著者

酒寄 信幸 大隅 典子

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.14-20, 2018 (Released:2018-07-16)

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Arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the principal n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the brain, respectively, and essential for proper brain development. Previous in vitro studies have revealed that ARA induces astrocytic differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), and that DHA induces neuronal differentiation of NSCs. Thus, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs have different roles in brain development. Regarding the evaluation of in vivo roles of these PUFAs, the balance of n-6/n-3 PUFAs is considered to be important because these PUFAs compete each other in their synthesis, metabolism, and transport. Indeed, we have reported neurodevelopmental consequences of maternal consumption of an n-6-rich/n-3-poor diet in mice. We found that epoxy metabolites of ARA and DHA oppositely regulated the neurogenic-to-gliogenic fate transition of NSCs, and consequently they affected brain development. These findings are scientifically and socially important, because intake of seed oils, which are abundant in n-6 PUFAs, and that of fishes, which are abundant in n-3 PUFAs, have recently been increased and decreased, respectively, in many countries. In another study from our collaborators, a mouse model for schizophrenia has been proposed based on phenotypes of offspring derived from pregnant mice fed a PUFA-deficient diet. In the present review, we summarize the functions of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in brain development.

著者

柴田 重信 池田 祐子

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.53-60, 2015 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2

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In mammals, the circadian clock system regulates many physiological functions such as feeding, sleep-wake behavior, hormones and metabolism. Regular feeding pattern can entrain peripheral circadian clock system, whereas circadian clock can control absorption/ metabolism of food and nutrition. Thus, the interaction between food/nutrition and circadian clock is so-called as “chrono-nutrition”. For example, a bigger meal for breakfast is effective for protection from obesity, and also for entrainment of peripheral circadian clock. Intake of high fat diet disturbed the circadian clock and this clock disturbance potentiates the obesity. Circadian clock system exists in the white adipose tissue, and clock gene such as Bmal1 controls the differentiation of adipose cells and accumulation of fat in the cells. We demonstrated that fish oil, especially tuna oil, containing rich DHA/EPA increased insulin secretion and entrained peripheral circadian clock. Talking about nutrition including lipids, the idea of “chrono-nutrition” may become important and provide new aspects of the form of nutrition action.

著者

大櫛 陽一 小林 祥泰

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.21-32, 2009 (Released:2009-05-22)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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The targets of lipid lowering therapy in Japan are severer than those in western countries. Two hundred twenty mg⁄dl for total cholesterol (TCH), 140mg⁄dl for LDL-C, 150 mg⁄dl for triglyceride (TG) are used for the target values. In western countries, those values are 270 mg⁄dl, 190 mg⁄dl and 1,000 mg⁄dl respectively for low risk persons. But, a morbidity rate of coronary heart disease in Japan is a third in western countries. Strange to say, the number of women who accepts the therapy is twice of that of men in Japan. We have verified the targets used in Japan by some kinds of studies. We established clinical reference intervals of TCH, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C from the results of health checkup of about 700,000 persons by the method comparable to NCCLS in USA. We performed cohort studies and found cutoff points where mortalities increased significantly. These results are equal to the targets used in western countries. People diagnosed as hyperlipidemia by Japanese standard have less morbidity of strokes. If they develop strokes, their clinical indexes are better than persons in normal lipid level. In conclusion, the guideline for hyperlipidemia in Japan should be revised according to Japanese evidences soon.

著者

浜崎 智仁 奥山 治美 浜 六郎 大櫛 陽一

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.71-78, 2014 (Released:2014-05-01)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

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The risk chart of NIPPON DATA80 showing the absolute mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) is the only chart of this type widely used in the medical field in Japan. In this chart, there are 240 frames for men with casual blood glucose of ≥200 mg/dL (the right side of the chart); these frames are separated according to smoking status, age, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. The absolute CHD mortality during 10 years in these 240 frames ranges from <0.5% to ≥10% (more than 20 times difference). However, we estimated that there were only 5 CHD deaths at most in these 240 diabetic frames during the study period of NIPPON DATA80. The left (non-diabetic; another 240 frames) part of the chart was adopted for the Guidelines by Japan Atherosclerosis Society after excluding 60 frames for those in their 70s (180 frames as a whole), but those 180 frames were estimated to have only 35 CHD deaths despite the risk difference being more than 10. Furthermore, statistical values such as p value and confidence interval were not found either in the paper introducing the risk chart or in the referred paper for methodology. We, therefore, could not statistically estimate appropriateness of the risk chart. In conclusion, the NIPPON DATA80 risk chart for CHD mortality is not suitable for guidelines or education.

