著者

吉原 恵子

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.123-133, 1997-12-12

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Most studies of women higher education have focused on "how higher education brings different future to women from men's." In other words, they have argued on the segregated education between men and women. So far, various approaches, such as, guidance in choosing universities, cooling-down of aspiration, school culture to affect students'educational ambition, gender-role socialization, have been employed in the regards of the selection of universities. On the other hand, as to after entering universities, feminine tracks leading to different occupational careers have been pointed out. However, the entrance examination system between high school and university has not been payed attention fully as a system to differentiate students by gender. In this paper, we explore that the entrance examination is not one of procedures to enter a university, but it prepares a kind of "feminine tracks." To achieve the aim, we mainly use a cross-sectional data acquired by the research in which university students in Tokyo filled out the questionnaire. Firstly, we take up girls'high schools and boys'high school and examine how they use "the admission by school recommendation" as one of means to enter a university (II). Secondly, we analyze the difference in the use of "the admission by school recommendation" between girls of girls'high schools and girls of coed high schools (III). Lastly, "Ronin" norm in choosing universities among girls is analyzed (IV).

著者

松本 直樹

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.367-374, 2008-03-10

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The aim of this study is to investigate the budgets of public libraries from a financial point of view. We analyzed historical data of nationwide public library budgets. We especially examined it from three aspects, the total budget, funding sources, purposes of budgets. We also used data of local government budgets and budgets for social education to compare the library budgets. The results showed that the trend of local government budgets had strong influence over library budgets. The trend of library budgets bore a striking resemblance to budgets for social education. Capital expenditure of libraries had drastically decreased from late 1990s in line with the burst of economic bubble.

著者

佐藤 英二

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.231-239, 1997-12-12

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Kinnosuke Ogura (1885-1962) was a mathematician, who introduced Perry's movement into Japan in the 1920s. His educational theory became a target for criticism in the 1960s on the grounds that it lacked logical and abstract aspect of mathematics. However this criticism holds true only at his Sugaku kyoiku no Konpon mondai (1924), but not at his later works. In Sugaku Kyoiku no Konpon mondai, he attached great importance on intuition, for it promoted students to think by self and to construct mathematical conception in their own ways, while he regarded mathematical logic as restraint of students'spontaneous thought. But in the 1930s works, he replaced 'intuition'with 'logic for children'. The intuition became no longer incompatible with mathematical logic. In addition he became to accept disciplinary value of mathematics education. What is more, getting powerfull in actual problem-solving, his theory got suitable to the need of militaristic empowerment in time of the Pacific War.

著者

寺崎 弘昭

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.15-42, 1998-03-26

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In this paper, the writer has attempted to reconsider a manslaughter case against a schoolmaster (Regina v. Hopley, 1860) by examining contemporary newspapers and educational journals. Through this research, he intends to clarify not only the incident itself but also public reactions and opinions for/against school corporal punishment. Regina v. Hopley had been regarded as an archetype of legal cases of school corporal punishment in commentaries on the laws of England, until the school corporal punishment was abolished in 1987. But, curiously enough, the incident itself and contemporary reactions have never been brought to light. Because of such absence of full investigative research, we often tended to consider Regina v. Hopley to have been only a trivial and minor matter for contemporary people. However, as the writer has provided a detailed picture on account of his investigation of local newspapers (The Sussex Advertiser, The Lews Times, The Sussex Express, and so on), the Hopley's incident was most sensational and caused the greatest excitement in England. Local newspapers enthusiastically reported the case in detail, and furthermore, submitted a profile of Hopley's career and their analyses of "The Eastbourne Tragedy" (The Brighton Observer, 11 May 1860). Furthermore, most of English and Scotch principal newspapers also reported the trial of Hopley (July 23,1860) and made comments on the incident; The Times, The Illustrated London News, Saturday Review, The Bristol Mercury, The Manchester Guardian, The Caledonian Mercury (Edingburgh), and so on. It is certain, as English legal textbooks told us, that Regina v. Hopley permitted a "moderate and reasonable" corporal punishment. But on the other hand, it is more certain that the "brutal affair" stimulated popular feelings averse to corporal punishment. For example, The Sussex Advertiser pointed out how Hopley's "miserable desire" to establish his educational system "converted correction into cruel and brutally aggravated punishment", and The Brighton Observer (May 11) demanded "the abolition of all corporal punishment in the schools of England" in order to prevent a recurrence of such tragedies. And, above all, not only Justice Cockburn and the prosecutor Parry but also the pleader Ballantine hoped for a school without corporal punishment in the court. On the other hand, it was only four of twelve educational periodicals published in 1860 that made comments on the Hopley case. Most of them, except Papers for the Schoolmaster, were averse to the "public opinion" expressed vigorously in the newspapers; especially their proposal of "the total abolition of corporal punishment" (The Brighton Examiner, 31 July 1860). But they were obliged to keep silence and left behind "public opinion". In order to relieve the educational discourses from such peril and establish a professional leadership in the debate on school corporal punishment, Joseph Payne attempted to formulate a new pedagogical paradigm of school corporal punishment from a point of view of "Science and Art of Education" in his lecture (The Educational Times, March 1861). He was "the first professor of education in Britain" (Richard Aldrich). He himself, however, did not argue against the use of physical punishment as a means of maintaining discipline. He denied only habitual use of corporal punishment. Rather, he asserted that "a vigilant administration", which corresponds to the "pouvoir pastoral" (Michel Foucault), was necessary for the discipline and it would become a basis for the effectiveness of corporal punishment. In Payne's lecture, Hopley's act was criticized merely for its "cool, conscientious barbarity". However, Hopley vindicated his act as a deliberate and educational one based upon John Locke's view of corporal punishment which Payne also referred to as one of his forerunners. Locke even approved corporal punishment against children's "Stubbornness" in his famous book Some Thoughts concerning Education (§ 78).

