supplier, sawmill and wood processing company. With the modernization of the rural life and the increasing of monetary economy, construction has been split into more divisions. The current result suggested that along with the introduction of electric tools and monetary economy, all of the construction process might tend to be more specific that could only be handled by professional staff. The old tradition of wooden technology and collaboration of villagers that have been inherited for many years might disappear.

著者

李 雪 黒田 乃生 藤川 昌樹 安藤 邦廣

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.732, pp.383-391, 2017 (Released:2017-02-28)

参考文献数

8

---

The Chuandou System (pillars-and-transverse-tie-beams) wooden frame is wildly used in Miao people's houses in Qiandongnan region of Guizhou Province of China. The Chuandou System wooden frame is composed of vertical pillars and horizontal beams called "Fang". In this area, the house building is following a traditional production organization that the local carpenters design the house and process wooden components and the setting-up of the frame that is completed by joint work of villagers. By investigating the construction process of G house in Gongna Village, Qiandongnan region, this study has clarified that five types of the mortise and tenon joints are used in Chuandou-systerm wooden. The dimension characters of horizontal beams (Fang) were also clarified. In addition, the relationship between types of mortise and tenon joints, the dimension characters of horizontal beams (Fang), and the production organization of house building would be discussed in this study. In G house, the wooden frame could be separated into roof truss and framework. There are two types of mortise and tenon joints in roof trusses.. One of the joints that carpenters cult into a cavity in bottom of short pillar, and the cavity could be used as a mortise to put the short pillar on horizontal beam. Another type of the joints could be considered as a "haunched stob tenon joint", which is used to put horizontal beams(Fang) into short pillars. Also, there are three types of mortise and tenon joints in the frameworks. One type could be considered as a "pegged tenon joint". A haunched stob form tenon on the end of the beam inserts into the mortise. For strengthening the mortise and tenon, a peg is drived into one hole both through mortise and tenon. In another type of joints, tenon is in the middle of the horizontal beam (Fang) that could be passed across mortise and a key could be drived into horizontal beam (Fang) close to the pillar. The last type of mortise and tenon joints also could be considered as a "pegged tenon joint". Pair of horizontal symmetry beams come from two sides of the pillar, and two tenons on the end of beams are joint in one mortise. A peg also has been drvied into two tenons and one mortise to fix them. After the processing of wooden components, local villagers have to set up the Chuandou system frame by a very simple way in two days. They move horizontal beams (Fang) or vertical pillars to join mortises and tenons, and use wooden hammers to hit the beams to strengthen the connection of mortise and tenons. To provide an effectively setting-up construction, the local carpenters should devise the combination of mortise and tenon joints, and also process the horizontal beams (Fang) by different heights and widths in different positions even in the same beam as the shorter area can ensure the beams insert mortise smoothly. Therefore, relatively complicated process skill as well as a simple setting-up frame is developed in this region.

著者

黒田 乃生

出版者

Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture

雑誌

ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) (ISSN:1883261X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.55-62, 2012 (Released:2012-07-24)

参考文献数

106

被引用文献数

1

---

This research is aimed to clarify the tourism development and history of designation as a National Park of Mt. Aso from documents survey. In the Meiji-era, several foreign nationals climbed Mt. Aso, which is the beginning of leisure activity. They followed the route from Nango-dani, on the other hand most Japanese took the route from Aso dani. From the Taisho-era to the beginning of the Showa-era Tatsuki Matsumura and others played active roles in designation of National Park, which were succeeded in 1924. During the time, Tsuyoshi Tamura visited the sites for three times. His perception of Mt. Aso had changed from admiration of the expansive scale of the natural landscape to the diversity of the cultural landscape. Mt. Aso was different from other mountains,which were discovered as “natural landscapes” at the time on the aspect of that is an active volcano, has less of forest, has grass landscape and historic religious site. Because of these points, Aso have been promoted positive developments in tourism. Though some problems occurred at a same time. Today, the relative point of view to the diverse value is necessary.

著者

章 璐 黒田 乃生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本造園学会

雑誌

ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) (ISSN:1883261X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.47-54, 2017-03-31 (Released:2017-04-22)

参考文献数

60

---

The ‘Art Districts’ in China, which started by the spontaneous gathering of artists, are the places where the works of contemporary art are produced, exhibited and sold. In recent years, as the Chinese government expected an economical effect from these art districts, the government has made the contemporary art a part of ‘Cultural Creative Industry’ and supports it politically. Since then these districts have expanded from Beijing to other big cities in China. The purpose of this paper is to consider the changes in the relationship between policy and Contemporary Art by intervention of a government, based on the developments in the art districts in the Chinese mainland. The results show that art districts spread to the big cities, they are changed by administrative policy and real-estate development. There is a direct relationship between the change in a related policy and the development in the Chinese art districts. Therefore, the support from the central government increasing recognition of the cultural industry and development in “Cultural Creative Industry Park” is an important factor in the rapid increase of the art districts.