著者

奥山 治美 浜崎 智仁

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.25-34, 2013 (Released:2013-05-01)

参考文献数

11

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Arachidonic acid (ARA) is converted to eicosanoids with diverse physiological activities, which are essential for the maintenance of growth and reproductive physiology of mammals. However, excessive and unbalanced productions of eicosanoids from ARA are known to be causative of inflammation-related diseases including cancer, atherosclerotic diseases and allergic diseases, which are currently prevailing in the elderly in Japan. Omega 3 fatty acids can suppress excessive productions of eicosanoids from ARA, thereby serving to prevent these diseases. These interpretations are based on the results from nutritional, pharmacological and biotechnological studies performed worldwide. Therefore, it was a big surprise for us when a leading Japanese food company began to sell an ARA-containing supplement. With a Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, members of the committee of Japan Society for Lipid Nutrition performed a series of research on the safety and efficacy of ARA containing microbial oil to find little evidence to support the health benefits. Moreover, teratogenicity in the eye of a mouse strain was noted at 0.6 energy % ARA, together with cancer promoting activities, which are crucial as a supplement for elderly people. These safety issues need to be solved before supplementing humans with the ARA oil.

著者

永松 健

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.30-35, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-06-17)

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Preterm birth occurs in 5% of all pregnancies in Japan, giving a life-long adverse impact on the baby. The regulation of inflammation balance in the uteroplacental system is a key to successful pregnancy. Deterioration of inflammatory regulation in the pregnant uterus is a major factor related to preterm birth. Inflammatory eicosanoids such as prostaglandin (PG)F2α and PGE2, are produced by the omega-6 fatty acid metabolic pathway and play an essential role in the progress of parturition controlling cervical ripening and uterine contraction. In contrast, accumulating evidence have suggested that the metabolic pathway of omega-3 fatty acids is closely involved in pregnancy maintenance with its anti-inflammatory functions physiologically against omega-6-derived substances. Past studies have implied that enhanced intake of omega-3 fatty acid in pregnant women reduces the incidence of preterm birth. Supporting those clinical findings, we previously found that fat-1 transgenic mice which have an omega-3 fatty acid-dominant internal environment were resistant to inflammation induced preterm birth. In the background mechanism, we confirmed that omega-3 fatty acid metabolites such as resolvin and 18-HEPE suppressed uterine inflammation. In this review article, the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in the control of uterine inflammation is discussed from a wide range of perspectives from basic researches to clinical intervention in pregnant women.

著者

酒寄 信幸

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.7-14, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-06-17)

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n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients for normal brain development and function. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are the popular n-6 and n-3 PUFAs found in diet, and arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the principal n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the brain, respectively. ARA and DHA are rapidly deposited during brain development and are important regulators for embryonic neural stem cells. ARA and DHA share many enzymes in synthesis from the precursors, membrane phospholipid remodeling, and metabolism into lipid mediators, resulting in that ARA and DHA in the brain are generally competitive in these metabolic steps, and the dietary balance of n-6/n-3 PUFAs is considered to be important. However, intake of several vegetable oils, which are abundant in n-6 PUFAs, and that of fishes, which are abundant in n-3 PUFAs, have been increased and decreased, respectively, in many countries. I have recently reported that pregnant mice that consume a diet high in LA and low in ALA impairs neocortical development in the offspring by promoting the neurogenic-to-gliogenic fate transition of neural stem cells and also induces hedonic feeding behaviors in the offspring by upregulating midbrain dopaminergic system. In the present review, I summarize the functions of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in brain development.

著者

増田 達

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.51-55, 1998-03-25 (Released:2009-04-10)

参考文献数

24

著者

浜崎 智仁 奥山 治美 大櫛 陽一 浜 六郎

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.69-76, 2013 (Released:2013-05-01)

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On September 8, 2012, the panel discussion “The Rethinking of Cholesterol Issues” was held in Sagamihara City, Japan. This paper is the summary of that panel discussion. Four discussants expressed their skeptical views against the cholesterol hypothesis. The whole discussion will be freely seen on the net. Also a similar editorial written by the four discussants will be published in English (Ann Nutr Metab 2013;62:32-36, a free PDF file is already available on the internet). Because Japan Atherosclerosis Society Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2012 (JASG 2012) has recently been published, the main part of this paper is focused on serious flaws found in JASG 2012. Dr Harumi Okuyama discusses the differences between JASG 2012 and our guidelines indicating that high cholesterol levels are a good index of longevity; the most important point is that the statin trials that have been performed after 2004, when the new EU law regulating clinical trials became in effect, are all negative. Dr Yoichi Ogushi claims that JASG 2012 intentionally omits some good aspects of cholesterol; cholesterol is a negative risk factor of stroke. His own data also show that cholesterol is good for stroke. He also claims that to properly treat patients with diabetes, we need to reject the cholesterol hypothesis and to reduce carbohydrate rather than cholesterol. Dr Tomohito Hamazaki points out unforgivable flaws in JASG 2012. It does not disclose any COI. It does not contain any relationship between cholesterol levels and all-cause mortality in Japan. Pharmaceutical companies spend 600 billion yen (7 billion US$) per year for advertisement in Japan. This works as “devil’s insurance” (withdrawal of advertisement is a real threat to the mass media). The last discussant, Dr Rokuro Hama, explains the mistake made by JAS (liver disease causes both death and depression of cholesterol levels, and low cholesterol levels are not the cause of death). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters hepatic cells via LDL receptors, and low cholesterol levels are one of the major risk factors of HCV infection and chronic hepatitis. Hence, death from liver disease could be the result of low cholesterol levels.

