著者

中山 康雄

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.31-45, 2004-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

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McTaggart claimed that he proved the unreality of time. However, there is some obscurity in his time theory. This obscurity has not been questioned nearly one hundred years after his alleged proof of the unreality of time. This paper is an attempt of a rational reconstruction of his, time theory. This reconstruction reveals that his A-series and B-series have more complex structures than usually assumed. I propose to formalize both series by using tense relation symbols, such as P(t, e), N(t, e), F(t, e). This paper demonstrates that the reconstructed A-theory and B-theory are consistent, so that not only McTaggart's proof but also its reconstructions in Dummett (1960) and Mellor (1998) fail. In the last part, I point out that the dynamic time produces not inconsistency but formal inexpressibility.

著者

向井 国昭

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.65-77, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

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The Cantorian set theory survived the Russell Paradox by means of axiomatizing the theory into the standard theory named ZF. ZF has a set theoretical counterpart named FA (Foundation Axiom) to the vicious-circle principle of Russell's ramified type theory. Despite the principle, circular objects and phenomena are ubiquitous in many applications fields of ZF. For modeling such circular things directly as circular sets, Aczel replaced FA with his Anti-Foundation Axiom (AFA) to allow non-well-founded sets in a strong way. The foundation of the new set theory is explained in details.

著者

三平 正明

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.33-48, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

29

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It is a well-known story that Russell's discovery of his paradox shook the foundations of Frege's logical system for arithmetic. But there is another route to this paradox. Hilbert pointed out to Frege that he had already found other even more convincing contradictions which he communicated to Zermelo, thereby initiating Zermelo's independent discovery of Russell's paradox. In this paper, we follow this less familiar route and analyze three paradoxes, namely Hilbert's paradox, Zermelo's version of Russell's paradox and Schröder's paradox of 0 and 1. Furthermore, tradition in which these paradoxes were found is reconsidered. We examine Schröder's place in the foundational study and criticize an alleged dichotomy between the algebraic and logistic traditions.

著者

三浦 俊彦

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.121-134, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

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The fact that our Universe is fine-tuned for life is widely believed to be evidence in favor of the world-ensemble hypotheses, only if the observational selection effect is taken into account. But in Ito's recent book this type of reasoning is criticized as illusory due to the inverse gambler's fallacy, and the observational selection effect is denied its supposed theoretical value. We show that Ito's analogical examples are irrelevant and his arguments are mathematically wrong. There are actually some philosophical insights the observational selection effect would bring, concerning not only the world-ensemble cosmology but also the nature of consciousness, self, identity, and especially the causal theory of reference.

著者

鈴木 延寿

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.95-106, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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How do we refer to individuals? In this paper, in the first, I will make clear what "meaning" is. Then, I will argue that a kind of proper noun has no meaning, with the result that we will reach the following question: Why can we refer to individuals by proper nouns without meaning? In the end, I will put forward a theory of direct reference.

著者

井上 直昭

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.17-28, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

16

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This paper deals with Frege's stipulation in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I section 10, in which he gives way out of Julius Caesar Problem. There it seems as if he restricted the problem to the case of the truth values, so some consider Frege not wrestling with it squarely in Grundgesetze. But in the second footnote of the section he says clearly that it is possible to adopt his stipulation to the cases of any objects given us independently of the course of values. I will show that his account is correct and it is able to find out a consistency model in which both the stipulation and Quine's axiom of the existence of non-class objects presented in Mathematical Logic hold. With this result I suppose that we are able to take a good understanding for interpretation of that footnote.

著者

金杉 武司

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.43-55, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

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Does interpretationism leave any place for irrationality? At first sight, it seems it does not. Since interpretation requires the interpreter to assume that the subject being interpreted is rational (the principle of charity), it seems to follow that we can understand the subject only as a rational being, or otherwise the subject will have to be taken as non-rational and not really a subject at all (the paradox of irrationality). In this paper, however, I shall argue that interpretationism can understand irrationality as irrationality through the analysis of the structure of rationality.

著者

古田 智久

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.1-14, 2002-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

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In a famous essay entitled 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism', W. V. O. Quine rejected two important doctrines that had been supported by many empiricists. One is the doctrine that a clear distinction can be made between analytic and synthetic statements. The other is the doctrine that every meaningful statement can be reduced to some statement constructed of terms which refer to immediate experience.In this paper, I intend to rehabilitate analyticity, syntheticity and reductionism. First, analyticity is separated from apriority and necessity, and then the reason is given why I regard holism of 'Two Dogmas' as the verificationist one [1]. Next, I survey the views of H. Putnam and J. J. Katz [2]. In the following section, two viewpoints, dynamic and static points of view, are introduced into the arguments in question [3]. On these considerations, I specify the contexts to which the above three notions are applied, although trivial or narrow in the range.

著者

佐藤 俊治

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.75-87, 2001-05-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

17

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In this paper, I examine van Fraassen's original version of modal interpretations, which have the increasing significance in the foundational research concerning elementary quantum mechanics. I argue that although van Fraassen's modal interpretation has a salient advantage over the standard Dirac-von Neumann interpretation with the projection postulate, it is confronted with two kinds of interpretive difficulties stemmed from one and the same fact of experience, repeatability of the first kind measurement.

著者

三平 正明

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.147-161, 2000-11-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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In his influential paper "What numbers could not be", P. Benacerraf argues that numbers could not be objects at all, and that the search for which particular objects the numbers really are is a misguided one. It is widely held that he has given a knock-down argument against a platonistic conception of arithmetic. But, in this paper, I shall try to show first that his argument fails because it depends on too strong an assumption. Second, his criticism is not applicable to the version of platonism that Frege proposed.