著者

黒田 乃生 小野 良平

出版者

公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会

雑誌

都市計画論文集 (ISSN:09160647)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38.3, pp.679-684, 2003-10-25 (Released:2017-10-01)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

---

観光地の成立過程において、潜在的な資源が記号化され、「観光の対象」として意味を付与されるためには、観光経済の発展における内的・外的作用が必要である。この記号化の作用は「観光計画」の重要な一面であるといえる。一般および村が白川村を「観光地」として認識したのは1970年代である。一方、認識される観光資源が史跡から合掌造りの建物へと変化する時期は一般にくらべて村が遅く、白川村が当初一般社会からの認識に呼応する形で資源の認識が進んだことが明らかである。その後、村は内的作用によって資源を新たに作り出していったものの、それが来訪者から消費対象として認識される記号となるには至らなかった。観光とは地域にとってそこに投影される「まなざし」の中でどのような自己認識を行なうのかという相互関係の中にあり続けること、という視点が計画の立場にも必要である。

著者

黒田 乃生 小野 良平

出版者

社団法人日本造園学会

雑誌

ランドスケープ研究 : 日本造園学会誌 : journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture (ISSN:13408984)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.5, pp.665-668, 2003-03-31

被引用文献数

2 6

---

Since 1888, many folklorists, sociologists and architects have visited Shirakawa-mura to study family systems and Gassho-style houses. It is essential to clarify motivations and aims of those studies from social background as the prehistory of Ogimachi, an Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings and a World Heritage. Preservation systems lay an emphasis on Gassho-style houses, and it causes landscape alteration. From 1950's, technical scheme of research and restoring for temples and shrines had applied to townhouses and farmhouses, and evaluation system of them as cultural properties was established. But in Shirakawa-mura, it turned out that most residents of candidate houses refused designation of their Gassho-style houses, which suggests a difficulty in preservation of living houses as cultural properties. In 1974 Shirakawa-mura was an only farm village selected as an Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings. Since aspect of planning and conservation system concerning with characters of farm-village had not established at the time, only Gassho-style houses have been focused on.

著者

黒田 乃生

出版者

社団法人日本造園学会

雑誌

ランドスケープ研究 : 日本造園学会誌 : journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture = Landscape Research Japan Online (ISSN:13408984)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.5, pp.659-664, 2002-03-30

被引用文献数

10

---

我が国において身近な生活の場であった森林について,その利用の変遷と景観の変容を把握することは今後重要であると考えられる。白川村荻町の森林では多様な利用が続けられてきたが,1960年代を境にその多くが衰退,消滅したことがわかった。1960年代までは森林の利用がその時々の森林区分と相まって多様な林相を示していた。その後,草地の減少が最も大きな景観の変容として現われ,それまであいまいだった集落と森林の境がより明確に変化した。これらのことから地区の森林において,その利用が景観に直接影響すること,現在見られるような高木に覆われた森林景観が利用の減少によってここ数十年で形成されたものであることが明らかになった。

著者

黒田 乃生

出版者

社団法人日本造園学会

雑誌

ランドスケープ研究 (ISSN:13408984)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.5, pp.645-650, 2009

被引用文献数

1

---

日本は1992年にユネスコの「世界の文化遺産及び自然遺産の保護に関する条約」を締結し、現在11件の文化遺産と3件の自然遺産が世界遺産一覧表に記載されている。世界遺産委員会では自然環境への人間の働きかけの結果生み出された「自然と人間との共同作品」である「文化的景観」のように、自然的要素を有する文化遺産の保護が進められている。文化遺産における自然的要素としては、植物相や動物相、地質や地形、土壌などがあげられるが、これらについては自然遺産保護と文化遺産保護の双方の視点が欠かせないという指摘もある。しかし、実際には文化遺産はICOMOS、自然遺産はIUCNが、国内でも文化遺産は文化庁、自然遺産は環境省がそれぞれ評価と保護の措置を所管しており、文化遺産における自然的な価値の保護が包括的な体系の下に行なわれているとは言いがたい。また、日本では「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」における林業関係者による抗議の落書きの例のように、時間の経過や人為によって変化する森林のような自然的要素について、その役割と保護管理の手法が明確になっていない面もあると考えられる。以上の背景から、本研究では自然的要素である森林を対象として、日本における世界文化遺産の登録資産及びそのバッファーゾーンにおける現状を把握し、保護のありかたについて考察することを目的とする。The comprehensive protection of cultural and natural heritage has been an issue and has also been discussed by the World Heritage Committee. Through an analysis of the current situation of forests in the World Cultural Heritage Sites, the following points are clarified. In general, 74% of all properties and 77% of properties and buffer zones are covered with forests. Within the forest area, 36% of the forests are planted forests and 20% are national forests. Most of the forests have been under the influence of human activity, which has resulted in characteristic vegetation. A local-government level forest management plan that corresponds to the character of the forests and provides comprehensive protection to the cultural and natural elements is essential. Moreover, the evaluation process for cultural heritage should incorporate specific description of the vegetation as this will lead to an objective assessment and effective management plan.