著者

浜崎 智仁 奥山 治美

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.69-70, 2015

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not provided

著者

川端 輝江

出版者

Japan Society for Lipid Nutrition

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.37-45, 2006-03-31 (Released:2009-04-10)

参考文献数

11

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The range of intakes, that is, the upper and lower limits of intake, of the fat energy ratio, saturated fatty acids, n-6 series fatty acids, n-3 series fatty acids and cholesterol have been laid down in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Japanese, 2005. However, it is not easy, even for nutrition specialists, such a dietitians who manage daily dietary intakes, to understand the DRIs of lipids, for which there are so many reference values. It would be rather difficult in daily dietary management to control the intake of various lipid-containing foods to satisfy the DRIs of the various components of lipids. Therefore, in this paper, we describe how the DRIs of lipids should be understood from the viewpoint of users, and an example composition of food groups that could be available in the future is shown.

著者

西村 敏英

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.14-25, 2021 (Released:2021-06-06)

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Lipids in foods play important roles in the improvement of their palatability as well as the supply of nutrition for energy. Lipids improve the food property which is decided by lots of factors such as taste, aroma, texture and so on involved in food palatability. In the case of taste, lipids enhance the intensity of sweetness and umami taste of foods, while they suppress their bitterness. Lipids also affect the food palatability related to aroma through the lipid oxidation in foods or the precursor of the aroma compounds such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. In the case of texture, lipids in foods make them more tender and juicier. Recently, lipids were found to hold aroma compounds in foods and enhance the complexity, mouthfulness, and lingerngness in Koku attributes. Aroma compounds in foods are released from their lipids during chewing foods in oral cavity, and they enhance Koku attributes.

著者

日比野 英彦

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.197-213, 2016 (Released:2016-10-20)

参考文献数

68

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DHA levels are not homogeneously distributed throughout an animal. There are two distinct categories, select tissues containing large amounts of DHA and the remaining tissues with normally less than a few mol%. High-DHA tissues, the rod outer segment, sperm, and brain have a large quantity of DHA. DHA is mainly found on in the sn-2 position of phospholipids. DHA is n-3 fatty acid that is essential for normal brain development and cognitive function. It was confirmed a member of the major facilitator superfamily: Mfsd2a as the major transporter for DHA uptake into brain. Mfsd2a is found to be expressed exclusively in endothelium of the blood-brain barrier of micro-vessels. Mfsd2a-KO mice show markedly reduced levels of DHA in brain accompanied by neuronal cell loss in hippocampus and cerebellum. Mfsd2a transports DHA in the form of sn-2 lysophosphatidylcholine, but not unesterified fatty acid, in a sodium ion-system. A remarkable property of MFSD2 is its high-level expression specifically in the placenta, with expression in all other tissues at least 10-fold low―with the expression of the testis in which it is only 4-fold lower than the placenta. DHA is specifically bound to fatty acid binding proteins (Fabp7) in the cytoplasm, and transported to the cell membrane and work as ligands for nuclear receptor transcription factor.

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.108-121, 1999-08-20 (Released:2009-04-10)

著者

櫛部 静二 小林 悟 新井 尚之 浜崎 景 野部 浩司 竹之内 康広 柴 祥子 大竹 一男 白幡 晶 加園 恵三

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.127, 2020-09-01 (Released:2021-01-08)

著者

川端 二功

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.17-21, 2014 (Released:2014-05-01)