著者

戸田山 和久

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.57-71, 2000-11-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

20

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This paper aims:1) to re-place and re-estimate A-Life in the tradition of universal biology which goes back to Erwin Schrodinger's memorable lecture "What is Life?";2) to clarify the role which the principle of 'multirealizabitily of life' and the idea of 'strong A-Life' played in justification of A-Life as a form of universal biology;3) to show that clinging to the ideal of storng A-Life is not only unnecessary but harmful for A-Lifers to build a universal biology.

著者

出口 康夫

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.17-30, 2000-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

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Neo-Bayesianism, the statistical methodology based on the idea of probability interpreted as degree of belief, formulates inductive inferences in terms of probability theory, and justifies them under assumptions of rationality. Conditional probability with condition of zero probability is among those inductive inferences formulated within the Neo-Bayesian terminology. This paper aims to call attention to the need for the justification of the zero conditional probability by pointing out that so far no theorem has justified it successfully.

著者

津留 竜馬

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.55-66, 1999-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

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ここまで見てきたようなクリプキやグプタたちの理論をはじめとして,嘘つきパラドクスの解決を目指した真理の理論は多数提出されてきている.しかもそのうちのいくつかは,パラドクスの解決だけにとどまらない幅広い応用領域を持つなどして,非常に実り豊かな成果を挙げているように思われる.このような成果はもっと強調されてよい.しかし我々は,これらの高度にテクニカルな結果を眺めながらも,元々の素朴な非形式的レベルでのパラドクスのことを忘れてはならない.前節で見たように,これら真理の理論が我々が直観的に感じているような嘘つきパラドクスを解決しているとは,到底言えないからである.嘘つきパラドクスを真に解決してくれるような真理の理論は,いまだ現れていないのである.

著者

金森 修

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.1-13, 1999-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

31

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G. Canguilhem posits in his "The Normal and the Pathological" two judgements: (1) the negation of objectivity of the pathology and the physiology because of the necessary interference of the value judgements between the two phases; (2) the importance of the biological normativity, that's to say, the understanding of the health as something essentially related to the norm and value. The health is not a fact, but a norm to which an organism makes an effort to attain by regulating its conducts. After this affirmation of the normativity in the demarcation between the normal and the pathological, I try to link it to the contemporaneous problematic of bioethics. And situating the health as a norm inside of the world of designing, I give a theoretical permission to the selective abortion in condition of a strict limitation, and to a certain positive interference to the genetic information for giving birth to a perfect baby.

著者

石井 雅史

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.69-83, 1998-05-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

9

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In this paper, I examine the problem of "Rule-Following" given by Wittgenstein. In discussing this issue, he considers this problem in terms of "Natural History", and characterizes it as blind obedience. So it seems that his purpose is to reduce Normativity to Natural History. In that case, our knowledge about Rule-Following would disapper. But through the consideration about "agreement in form of life", I'll show that a knowledge about Rule could function as negative operation.

著者

伊勢 俊彦

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.107-122, 1997-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

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Hume's account of how conventions establish artificial virtues is an integral part of his attempt to naturalize mo-rality. His argument would be a failure if conventions were irreducibly normative. Hume's conventions, though, are not norms but acts of agreement that establish norms. Their basis is men's sense of interest and their ability to communicate it. No norm or rule can guarantee the success of this communication. The analysis of promises brings this to light, since no rule about forms of words can any more secure that a promise is made, if not backed by the communication of intentions.

著者

中村 正利

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.93-106, 1997-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

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This paper deals with Quine's "inscrutability of reference" thesis. In particular, I aim to examine Quine's two problematic claims about this thesis.The first is that reference is relative to a background language. The second claim is that inscrutability of reference extends to our own language, that is, reference is in-scrutable not only in the case of foreign languages but also of our own language. I shall argue that both these claims are untenable. To show the latter is untenable, I use Putnam's "brains in a vat" argument.

著者

菅沼 聡

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.169-181, 1996-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

9

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It is still an open question whether there exists an absolute truth, i.e., a proposition which is true in every epistemically possible world.I have proposed an argument for the existence of such a truth, in my paper "'Ontological Argument' for the Existence of Absolute Truth". In this paper, I shall examine this argument in the following two points: whether avoiding selfreference by differentiating language levels can invalidate the argument, and whether this argument is circular (com-mits a petitio principii) or not.

著者

中山 康雄

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.139-153, 1996-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

12

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During the 1980s, two research programs in formal semantics were established: dynamic semantics (DS), which provides a discourse interpretation, and generalized quantifier theory (GQT), which deals with quantification in natural languages. In the 1990s, proposals to integrate GQT into DS were made; unfortunately, many of them failed to include the problems of anaphora in contexts of quantification. This paper redefines problems of quantification as problems of characterization of finite classes. It defines a semantic framework, dynamic theory for discourse interpretation, and demonstrates how problems of plural pronominal anaphora can be treated properly within it.

著者

ROBERT T. PENNOCK

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.31-45, 1995-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 2

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This paper reviews some recent work on issues connecting the theories of scientific explanation and confirmation. Beginning with Harman and Hempel and continuing with Salmon, Miller, Pennock and Ruben, I consider different explications of the explanatory relation that could be used in an Inference to the Best Explanation (I.B.E.) confirmation theory. Causal theories of explanation are currently the most promising and I discuss the strengths of an I.B.E. theory based upon an objective "ontic" view of explanation like Salmon's over an "epistemic" causal view such as Miller's. Finally I show how a causal theorist can address two purported weaknesses of the causal approaches that arise from Humean and Sellarsian arguments.