著者

坂本 拓弥

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.121-136, 2017 (Released:2018-05-02)

参考文献数

89

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper provides a new contention, which could be needed for developing the anti-doping education in Japan, through the critical consideration about its present situation. For this purpose, the question, “why do athletes choose doping?”, is explored from the perspective of Girard’s theory of desire. This theory suggests that the competitive sport includes the desire for victory and that the desire could paralyze the judgement of athlete with extravagance. Girard points that human desire is the “triangular” desire as a mimetic one and it means that the desire of a subject is not linear to an object but the mimesis of the mediator’s desire. In the position that the essence of competitive sport is the competition, the essence is equal to the desire for victory. Therefore, in the competitive sport, athletes have the desire for victory which is mimetic desire of the opposition. Moreover, the mediator also mimics the subject’s desire and its mediation form is called as the reciprocal mediation. This mediation form becomes “the hell of reciprocal mediation” in the case in which the spiritual distance between the subject and the mediator is close, and it builds the hostile relation between an athlete and the opposition. This relation makes the athlete to have the cognition which wants to just defeat the opposition rather than to win the game or match. Hence, in the hell of reciprocal mediation, an athlete chooses doping with paralyzing her sense of reality which is willing to follow the written rule or the spirit of fair play in competitive sport. Finally it is presented that, in anti-doping education, athletes themselves have to recognize the risk of the triangular desire in competitive sport.

著者

照屋 太郎

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.83-98, 2010 (Released:2012-12-17)

参考文献数

33

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The purpose of this study is to clarify what is the meaning of “the real strength” of a person. This paper is based on the literatures written about the stage of Masters of Budo, and Geido. This stage is called by the name of “Mushin”. · How can we live, not as a creature but as a human being? · What is “the real thing” for a person? · What is “the essential strength” of a person?When we answer these questions from the standpoint of thinking about Mushin, we can say that “the real strength” of a person is “the strength of the person who is trying to live honestly with oneself”. This “oneself” means one's movement of the mind that is the essence of a person. To have “the real strength” of a person means to live honestly with “oneself”.When we think about the dimension in which there is “the real strength” of a person, it seems that the dimension has an axis that tells us “the depth of the spirit”. We can say that to have physical ability, physique, knowledge, skill, or so, is one of the “strength”. When we think about the dimension in which there are those “strength”, it seems that the dimension has no axis of “the depth of the spirit”. So, “the real strength” of a person is different in the dimension in which it exists to those “strength”.There is the Japanese old legend of the sword that is called by the name of “Masamune”. “Masamune” cut only the thing that the sword should cut. The person who has “the real strength” of a person seems like “Masamune”.

著者

大峰 光博

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.147-154, 2015 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

1 1

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In this study, I focus on responsibility of supporters of Urawa Reds and Shimizu S-Pulse in the behind-closed-doors game of Urawa Reds versus Shimizu S-Pulse and aiming to clarify the issue of the behind-closed-doors game. Mainly on four following points by Omine and Tomozoe (2014), collective responsibility of supporters of Urawa Reds and Shimizu S-Pulse were considered. 1. The individual of a group have an opportunity to oppose the practice without facing any serious risk or not. 2. The individual of a group have an opportunity to oppose the practice by appealing to the knowledge readily available to its members or not. 3. The individual of a group have an opportunity to oppose the practice in the sense that doing so would be completely futile or not. 4. The individual of a group accept the practice without opposing it or not. As a result, supporters of Urawa Reds were different in responsibility depending on the viewpoints, but the point that responsibility is shouldered to the act of racial discrimination by certain supporters of Urawa Reds made it clear. On the other hand, the point that supporters of Shimizu S-Pulse have no responsibility for the act of racial discrimination by certain supporters of Urawa Reds made it clear. Therefore, it was concluded that the behind-closed-doors game was the disposal to which J. League sacrifices the minority who doesn't shoulder the responsibility.

