著者

Hitomi ODA Akihiro MORI Toshinori SAKO

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0309, (Released:2020-04-20)

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Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a long-acting basal insulin recently developed for use in humans. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IDeg on glycemic control in diabetic cats. Changes in body weight, IDeg dosage, and glycated albumin (GA) were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following initiation of IDeg. A significant decrease in GA was observed and a mean GA level below 25% was achieved between 3 and 12 months. Furthermore, a significant increase in body weight was observed between 3 and 12 months. The mean IDeg dose was 0.75 ± 0.68 IU/kg/day at 12 months. Taken together, long-term glycemic control was successfully achieved in diabetic cats using IDeg.

著者

Dafei LIU Fei LIU Dongchun GUO Xiaoliang HU Zhijie LI Zhigang LI Jianzhang MA Chunguo LIU

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.7, pp.1040-1042, 2019 (Released:2019-07-19)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 6

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To rapidly distinguish Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) in practice, a one-step multiplex PCR/RT-PCR assay was developed, with detection limits of 102.1 TCID50 for CDV, 101.9 TCID50 for CPV and 103 copies for CaKoV. This method did not amplify nonspecific DNA or RNA from other canine viruses. Therefore, the assay provides a sensitive tool for the rapid clinical detection and epidemiological surveillance of CDV, CPV and CaKoV in dogs.

著者

Akiyoshi TANI Hirotaka TOMIYASU Aki OHMI Koichi OHNO Hajime TSUJIMOTO

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0439, (Released:2020-04-17)

被引用文献数

6

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Non-neoplastic bone marrow disorders such as non-regenerative immune-mediated anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and myelodysplastic syndrome are major causes of non-regenerative anemia in dogs. However, there has been no study on the clinical and clinicopathological features of canine non-neoplastic bone marrow disorders in Japan. Hence, we first investigated the breed disposition of non-neoplastic bone marrow disorders that induce anemia as a retrospective study and found that Miniature Dachshund (MD) was a predisposed breed. Based on this finding, we investigated the clinical and clinicopathological features of non-neoplastic bone marrow disorders in MDs as a preliminary retrospective study, and we compared them between immunosuppressive treatment-responsive and -resistant MDs. We found that treatment-resistant MDs showed thrombocytosis and increased frequencies of dysplastic features in the peripheral blood. These results indicate that bone marrow disorders in treatment-resistant MDs might manifest distinct features compared with those in treatment-sensitive MDs, and sensitivity to immunosuppressive treatments could be predicted based on thrombocytosis and dysplastic features in the peripheral blood. Further studies that examine aberrations in the genome are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of bone marrow disorders in MDs.

著者

Seiya MAEHARA Naoya MATSUMOTO Naoaki TAKIYAMA Yoshiki ITOH Yasunari KITAMURA Kazuto YAMASHITA Tadashi SANO Takaharu ITAMI Norihiko OYAMA Miri HAYASHI Reiko KATO Arisa SHIMODE Arisa MASUKO

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0639, (Released:2020-04-14)

被引用文献数

3

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A twenty-year-old male Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) presented at the Rakuno Gakuen University Animal Medical Center with a 10-year history of bilateral blindness and cataracts. Surgical treatment of bilateral cataracts by extracapsular lensextraction using phacoemulsification and aspiration (PEA) was performed under general anesthesia. An anterior capsulectomy was performed using micro iris scissors and micro anterior lens capsule forceps. The cataract was removed with PEA using the two-handed technique. After surgery, systemic corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics were administered. After cataract removal, the bear had recovered vision, and good quality vision has been maintained to date (15 months). PEA can be a safe and effective treatment for cataracts that impair vision in bears.

著者

Kosei SAKAI Shingo HATOYA Masaru FURUYA Shunsuke SHIMAMURA Tomoyo NABETANI Hiroyuki TANI Terumasa SHIMADA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20-0109, (Released:2020-04-16)

被引用文献数

2

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Human patients with inflammatory bowel disease may have poor prognosis with hypozincemia. However, there are limited data on zinc concentrations in the blood of dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (LPE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum zinc concentration in dogs with LPE and its influence on disease severity and prognosis. Thirty-five dogs with LPE were recruited. Serum zinc concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Hypozincemia was observed in 18/35 (51%) dogs with LPE. Serum zinc concentration was inversely correlated with histological and clinical severities. Overall survivals were significantly shorter in dogs with hypozincemia than in those without it. These findings suggest that serum zinc concentration is a useful biomarker for LPE severity and prognosis in dogs.