著者

寺崎 弘昭

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.19-40, 1996-12-20

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In this paper, the writer has attempted to reconsider a manslaughter case against a schoolmaster (Regina v.Hopley, 1860) by examining contemporary newspapers and educational journals. Through this research, he intends to clarify not only the incident itself but also public reactions and opinions for/against school corporal punishment. Regina v.Hopley had been regarded as an archtype of legal cases of school corporal punishment in commentaries on the laws of England, until school corporal punishment was abolished in 1987. But, curiously enough, the incident itself and contemporary reactions have never been brought to light even by D. P. Leinster-Mackay ( "Regina v Hopley : Some Historical Reflections on Corporal Punishment" Journal of Education Administration and History, vol. 9 , no.1 , 1977). Because of such absence of full investigative research, we often tended to consider Regina v. Hopley to have been only a trivial and minor matter for contemporary people. However, as the writer has provided a detailed picture on account of his investigation of local newspapers, the Hopley's incident was most sensational and caused a furor in England. Local newspapers enthusiastically reported the case in detail, and furthermore, submitted a profile of Hopley's career and their analyses of "The Eastbourne Tragedy". Now, we can list up The newspaper items the writer has referred to is as follows: 1 . The Lewes Times, Eastbourne Chronicle and Hailsham Observer. May 9 p. 1 & p.4 "Brutal Case of Manslaughter, by Beating" p.2 "A Schoolmaster Committed Manslaughter" May 16 p.1 "The Inquest on Mr. Hopley's Case. Mr. Hopley at the Inquest and before the Magistrates." May 23 p.1 "Mr.Thomas Hopley on the Wrongs which cry for Redress. Theory v. Practice" July 25 p.4 "Manslaughter Case, The Queen v. Hopley " 2 .The Sussex Advertiser, Surrey Gazette, and West Kent Courier. May 1 p.5 "Coroner's Inquest" May 8 p.4 "The Terrible Catastrophe at Eastbourne" p.7 "Committal of a Schoolmaster for Manslaughter, at Eastbourne" July 24 pp.3-5 "Trial of Mr. Hopley for Manslaughter" July 24 (Special Assize Edition) pp.2-3 "Trial of Mr.Hopley for Manslaughter" 3 . The Sussex Express, Surrey Standard, Herald of Kent Mail, and County Advertiser. April 28 pp.4-5 Article without captions begins: 'An inquest---'May 5 p.5 Article without captions begins: 'The greatest excitement---'May 5 p.6 "Alleged Death of a Pupil from Excessive Punishment at Eastbourne." July 24 pp.2-3 "The Eastbourne Tragedy. Trial of Thomas Hopley" July 28 p.6 "The Eastbourne Tragedy Concluded" 4 . The Brighton Observer, Fashionable Arrival List, and County Intelligencer. May 4 p.3 "A Brutal Affair" May 11 p.2 "The Eastbourne Tragedy" July 27 p.2 "The Eastbourne Tragedy" p.3 "Sussex Summer Assizes" 5 . Brighton Examiner, Fashionable Directory, Sussex County Journal, & Genaral Advertiser. May 8 p.3 "Charge of Manslaughter against a Schoolmaster" July 24 p.3 "The Eastbourne Manslaughter Case " July 31 p.2 "Corporal Punishment Furthermore, most of English and Scotch principal newspapers also reported the trial of Hopley (July 23, 1860) and made comments on the incident ; The Times, The Illustrated London News, Saturday Review, The Bristol Mercury, The Manchester Guardian, The Caledonian Mercury (Edingburgh), and so on. It is certain, as English legal textbooks state, that Regina v. Hopley permitted a "moderate and reasonable" corporal punishment. .But on the other hand, it is more certain that the "brutal affair" stimulated and gave an outlet to popular feelings averse to corporal punishment. For example, The Sussex Advertiser pointed out how "miserable desire" to establish an educational system "converted correction into cruel and brutally aggravated punishment", and The Brighton Observer demanded "the abolition of all corporal punishment in the schools of England" in order to prevent a recurrence of such tragedies.