著者

近藤 良享

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.53-65, 1997 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

2 2

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The purpose of this paper is to reconsider ethically the Gender Verification Regulation, then to propose an ethically rational means. The points of reconsideration are (1) the irrationality of sex differentiation in competitive sports, (2) the possibility of defamation of character and an invasion of privacy, (3) necessity for informed consent, and (4) the athletes' right to equal respect and concern.Proposals here are as follows:1) The host international sport organizations require every single athlete who will entry to participate in women's event, to hand in her national medical certification issued by each national sport organization.2) Some winning athletes or athletes by random sampling in women's event take only the first test of sex chromosome, which can exclude an impersonator or a transsexual athlete, in order to give proof of the acuracy of their national certification issued.3) A close examination should not be executed just because sex chromosome abnormality can not select by oneself, even though a few suspect athletes were identified,

著者

釜崎 太

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.47-56, 2022 (Released:2022-10-01)

著者

松宮 智生

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.37-51, 2012

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the basis of the validity of rules of game.<br>The traditional framework of the discussion (formalism vs. ethos theory, internalism vs. externalism, etc.) cannot answer the issue mentioned above.<br>The author seeks to verify whether the basis of the effectiveness of rules (the basis for rules to function as rules) is the basis of validity of the rules (the basis for the appropriateness of the content of the rules).<br>The author then presents a framework for discussion of positivism vs. interpretivism. This structure of discussion corresponds to the legal positivism vs. Dworkin dispute in the philosophy of law.<br>Positivism emphasizes norms based on facts such as written rules and customs and is effective for discussing the rationale for the effectiveness of rules.<br>Interpretivism, in contrast, focuses on the interpretation of rules supporting integration of the rule system and is useful for discussing the rationale for the validity of rules. An interpretive approach seeking to find the ethos (or principles) of games may identify the basis of the validity of rules.<br>Even if a player engages in conduct conforming to the rule of games, i.e., rational behavior to win without violating the rules, his/her actions may be criticized by those who watch. If so, the validity of the rules that are the basis for rational behavior may be questioned. The problem is the relationship between the ethos (or principles) of games and the rules.

著者

松田 太希

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.85-98, 2015 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

2 1

---

The purpose of this paper is to clarify why the corporal punishment remains in sports groups focusing on Freud’s group psychology. Most arguments on the corporal punishment was apt to deny or solve the corporal punishment until now. But, can the corporal punishment be really got rid of? Imamura says that if people have relations with each other, we can never avoid violence. If so, it is natural that the corporal punishment occurs in sports groups. Therefore, we must understand why the corporal punishment remains in sports groups. This paper tries to investigate the psychic structure that the corporal punishment remains in relations between a coach and players in sports groups. To do it, we regard the situation that keeping the corporal punishment as the extension line of normal human relations rather than abnormal. Then, this paper focuses on “group psychology and the analysis of the ego” written by Freud. Freud says that the group is formed and kept up by the union of libido among members. We should take notice of the Freud’s argument in that respect that the ego of a coach spends all the ego of players. Freud calls the union of libido between members and a leader “being in loved”, and if “being in loved ” sublimates into “idealization”, the ego of members will be destroyed by losing their critical thinking on the character of their leader. Freud’s argument gives us a hint to consider why the corporal punishment remains in relations between a coach and players in sports groups.

著者

野上 玲子

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.109-120, 2017 (Released:2018-05-02)

参考文献数

55

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Although the Olympic Games have been holding as the sports festival with a view to promoting a peaceful society, they have ever been boycotted for political reasons and being used of as a means to an act of terrorism. The Olympic Games have opportunities to activate a sense of nationalism hidden in the background of their principle in the age of globalization. The difference between the principle to embody peace and the reality far removed from it is an issue which cannot be ignored. In this paper, we payed attention to cosmopolitanism, which is located comparatively in nationalism, and investigated the peace initiative in the Olympic Games while relating it to the issue of cosmopolitanism based on the idea of universal peace by Kant. The first half of this paper considered the theory of cosmopolitanism and peace by Kant and the second half did the peace initiative of cosmopolitanism in Olympics. The following three points were suggested according to this procedure.1.Any participant in the Olympic Games should take part in them as a cosmopolitan who has a sense of belonging to his/her own race or nation.2.Any participant as a cosmopolitan, who has the right of hospitality that enables to exchange one other, tries to establish friendly relations with other participants.3.Any participant, who has the right of hospitality that imposes restrictions on hostility one other, can drive out participants who did an act of hostility or violence.