著者

Harumichi ITOH Shimpei NISHIKAWA Kenji TANI Hiroshi SUNAHARA Munekazu NAKAICHI Toshie ISERI Yasuho TAURA Kazuhito ITAMOTO

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0373, (Released:2020-04-09)

被引用文献数

3

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Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are promising cell sources for regenerative medicine due to the simplicity of their harvest and culture; however, their biological properties are not completely understood. Moreover, recent murine and human studies identified several functional subpopulations of ADSCs varying in differentiation potential; however, there is a lack of research on canine ADSCs. Cystine transporter (xCT) is a stem cell marker in gastric and colon cancers that interacts with CD44 to enhance cystine uptake from the cell surface and subsequently accelerates intercellular glutathione levels. In this study, we identified a ~5% functional subpopulation of canine ADSCs with xCT+ expression (xCTHi). Compared with those of the xCT− subpopulation (xCTLo), the xCTHi subpopulation showed a significantly higher proliferation rate, higher expression of conventional stem cell markers (SOX2, KLF4, and c-Myc), and higher expression of adipogenic markers (FABP4 and PPARγ). By contrast, the xCTLo subpopulation showed significantly higher expression of osteogenic markers (BMP1 and SPP) than xCTHi cells. These results suggest xCT as a candidate marker for detecting a functional subpopulation of canine ADSCs. Mechanistically, xCT could increase the adipogenic potential while decreasing the osteogenic differentiation potential, which could serve as a valuable target marker in regenerative veterinary medicine.

著者

Aya MATSUU Mihoko YABUKI Emiko AOKI Michio IWAHANA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20-0017, (Released:2020-04-07)

被引用文献数

10

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A molecular survey was conducted to understand recent distribution of pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) in Japan. Nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs were collected from asymptomatic dogs and those with CIRD, living in private house or in kennels. PCR-based examination was conducted for detecting nine pathogens. Among private household dogs, 50.8% with CIRD, 11.1% with respiratory disease other than CIRD, and 4.3% asymptomatic were positive for more than one pathogen, whereas in kennel-housed dogs, 42.9% with CIRD and 27.3% asymptomatic were positive. Bordetella bronchiseptica was most frequently detected, followed by canine herpesvirus 1, canine parainfluenza virus, canine pneumovirus, Mycoplasma cynos, and canine adenovirus type 2. In kennel environment, asymptomatic dogs might act as reservoirs carrying the respiratory pathogens.

著者

Michi NAKAMURA Hidetaka NISHIDA Karin YOSHIZAKI Hideo AKIYOSHI Shingo HATOYA Kikuya SUGIURA Toshio INABA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0141, (Released:2020-04-06)

被引用文献数

8

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We examined the paracrine action of canine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow on the survival and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. MSCs were collected from the proximal end of the diaphysis of femur of healthy beagle dogs. The 70–80% confluent MSCs were re-fed with serum-free DMEM. The MSCs were incubated for 48 hr and the supernatant was collected as the conditioned medium (MSC-CM). The survival rate of NSCs in MSC-CM was significantly greater than in the medium without MSC-CM. The percentage of differentiated neurons and neurite length in MSC-CM was also significantly higher than in the medium without MSC-CM. These results suggested that canine MSC-CM promotes stem cell survival and neural differentiation of NSCs.

著者

Yuki TAKAMI Takeshi IZAWA Miyuu TANAKA Shingo HATOYA Tomoyo NABETANI Jyoji YAMATE Mitsuru KUWAMURA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20-0045, (Released:2020-04-03)

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A 16 years old neutered male Miniature Dachshund with 1-year history of repetitive administration of zonisamide for treatment of epileptic seizure was presented for vomiting, anorexia and diarrhea. Serum biochemistry showed a markedly elevated ALP level. The dog died 6 days after the presentation and a necropsy was performed. Histopathologically, random, focal to extensive necrosis, formation of regenerative hepatocellular nodules surrounded by fibrous septa and proliferation of bile ducts were seen in the liver. From these findings, the hepatic lesion was diagnosed as hepatocellular necrosis with prominent regenerative reactions due to the chronic persistent liver injury. Hepatic lesions were considered to be induced by zonisamide, based on the history of continuous administration, and clinical and histopathological findings.