著者

寺崎 弘昭

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.1-15, 2001-03-15

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In this paper, the writer has attempted to clarify the pedagogical stereotype that has hindered many historians of education from pointing out that corporal punishment was never abolished in the early modern history of educational thoughts. In fact, according to the writer's perusal of the texts, the early modern educationists permitted a rod or beating as a last resort of correction, while they denounced corporal punishment. For example, John Locke did admire the use of the "Whipping" for children's "Obstinacy" and "Stubbornness" in his famous book Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693,see §78), though he denounced corporal punishment as a "slavish" one in the same book (§52). Locke admitted the corporal punishment as a means of discipline, for it was not outside (corporal) punishment. The same fact can be pointed out in the educational thoughts of Quintilian, Augustine, Erasmus, Joseph Lancaster, Pestalozzi, Horace Mann, and so forth. Lancaster, while he condemned the corporal punishment, recommended the punishment of pillory, fetters, and "the birds in the cage". Similarly, Mann maintained the corporal punishment as a lesser evil that cured the grave evil. In spite of such undeniable facts, many historians of education have ignored the facts. Why? The writer maintains that the eyes of historians of education have been blurred by the pedagogical stereotype that emerged to obtain a professional authority of the educational science in the nineteenth century. For example, Joseph Payne, as "the first professor of education in England", established such a pedagogical stereotype in his lecture "On Corporal Punishment as a means of discipline in Schools" (The Educational Times, March 1861). He pretended to demonstrate that corporal punishment was denied as a means of discipline as well as a means of promoting learning in the history of orthodox educational thoughts including John Locke's.

著者

松本 直樹

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.325-334, 2006-03-10

被引用文献数

1

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This paper aims to investigate the budget making process of public libraries. The focus is not on the library in isolation, but in relation to various forms of local government level. I interviewed seven library administrators in Saitama Prefecture about factors affecting the budget making process. On the basis of the data collected, I conclude that not only the administrator's negotiation ability and available human network resources affect the allocation of budgets, but also the council, the local administrative chief, the long-term plan, and the level of citizen support each play a significant role in this process.

著者

松本 直樹

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.367-374, 2008-03-10

---

The aim of this study is to investigate the budgets of public libraries from a financial point of view. We analyzed historical data of nationwide public library budgets. We especially examined it from three aspects, the total budget, funding sources, purposes of budgets. We also used data of local government budgets and budgets for social education to compare the library budgets. The results showed that the trend of local government budgets had strong influence over library budgets. The trend of library budgets bore a striking resemblance to budgets for social education. Capital expenditure of libraries had drastically decreased from late 1990s in line with the burst of economic bubble.