著者

関根 正美

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.99-111, 2008

被引用文献数

1

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In this study the author considers whether a 'serious' physical movement, unaccompanied by cheerful looks, can be regarded as play for man. On this point, Kitada has reported that forms of 'play which exudes pleasure in the effort to grow up'. The purpose of this paper is to clarify three points concerning play and human movement: 1. We inspect the phenomenon of human activities by which work and constant effort can become an experience of play. 2. What kind of experience is play, compared to other experiences in life? 3. Why a stoic (serious) act and an attitude can be play? This paper does not consider the general phenomenon of play, but only the phenomenon of human activities. The author uses the theory of Huizinga and Takahashi. To classify human movement and sport, we adopt Sato's forms of movement. Consideration of these results support Kitada's argument that 'play is considered as an activity that involves the least effort and brings as much pleasure as possible'. On the basis of this view, we conclude as follows: 1. According to a subject's experience of play, a man has to suffer and to make efforts by way of action to enjoy play. This can be seen as an aesthetic experience, as in the boat that Nakai drew. 2. We suggest that the existence of 'the refinement of work (techne)', and 'a quick motion' as an aspect of a concrete physical movement, lead to experience. 3. We conclude that an apparently stoic human movement, which appears as the above 'a quick motion' and 'refinement of work' may be play.

著者

窪田 奈希左

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.57-66, 1995 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

48

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It's been generally considered that the term “Buyo” was made by Shoyo Tsubouchi. But the term was used by Ochi Fukuchi before him. The purpose of this study is to clarify that the term used by Ochi Fukuchi is the origin of “Buyo” being used today. The method of study is as foll ows:1. To clarify where and now the term was used.2. To examine the background datum.The results out of the procedures written above are summerized as follows:1. There is a use of the term in the “Kaiojidan” and there are seven uses in the “Engekihimitsudan”2. He called the “Ejanaika-Odori” by people “Buyo” in the “Kaiojidan”.3. In the “Engekihimitsudan” he used the term to grasp and improve conditions of Japanese-Opera. He called the movement with Kyokufushi (music) “Buyo”. And emphasized that it was important to the opera. His ideal was Western-Opera but he thought the tradition of Japanese-Opera was also precious.On there grounds I have come to the conclusion we may say that the term “Buyo” used by Ochi Fukuchi is the origin of “Buyo” being used today.

著者

木庭 康樹 上田 丈晴 沖原 謙 田井 健太郎 高根 信吾

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.101-120, 2013 (Released:2014-07-05)

参考文献数

32

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This study aims to identify the structure of sports games in order to analyze soccer games. In the paper before last, we focused on the structure of "competition" as "play" to clarify the concept of "competition" which is the basis for the meaning of "bodily movement competitions (sports)". In doing this, we were able to formulate the function for this structure through the following comparative function.On a condition of r, A = cf (a, b) = a > b, a = b, a < b(where, r : rule, A : agōn, cf : comparative function, a : contestant, b : opponent, > : win, = : draw, < : loss)In the last paper, we clarified that "bodily movement related to competition" is provided for by four characteristics: usability, expression, acquisition, and reciprocity.Our next topic is to consider the development and the optimization of human movement in sport. The human movement in sport has a certain relation with other elements such as rule, tactics, sense of values and others, while keeping the independence as the movement form. It has an original role and function under the relationship with other elements. When an element in the structure of sports builds the new relations with other elements, the sports accomplish a change and development in a true meaning. The creation of a new movement form to enable such the translation of the structure of sports is the development of human movement in sport.In the using process and the learning process of the movement form, sports players come to cannot but acquire and use the form of the technique developed and made an object by an individual. However, they are promoted development of a new form of the technique by the decline of the value of the form of the technique occurring as a result of competition in the game and the decline of the value of players using it. But a form of the technique developed newly also cannot avoid the "alienation" in the using process and the learning process of such the movement form.The concept of "Pareto optimum" clarifies that any movement form has the limit of the geometrical ambiguity (relation between both merits and demerits), as long as they have a definite form, a certain decided figure. However, this means a new movement form and other movement forms connect a new relation between both merits and demerits, and they have the possibility of further optimizing for more purposes.Our future topic is the last aim of this study, to clarify the entirety of "bodily movement competitions (sports)" based on the results considered in our earlier papers.