参考文献数

12

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In this review, we described two clinical trials that verified new nutritional functions of n-3 fatty acids in the ophthalmologic field. Firstly, we evaluated the efficacy of fish oil supplementation for subjects with dry eye in a randomized controlled trial. Fish oil group subjects (n = 15) ingested fish oil capsules containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 1245 mg/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 540 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Placebo group subjects (n = 12) ingested placebo capsules. The subjective symptoms of "eye pain", the index of tear stability, and the deficits of mucin layer in the fish oil group were significantly improved, compared to those of the placebo group. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation may be effective in the treatment of dry eye. Secondly, we examined the effects of dietary supplementation with a combination of fish oil, bilberry extract, and lutein on subjective symptoms of asthenopia in humans in a randomized controlled trial. Active group subjects (n = 11) ingested a supplement containing n-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil (DHA 783 mg/day, EPA 162 mg/day), bilberry extract (anthocyanidin 59 mg/day), and lutein (17.5 mg/day) for 4 weeks. Placebo group subjects (n = 9) ingested placebo capsules. Asthenopia symptoms such as "stiff shoulder, low back pain", "frustration", "dry-eye", and "stuffy head" and a score of mental fatigue were improved in the Active group. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with the combination of n-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil, bilberry extract, and lutein improves subjective symptoms of asthenopia and mental fatigue in humans.

著者

後藤 直宏

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.29-36, 2014 (Released:2014-05-01)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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The structure of lipids deeply relates to its health function and metabolism. This type of study has been carried out using radio or stable isotope labeled lipids so far. Particularly, the method using deuterium (2H) labeled fatty acid and mass spectrometry developed by Emken et al. is excellent. However, the method cannot compare the migration and metabolism of labeled fatty acids, namely the front and back of fatty acid metabolism. In this paper, migration and metabolism of 2H and carbon thirteen (13C) labeled odd- and even-numbered fatty acids were examined using mice. The results revealed that the odd-numbered fatty acids were accumulated to the body fat. It was thought that low beta-oxidizability of odd-numbered fatty acid causes the result. The expired carbon dioxide (CO2) after administration of stable labeled fatty acid to mice was also examined using IR-MS. The carbon locating at carbonyl group in fatty acid firstly changed to CO2 and fatty acid labeled carbonyl with 13C forms 13CO2. IR-MS can quantify the amount of 13CO2 in expiration. The results also indicated low beta-oxidizability of odd-numbered fatty acid. The health functions of n-3 type fatty acids were compared among EPA (C20:5n-3), DPA (C22:5n-3), and DHA (C22:6n-3) to understand the relationship between the structure of fatty acid and health function. As the results, both numbers of double bonds and carbon numbers related to the health functions. Consequently, DPA expressed the medium health function among them in all the measurement parameters such as adiponectin, lipid profiles in blood and liver, etc.

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.179-183, 1997-08-21 (Released:2009-04-10)

著者

荻原 琢男 畑野 泰子

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.21-32, 2015 (Released:2015-05-01)

参考文献数

14

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Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) with a high degree of purity is marketed as a medical supply. In vivo pharmacokinetics of EPA-E is examined in detail via animal experiments. Orally administered eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is found in triglyceride (TG) in the rat intestine, and is absorbed via the lymphatic system. Moreover, EPA is gradually detected in cholesterol ester and phospholipid (PL) in blood. Whereas EPA is found in low density fractionation of lipoprotein such as chylomicron in the lymph fluid, it gradually transitions to high density fractionation in systemic circulation. EPA is distributed to several tissues such as fat, liver, heart, brain and aorta. Whereas EPA and its metabolized fatty acids are found in TG in fat, they are predominantly found in PL in the brain, liver and heart. EPA transforms systemically into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by chain elongation and subsequent desaturation after intestinal absorption. Interestingly, DHA is found in the brain earlier than in blood and the liver, suggesting the synthesis of DHA occurs in not only the liver but also the brain. This hypothesis is also supported by a recent clinical trial.

著者

藤原 寛

出版者

日本脂質栄養学会

雑誌

脂質栄養学 (ISSN:13434594)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.35-46, 2011 (Released:2011-05-01)

参考文献数

5

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Mental and physical fitness of the pupils are strongly related to the fullness of the school life. Grades in schoolwork of pupils seemed to be affected by the way of their life styles. Therefore, this report verified the association between grades in schoolwork of pupils and their life styles, especially whether or not eating habits contribute to promote their healthy mind and healthy body in the junior high school pupils. Among the eating habits in the pupils, intake of breakfast every day appeared to be the most important factor for their grades in schoolwork, and also it was associated with their mental and physical fitness. Japanese-style dish that contains a lot of food fibers seemed to be useful for not only daily regular living rhythm but also improving their learning ability. Intake of too much animal fat appeared to be a symbolic life-style that indicated an unfavorable habitual style, such as sleep-less and sedentary habit, so improvement of the fat intake may be expected to form the favorable customs of taking good sleep and exercise every day. These eating habits may promote good condition in the comprehensive daily life-style and grades in schoolwork for the pupils.