著者

Eiichi KANAI Noriyuki MATSUTANI Ryutaro HANAWA Satoshi TAKAGI

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.11, pp.1624-1627, 2019 (Released:2019-11-29)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

2

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A female Bernese Mountain Dog was diagnosed with a right middle lung lobe mass. The dog was positioned in a left lateral recumbency and one-lung ventilation was used under general anesthesia. Video-assisted thoracic surgery anatomical lobectomy was performed with 4 cm small thoracotomy and two 6-mm ports. Pulmonary vessels and bronchus were dissected and isolated individually at the hilum of the right middle lung lobe. Pulmonary vessels were ligated and were coagulated and transected using a vessel sealing device. The bronchus was ligated and transected. The mass in the right middle lung lobe was removed with a clean margin and without complications. Video-assisted thoracic surgery anatomical lobectomy was used to successfully remove a primary lung tumor in a dog.

著者

Hiroko FUJINO Muneki HONNAMI Manabu MOCHIZUKI

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0501, (Released:2020-03-31)

被引用文献数

4

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability and feasibility of a novel preoperative planning method for tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) based on the width of the proximal tibia. All TPLO procedures were performed by the same surgeon. In preoperative planning, the width of the tibial crest to the caudal edge of the medial tibial plateau (W) was measured, and the saw blade size that was closest to the distance between the point of the cranial third W and the intercondylar tubercles was selected. The postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA), distance of eccentricity (DOE), and minimum thickness of the tibial tuberosity remaining cranial to the osteotomy (tibial tuberosity width; TTW) were documented. Complications in the perioperative and follow-up periods were documented. Thirty-one TPLO procedures were performed in 28 dogs, including both small and large breeds. The postoperative TPA was 8.4 ± 2.0° and the DOE was 3.55 ± 2.88 mm. The ratio of the TTW to the preoperative W was 0.27 ± 0.06. There were no major complications, such as fractures of the tibial tuberosity or implant breakage. This preoperative planning method allowed appropriate planning for TPLO with a clear index that was based on the size of the tibia rather than the breed or weight of the dog. This method should be of benefit to the surgeon, whether an expert or a novice, and contribute to the success of TPLO.

著者

Katsuro HAGIWARA Takaaki NAKAYA Manabu ONUMA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0408, (Released:2020-03-16)

被引用文献数

1

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We compared the Mx expression and anti-viral function and the 3D structure of Mx protein in four species: chicken (Gallus gallus), whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), and rock dove (Columba livia). We observed different mortalities associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection to understand the relationship between Mx function as an immune response factor and HPAIV proliferation in bird cells. Different levels of Mx were observed among the different bird species after virus infection. Strong Mx expression was confirmed in the rock dove and whooper swan 6 hr after viral infection. The lowest virus copy numbers were observed in rock dove. The virus infectivity was significantly reduced in the BALA/3T3 cells expressing rock dove and jungle crow Mx. These results suggested that high Mx expression and significant Mx-induced anti-viral effects might result in the rock dove primary cells having the lowest virus copy number. Comparison of the expected 3D structure of Mx protein in all four bird species demonstrated that the structure of loop L4 varied among the investigated species. It was reported that differences in amino acid sequence in loop L4 affect antiviral activity in human and mouse cells, and a significant anti-viral effect was observed in the rock dove Mx. Thus, the amino acid sequence of loop L4 in rock dove might represent relatively high anti-viral activity.