著者

髙尾 尚平

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.115-132, 2019

著者

松田 太希

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.85-98, 2015

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of this paper is to clarify why the corporal punishment remains in sports groups focusing on Freud's group psychology. <br/>Most arguments on the corporal punishment was apt to deny or solve the corporal punishment until now. But, can the corporal punishment be really got rid of? Imamura says that if people have relations with each other, we can never avoid violence. If so, it is natural that the corporal punishment occurs in sports groups. Therefore, we must understand why the corporal punishment remains in sports groups. This paper tries to investigate the psychic structure that the corporal punishment remains in relations between a coach and players in sports groups. To do it, we regard the situation that keeping the corporal punishment as the extension line of normal human relations rather than abnormal. <br/>Then, this paper focuses on "<i>group psychology and the analysis of the ego</i>" written by Freud. Freud says that the group is formed and kept up by the union of libido among members. We should take notice of the Freud's argument in that respect that the ego of a coach spends all the ego of players. Freud calls the union of libido between members and a leader "being in loved", and if "being in loved " sublimates into "idealization", the ego of members will be destroyed by losing their critical thinking on the character of their leader. Freud's argument gives us a hint to consider why the corporal punishment remains in relations between a coach and players in sports groups.

著者

川谷 茂樹

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.31-43, 2013 (Released:2014-04-16)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4 3 1

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A main purpose of this paper is to reconsider “the logical incompatibility thesis” which has claimed many adherents among scholars of philosophy of sport since 1970’s. In respect to this thesis that asserts that cheating and game-playing are logically incompatible, it is Kreider that suggests a very important argument. According to Kreider’s argument, rule-following is not the necessary condition of game-playing. It is sufficient for game-playing to commit conforming one’s behavior to the rules of the respective games.This argument seems to be the most serious one against the logical incompatibility thesis until now and suggests that it is impossible in principle for game-players to damage the identity of a particular game. In order to maintain the identity, it is required that not the identity of the player’s play but the institutional identity is retained.But the commitment to rules in this sense does not always involve the commitment to winning. In other words, it is obviously possible for a player to commit rules and at the same time commit defeat (e.g. the player who “throws” a fixed game). Though, of course, even in such a game the institutional identity of the game is maintained, we may well think that something important has been lost. If so, what is it?We should consider that the end of the game or contest in question has not been accomplished. That is, in such a game it has not been decided which player is superior even if a winner is determined, and it is indispensable for all players to commit winning substantially in order to accomplish that end of the game.The logical incompatibility thesis, in fact, has not referred to that end of a game but we tend to misunderstand as if it would do. Although, as stated above, the thesis is literally wrong, its persuasiveness seems to stem from our natural misunderstanding about it.

著者

加藤 泰樹

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.1-9, 2007 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

13

著者

釜崎 太

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.107-121, 2011 (Released:2012-12-17)

参考文献数

51

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Im Deutschland am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts, wo die Bildung eines modernen Nationalstaats und die Befreiung von der napoleonischen Herrschaft der sehnlichste Wunsch der gebildeten Schichten geworden war, besaß das Turnen von F.L.Jahn, nicht nur im Sinne der Ertüchtigung des Körpers, sondern auch im Sinne der Verbreitung des Nationalbewusstseins eine erhebliche gesellschaftliche Einflusskraft. Es ist darauf hingewiesen worden, dass ein Großteil der Einflusskraft des Turnens als Nationalbewegung den folgenden Punkten zuzuschreiben ist: 1. der “Erfindung von Traditionen”, die sich klar in der Wortschöpfung “Turnen” zeigt, 2. dem Charisma Jahns, das durch Jahns progressive und antiautoritäre Haltung und Kleidung vermittelt wurde, und 3. der Ritualität und Festivität der Turnfeste, die an nationalen Gedenktagen abgehalten wurden. Betrachtet man jedoch die Rollenspiele, auf die Jahn bei den vielfältigen körperlichen Übungen des Turnens großen Wert legte, kommt man zu der Erkenntnis, dass das Nationalbewusstsein der Turner untereinander in einer Form verknüpft war, die sich von den genannten Punkten unterscheidet.In dieser Forschung wird darauf hingewiesen, dass ein Rollenspiel die gleiche Welt ausdrückt wie die autobiografischen Romane Jahns und es wird gleichzeitig durch die Aufschlüsselung der Memoiren und Tagebücher der Turner gezeigt, dass die Rollenspiele, die als Teil der spontanen Bemühungen der Turner vor dem Hintergrund historischer Orte bei den Turnfahrten entwickelt wurden, den Gruppenzusammenhalt der Turner stärkten und als ein Mittel zur Verbreitung des Nationalbewusstseins fungierten. Anders ausgedrückt wird mit dieser Forschung gezeigt, dass die Verbreitung des Nationalbewusstseins aufgrund der Turnbewegung am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts nicht nur der Erfindung von Traditionen, der charismatischen Herrschaft und der Ritualität und Festivität zuzuschreiben ist, sondern auch dem historischen “Gedächtnis”, das sich durch die Erfahrung von körperlichen Übungen bei den Rollenspielen in die Körper der Turner einprägte.