著者

森岡 さやか

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.259-267, 2008-03-10

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This study reviewed the help-seeking studies in the field of mental health, discussed their problems, and suggested new direction. These studies are classified into two categories, namely 'factor analysis study'and 'process study', and problems with each category were pointed out. On the basis of the problems, necessity for the third stream was suggested. On the third stream, three essential points were proposed: 1)examining clients who were currently in, or had recently finished, therapy, 2)considering not only on differences among individuals but also on psychological changing processes which each person has, and 3)grasping on whole phenomenon including background and relationships to other people each person has. Such continuous clinical and psychological help-seeking studies are expected to give knowledge which contributes to consideration of assistance to decide on the use of appropriate services freely, one suffers from mental disorder.

著者

水崎 富美

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.87-96, 2000-03-15

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Before the war, school songs have been generally believed to be utilized for "cultivating a moral character" by the basic policy of the ministry of education. In addition to this ordinary aspect, we shed light on the existence of a policy in the standardization of national language by a vocal sound, which had been driven by the ministry of education in modern ages.

著者

塩崎 美穂

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.1-9, 2003-03-10

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The modern Japanese public day nurseries were formed for the lower strata of society after Kome-Sodo (Popular uprising against increasing the price of rice, 1918) as one of social services. In preceding historical studies on the early childhood care and education, the formation of the public day nurseries is considered to be "enlightenment" by governing classes. Most certainly, the nursery services aimed to support workings of the proletariat and reform poor families as the enlightenment, but in actual practices, nurses groped for "education" which deal with lives of the children who suffered extreme poverty (they were different from children of Kindergartens which the upper-middle classes used). Besides, the nursery services were great help to the parents in poor, and saved lives of children. The public nursery services had big significance of existence.

著者

松本 直樹

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.325-334, 2006-03-10

---

This paper aims to investigate the budget making process of public libraries. The focus is not on the library in isolation, but in relation to various forms of local government level. I interviewed seven library administrators in Saitama Prefecture about factors affecting the budget making process. On the basis of the data collected, I conclude that not only the administrator's negotiation ability and available human network resources affect the allocation of budgets, but also the council, the local administrative chief, the long-term plan, and the level of citizen support each play a significant role in this process.

著者

塚田 美紀

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.347-355, 1998-03-26

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This paper examines art education of Kakiyama Ban-yu, who studied in the Art School of Tokyo founded by Ernest Fenollosa and Okakura Tenshin, and contributed to the birth of "art pedagogy" in primary education. Revealing the composition of drawing and painting technics in his "art pedagogy", this paper illuminates the structure of his systematization of art skills. The conception of "art pedagogy" was raised by professors of Art School of Tokyo and Teachers School of Tokyo, to construct a systematic teaching method in general education by integrating the technics of Western art and Japanese traditional art. Kakiyama actually tried to explore his own method by organizing the technics not from the teacher's viewpoint but from student's one as art creator. This Kakiyama-method succeeded to those of his antecedents and resembled to those of his contemporaries much in contents of the technics. Nevertheless the way of organizing drawing and painting technics as art creator was unique, and at this point he should be regarded as a pioneer of art education in general education, and as an educator quite different from the mainstream of "art pedagogy".

著者

山本 珠美

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.261-270, 2001-03-15

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"Public Understanding of Science (PUS)" has been paid attention to in many countries since 1980s. PUS tends to be confused with public acceptance of science, but it contains both getting correct information and decision-making based on informed decision. Science museums have been regarded outside politics, but their shortness of representation about social context and uncritical attitude to scientific progress are criticized from a view of PUS. Recently, science museums have challenged to represent contemporary science and technology. Their aim is to offer a basis for visitors to make up their own minds. The principle of learning/education about controversial science and technology is an open end process.

著者

斉藤 利彦 市山 雅美

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, pp.436-461, 2009-03-10

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This study collects the most basic data concerning the alumni magazine of the old system junior high school based on the nationwide survey, and does the analysis by the questionnaire. That is, how was the alumni magazine published, and those starting year, preservation, and the situation and the issue frequency etc. of owning are clarified in the old system junior high school in various places. In addition, the composition of a concrete content of magazine in each alumni magazine is analyzed, and the name, the content of each column and each item, and those changes are examined. In addition, there is a problem of the relation etc. between the organization, that is, the system of the edit of the alumni magazine and the student and the participation of the principal and the teacher. The realities of the student autonomy at the period of prewar days, and they are a deeply related, and extremely interesting problems. Furthermore, let's clarify the transition in original of the situation of the contribution of the student and publishing and the passing of an eras. And, let's add consideration to the function for the alumni magazine to have and the role out which it carried based on the above-mentioned analysis at the end.