著者

Keisuke SUGIMOTO Takuma AOKI Yoko FUJII

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0670, (Released:2020-03-19)

被引用文献数

5

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This study aimed to assess the effects of atenolol on left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) function in healthy cats and investigate the relationship between atenolol administration and LA enlargement (LAE) in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In study 1, nine experimental cats were used to assess the effects of atenolol in healthy subjects. Cats were administered one of three medication protocols for 7 days: atenolol 6.25 mg/cat twice daily, 12.5 mg/cat twice daily, or placebo (biofermin) 1 tab/cat twice daily. In study 2, cats with HCM were retrospectively recruited and divided into four groups according to atenolol administration [(control group (Cont) or atenolol administration group (Ate)] and the presence or absence of LAE as follows: Cont LAE (–) group (n=42), Cont LAE (+) group (n=20), Ate LAE (–) group (n=17), and Ate LAE (+) group (n=12). LV and LA functions were compared in both studies. LV and LA functions were decreased by atenolol administration in study 1. In study 2, the peak myocardial velocity during early diastole (E’) was significantly decreased in the Cont LAE (+), Ate LAE (–), and Ate LAE (+) groups compared to that in the Cont LAE (–) group, but there were no significant differences between LAE (+) groups. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that atenolol administration was not associated with LAE. Diastolic dysfunction may be associated with LAE; however, atenolol administration did not affect LAE in cats with HCM.

著者

Somkiat HUAIJANTUG Wuttiwong THEERAPHUN Nirut SUWANNA Thanapong THONGPRAPARN Rujaporn CHANACHAI Waraporn AUMARM

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0372, (Released:2020-03-19)

被引用文献数

4

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To evaluate the localization of functional deficit area in epileptogenic zones of the brain in seven refractory and seven non-refractory epilepsy dogs using technetium 99m labeled with ethyl cysteinate dimer and interictal single photon emission computed tomography [99mTc-ECD SPECT] co-registration with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Regions showing perfusion deficits in the SPECT images were analyzed by using the standard semiquantitative evaluation method to compare the level of cortical perfusion to the maximum number of counts within the cerebellum (max C), considered the area of reference. This study showed that SPECT imaging revealed abnormalities in several regions of the brain in both epilepsy groups. The refractory epilepsy dogs showed more frequency area of hypoperfusion in temporal lobe than non-refractory group with not statistically significance (P=0.28). The result suggests the lesion in temporal might be relevance with refractory epilepsy in canine patients.

著者

Mako NAKAMURA Teruaki TOZAKI Hironaga KAKOI Kotono NAKAMURA Reza RAJABI-TOUSTANI Yasunori OHBA Tatsuya MATSUBARA Masaki TAKASU

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0535, (Released:2020-03-09)

被引用文献数

1

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The Kiso horse is native to Japan and is on the verge of extinction. Here, we used microsatellites to characterize changes in their genetic diversity over time. We divided a population of Kiso horses that genotyped during 2007–2017 into three groups based on birth year: Group 1, 1980–1998 (70 horses); Group 2, 1999–2007 (61 horses); and Group 3, 2008–2017 (42 horses). We genotyped 31 microsatellites to calculate average number of alleles, observed heterozygosity, and expected heterozygosity. All indicators decreased across age groups. The results indicate that Kiso horses have been experiencing a drop in genetic diversity, and the population is expected to experience further decline unless appropriate measures are implemented.

著者

Masaya IGASE Yuki MORINAGA Masahiro KATO Toshihiro TSUKUI Yusuke SAKAI Masaru OKUDA Takuya MIZUNO

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.4, pp.483-487, 2020 (Released:2020-04-15)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

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DEP domain-containing 1B (DEPDC1B) is involved in the regulation of cell de-adhesion and actin cytoskeleton activity during the G2/M transition of the cell cycle, and its overexpression has been proven to be associated with cancer progression in several human cancers. Canine DEPDC1B was identified as a gene that was overexpressed in canine lymphoma tissues in our previous study. However, in dogs, the protein expression of DEPDC1B remains to be determined due to the lack of a specific monoclonal antibody. Here, we developed rat monoclonal antibodies against canine DEPDC1B and characterized their applicability for immunodetection assays. Our findings demonstrated that these antibodies are functional and can be important tools to investigate the precise role of DEPDC1B in canine tumors.