著者

森田 啓 片岡 暁夫 近藤 良享

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.25-43, 1998 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

48

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The purpose of this study is to show that the sport world should choose the common good based on the dispute between liberalist and communitarian.Though the word liberalism is ambiguous, we define liberalism as the thought based on unencumbered selves (M. J. Sandel), which includes utilitarianism, deontological liberalism, or revisionist's liberalism. Needless to say, liberalism depends on civic virtues.Liberal democracy in this century destroys the civic virtues, so that liberalism reaches the extreme relativism which denies the past and present values and goodness and affirms the unlimited selfishness, especially economic one.In favor of communitarians' criticism, we agree with Sandel's contention of situated selves rather than ‘unencumbered selves’ and propose that we should make an effort to recover the common good in our society.Turning to the sport world, we have gradually swept away its original ethics such as sportsmanship, fair play and the mind of social relationship in England in 19th century. And now the sport world also accepts the tendency of the unlimited self-interest, especially economic one.The ethics of ordinary world has nothing to do with that of the sport world, but the latter bases on the former. In conclusion, we must note that the sport world should maintain the traditional common good because the ordinary world also needs to reinstate us in the common good.

著者

寺山 由美

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.49-63, 2020 (Released:2021-08-11)

参考文献数

78

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the validity of taking a physical view as a learning content of physical education. To exist as a subject, it will be necessary to clarify the educational significance that is not just a movement but a formal lesson. For that purpose, it is necessary to consider how to guide the learner's body in physical education. In order for learners to grasp their bodies that cannot be separated for their lifetime, it is considered necessary to focus on the development of a view of the body as the learning content that physical education plays.The view of the body can be said to be the way of seeing the body and the way of understanding the body. In other words, for <me>, asking what is the body is the training of the view of the body. Developing a view of the body involves asking what is the body for <me> and at the same time asking what is <I>. The development of a view of the body becomes possible through exercise practice, and the process in which the learner continues to seek his or her own view of the body is important. For <me>, fostering a view of the body asking "what is the body" can be a universal educational content of physical education that does not change with the times and regions as a reasonable educational significance.In addition, the study in this study is considered as the ground for thinking about learning in the "expression activity and dance" area. That is, if the body view can be the learning content in physical education, it is possible to propose a learning content in a “expression activity and dance” area different from before.

著者

近藤 良享

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.1-11, 2011 (Released:2012-12-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

4 1

著者

竹村 瑞穂

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.15-28, 2015 (Released:2016-01-13)

参考文献数

49

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The issue of body ownership cannot be considered irrelevant to the sports community. For example, in places and times where sports were controlled mainly by the State, including in former East Germany, the body of the player was owned and managed by the State. The issues caused by body ownership by others have been overcome through the private right known as “property right to the body”. However, I can say that certain issues related to “body self-ownership”, including body enhancement by free will as seen in the field of competitive sports in recent years, have ironically brought about the necessity to reexamine the property right to the body. This is because the broad interpretation of this notion and the objectification of the body have resulted in a surge in popularity of the view that one can freely do anything to one’s own body. It is believed that the British philosopher John Locke first proposed the concept of the property right to the body and the person. Based on Locke’s concept, should “doping as an act of body self-ownership”, namely self-doping, be allowed, even though “doping as an act of body ownership by others” is prohibited? Considering such questions, this paper aims mainly to examine doping as an issue of body self-ownership in light of Locke’s concept of the property right to the person. To this end, I first review and thoroughly examine Locke’s notion. On this basis I then consider whether and on what grounds doping as an act of body self-ownership is permissible. After such consideration, I arrive at the following conclusion: first, the notion of “person”in the concept of “property right to the person” as proposed by Lock does not correspond to “body” in the physical sense, and second, the concept of God is supposed to be superior to that of “property right to the person.” Through the discussion in this thesis, I indicate that it would be difficult to refer to the “property right to the person” concept as a basis for accepting doping as an act of free will.