著者

金 愛花

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, pp.115-123, 2009-03-10

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East Asian Countries are known for fierce competition over acceptance in higher education institutions. That creates significant social pressures on the entrance examination systems. Issues frequently arise particularly in three aspects, i.e., academic relevance of the tested knowledge, fairness of the process, and the relative degree of control given to the government and individual institutions. This paper focuses on the last aspect, comparing China, Japan and Korea from this perspective./ First, postwar developments in the entrance examination system are briefly summarized and compared. In the following section, the relative significance of the three elements in the examination process, i.e., nationally unified examination, entrance examination administered by individual institutions, and the achievements in high schools. The third section presents an interpreted of this from the perspective of how the control over entrance examination is distributed, and how entrance examination is set within the political contexts of the three different countries.

著者

藤森 千尋

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, pp.455-466, 2013-03-10

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The present study aims to examine how students repair their utterances in question-answer dialogues of English classes at secondary schools. The notion of repair in language learning is reconceptualized based on the “functional dualism of texts (univocal and dialogic functions) ” discussed by Wertsch and Lotman. A set of data was collected in classes for speaking skills being team-taught by an ALT and a JTE. The students’ repairs in terms of each function were analyzed and discussed in association with the dual goals of language-learning classrooms: the needs for explicit form-focused interaction and authentic meaningfocused interaction. The results of the study show that in the scenes of form-focused interaction, students may judge the extent to which teachers demand immediate linguistic corrections from them, with their primary attention focused on the meaning of the interactions. On the other hand, in the scenes of meaning-focused interaction, students can attempt to produce modified utterances for the sharing of meanings among their peers if the interaction demonstrates a gap in meaning sharing. That is to say, diverse dialogic scenes are necessary to improve speaking proficiency. The pedagogical implication is that teachers must make conscious choices of classroom interactions to achieve balanced learning.

著者

平野 真理

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, pp.411-417, 2013-03-10

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In psychology, the term “resilience” refers to an individual's ability to recover from or adapt to adverse experiences or events. This paper reviews studies on resilience from the viewpoints of its innate and acquired aspects. The innateness of resilience has received less attention than the innateness of psychological risk factors has, and resilience is considered a universal haracteristic. However, recent research on personality suggests that certain biological and genetic factors influence resilience. Therefore, to enhance an individual's resilience in a clinical setting, it is necessary to clarify which factors of resilience are “ innate” (i.e., not easy to instill) and “acquired” (i.e., easy to instill).

著者

渋谷 知美

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, pp.129-139, 2004

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The first purpose of this paper is to present the model of the parents who are over-attached to their children (they are called parents who cannot KOBANARE in Japanese) through the analysis of their attributes, the opinions on relationship between children and parents, gender division of labor and life style, and the family environment including the number and age of children and relationship between mother and father. The second purpose is to clarify the relations between each variable. The data employed in this study is quantitative data surveyed with random sampling in 1995. To sum up the major characteristics of the parents who are over-attached to their children are having lower income, younger children, positive prospect for the education of the children, being younger, enthusiastic about education, conservative about the gender division of labor. The variables which have independent influence is their attributes, the opinions regarding relationship between parents and children, and gender division of labor.

著者

三浦 逸雄 呉 凱 顧 銘 芳鐘 冬樹

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.349-367, 2003-03-10

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This survey aims to discover how international students get information and use library services for their study and daily life. The questionnaire survey was conducted in Dec. 2001 and 478 completed questionnaires (23.5%) were returned. The questionnaire falls into three categories: (1) Questions about satisfying their information needs; (2) Questions about using libraries in the University; (3) Questions about personal data. The main findings of the survey were as follows: (1) Most valuable information resources for students are collections of libraries in the University and Internet; (2) Main information resource about students'homeland is Internet; (3) As well as WebOPAC, circulation and copy services of the libraries are used frequently, but reference service, ILL, online databases, and user instructions are used infrequently; (4) Services for international students (book corner for the international students and scholars, satellite television system, and foreign newspaper corner), provided by the General Library, are used scarcely; (5) Most of the respondants want strongly the libraries to strength the collection of English books and journals for their learning and research.