著者

望月 雅美 大澤 直子 石田 卓夫

出版者

社団法人日本獣医学会

雑誌

The journal of veterinary medical science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.9, pp.1071-1073, 1999-09-25

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

10

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猫の消化器疾患に関係するウイルスの検索のために猫糞便を調べた. 特に逆転写酵素遺伝子増幅法を用いて猫コロナウイルス(FCoV)に焦点を当て検索した. 最も高頻度に検出されたのは猫汎白血球減少症パルボウイルス(FPLV;陽性率28.5%)で,次がFCoVであった(10.7%).FCoV陽性の猫に共通した症状は嘔吐, 下痢および脱水で, 多くは間もなく回復した. しかし, FPLVが混合感染していた猫は重症であった.

著者

Ryota AKABANE Touko SATO Atsushi SAKATANI Mizuki OGAWA Masayoshi NAGAKAWA Hirosumi MIYAKAWA Yuichi MIYAGAWA Hiroyuki TAZAKI Naoyuki TAKEMURA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0595, (Released:2020-02-26)

被引用文献数

3

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Information regarding the pharmacokinetics of oral sildenafil in dogs with pulmonary hypertension is limited. In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetics of oral sildenafil in a canine model of chronic embolic pulmonary hypertension (CEPH). The CEPH model was developed by repeatedly injecting microspheres into the pulmonary arteries. The pharmacokinetics of oral sildenafil at 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg was evaluated using four dogs with pulmonary hypertension in the fasted state. The plasma concentrations of sildenafil were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental analysis. Sildenafil was well tolerated in this study. Proportional increments in the maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve extrapolated to infinity at drug doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg were detected using a power model analysis. No significant differences were observed among the three doses in the time to maximum plasma concentration. The mean residence time and elimination half-life were slightly but significantly higher at a dose of 4 mg/kg than at a dose of 1 mg/kg.

著者

Eiichi KAWAKAMI Tatsuya HORI Toshihiko TSUTSUI

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.10, pp.1107-1111, 1999-10-25 (Released:2000-04-12)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

12 14

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The effects of a cryptorchid testis on the contralateral testis were investigated after artificially producing unilateral cryptorchidism in 8 beagle dogs. Bilateral testicular biopsy and collection of spermatic vein blood and peripheral vein blood were performed at the time of the operation to produce the cryptorchidism and 52 weeks later. The testicular tissue was used for histological examination by light microscopy and measurement of the testicular transferrin (Tf) concentration by enzyme immunoassay. Plasma testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Semen was collected weekly and its quality was examined. No spermatogenesis was observed in the cryptorchid testes at 52 weeks after the operation, and the number of germ cells in the contralateral testes had decreased but the number of Sertoli cells did not change. The Tf concentration in both testes had also decreased. The mean total number of sperm between 48 and 52 weeks after the operation (194 × 106) was less than half the number before the operation (510 × 106). Mean spermatic vein plasma T levels (51 ng/ml) in the cryptorchid testes 52 weeks after the cryptorchid operation were significantly lower than before the operation (91 ng/ml; P<0.05). By contrast, spermatic vein plasma E2 levels (80 pg/ml) were significantly higher than the values before the operation (51 pg/ml P<0.05). The peripheral plasma LH levels decreased. These findings indicate that a large quantity of E2 secreted by the cryptorchid testis inhibits the endocrine and spermatogenic functions of the contralateral testis in the dog. In particular, it is assumed that dysfunction of the contralateral testis is associated with Sertoli cell dysfunction suggested by the low Tf concentration.

著者

Akiyoshi TANI Taisuke SENO Nozomu YOKOYAMA Taisuke NAKAGAWA Hirotaka TOMIYASU Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO Hajime TSUJIMOTO Koichi OHNO

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0560, (Released:2020-02-14)

被引用文献数

1

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Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are frequently observed in miniature dachshunds in Japan and treated by prednisolone and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and leflunomide. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the treatment efficacy, such as response rate, response interval, recurrence rate, and adverse events between cyclosporine and leflunomide. While the response rates were significantly higher in dogs treated with leflunomide, no significant differences were observed in the response interval or recurrence rate. Two of the 11 dogs treated with leflunomide showed hematological or gastrointestinal adverse events, while no dog treated with cyclosporine showed any adverse events. A case-controlled prospective study to compare the treatment efficacy of leflunomide with that of cyclosporine should be conducted.