著者

鈴木 円 Madoka SUZUKI 昭和女子大学初等教育学科

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.892, pp.83-95, 2015-02-01

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The term Spartan education, translated into Japanese as "Suparuta kyoiku" is widely used nowadays to mean "severe education." This paper reviews 12 Japanese books or articles on Spartan education published from the 1870s to the 1970s and examines how the authors have understood Spartan education and in what context they have used the term. The above materials, published from the early Meiji to post-war period, suggest that Japanese learned about the education system of ancient Sparta from Western academic sources. However, after the influential bestseller, Shintaro Ishihara's Suparuta Kyoiku(Spartan Education; A book for raising tough kids), was published, leading Japanese educators seem to have begun using the term "Suparuta kyoiku" to mean Japanese militaristic education. Historically, Western classical scholars have acknowledged the value of Spartan public education in contrast to Athenian individualistic education. However, Japanese educators seem to have failed to understand the value of Spartan education because of the change in the understanding of the term "Suparuta kyoiku." The author concludes that educators ought to have used that term with that original sense in mind.

著者

栗原 涼子

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.835, pp.76-88, 2010-05-01

著者

高野 恵美子 Takano Emiko

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.846, pp.28-39, 2011-04-01

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Abstract As B.L.Whorf(1956)pointed out, each language has "fashions of speaking," Japanese speakers tend to like subjective construal, while English speakers tend to like objective construal. This paper explores how differences between English and Japanese construal affect the usage of motion verbs COME and GO in both languages. Analyzing English and Japanese COME and GO, we learned that Japanese speakers usually take the speaker's viewpoint. Thus, in Japanese, when the motion is directed towards the speaker as the goal, the verb COME(kuru)is used, and when the motion is directed away from the speaker's location, the verb GO(iku)is used. In English, however, a speaker often shifts his/her viewpoint to the hearer and takes the hearer's viewpoint perhaps because of empathy and respect for the hearer. We concluded that Japanese is a speaker-centered monologue-type language, while English is a hearer-centered dialogue-type language.

著者

フフバートル Huhbator BORJIGIN

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.820, pp.59-72, 2009-02-01

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Putonghua is legally established as the name of the "national common language" in China at present. However, in Chinese speaking areas, discussions on the proper name of China's "national language" are endless. There are many names in use among ordinary Chinese; three of them are "Putonghua," "Guoyu" and "Huayu." "Putonguhua" is in use in the Chinese mainland, "Guoyu" had been used in Taiwan until recent years, and "Huayu" has been used in many areas and countries including Taiwan in recent years. In China it is generally believed that these names are not exclusive of each other but that they supplement each other and that these names will be used together on a long-term basis. However, due to the inconvenience of China's national language having multiple names, scholars in the Chinese speaking regions offer different theories and views supporting one of the other of the names, most often Huayu and Guoyu. Use of "Putonghua" as the common language is one of the important language policies in modern China and closely related to policies regarding languages of minority nationalities. However, discussions of the name "Putonghua," which are also related to China's national common language do not take into account the viewpoints of those who speak minority languages. The name "Hanyu" is often used as a substitute for "Putonghua" or a term for interpreting the origins of "Guoyu" or "Huayu." However, when viewed from the standpoint of minority languages, "Hanyu" is the most acceptable language name because it means "one language." It is natural according to the theory of the language name configuration.

著者

秋山 久美子 Kumiko AKIYAMA

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.902, pp.34-45, 2015-12-01

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Pidan is a type of food produced by coagulation through alkaline denaturation, of the protein contained in eggs. Pidan is prepared according to traditional methods that are often unclear. Lead monoxide and copper sulfate are often used, as they were purported to promote coagulation of the egg. The current Food Sanitation Act in Japan forbids the use of chemicals that include heavy metals such as lead monoxide in the pidan preparation process. The lead content standard for pidan imported from China is 0.5 mg or less per 1 kg. In 2013, however, problems arose in China with pidan made using copper sulfate. For food safety reasons, it is desirable to make and distribute pidan within Japan. In this study, we located methods of preparing pidan in the literature, summarized them, and compared the methods. A literature search on methods of pidan preparation revealed 13 studies on coating methods, 11 on immersion methods, and 6 on mixed methods. Examination of these methods revealed that the materials used as the alkaline agent in the coating method were sodium carbonate, lime(including quicklime and lime hydrate), and plant ash. Salt was added to all coating agents. Some methods used black tea. In the immersion method, highly alkaline sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate were used as well as quicklime. Few used plant ash. Some methods added black tea leaves. In the mixed method, highly alkaline chemicals were used to coagulate the egg, similar to the immersion method, and the egg was then coated with an alkaline agent and allowed to age. We then selected one method each from among the coating and immersion methods discussed in the literature and used them to prepare pidan using chicken and quail eggs. The immersion method was easier and had a higher success rate than the coating method. In particular, immersing quail eggs for 10 days and then coating them in paraffin for 52 days sometimes resulted in "Shokatan" eggs, which have white pine needle-shaped crystals on the egg white.

著者

中西 裕

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.853, pp.41-52, 2011-11-01

著者

原田 俊明

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.829, pp.A24-A74, 2009-11-01

著者

井原 奉明

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.785, pp.A1-A9, 2006-03-01

著者

安蔵 裕子 Yuko Anzo

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.887, pp.62-73, 2014-09-01

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Abstract The Koyo Museum of Showa Women's university houses a lawyer's robe and cap tagged "Lawyer's robe and cap used around the 10th year of the Showa Period". This paper introduces images of the garments and records details pertaining to them, explains the history of the Japanese modern court dress, and explores the symbolic function of professional uniforms. In 1890 the Empire of Japan prescribed a law that required judges, public prosecutors, and lawyers to wear uniform court dress while at court. Three years later, in 1893, a Ministry of Justice Ordinance specified the lawyers' robes and caps. The materials owned by the museum are identical with this description. These garments continued to be worn until new rules were made in 1947. Preceding studies have shown that, in designing the original garments, then Minister of Justice Akiyoshi Yamada researched the garments worn in the courts of Western countries that honored the classical style, and that taking this knowledge into account, Mayori Kurokawa, who was well versed in Japanese ancient court practices and a historian of costume, designed garments for Japanese courts. The material of the robe is black with fly front, with white embroidery around the neck and in the front which signify that this was for lawyers, and in the bottom, both sides are pleated offering an example of how oriental and western design are mixed. The black cap is inspired by that of Nara period, a style that originated in the Tang Dynasty in China.

著者

醍醐 身奈 押谷 由夫 Daigo Mina Oshitani Yoshio

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.848, pp.24-41, 2011-06-01

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Abstract This study considers the relationship between the government mandated yutori curriculum(education which aims at developing individual talent rather than learning by rote)and moral education, which is the basis of the curriculum. In addition, the authors propose some changes in the system of high school moral education. First, the authors point out that moral education played a key role in promoting zest for life among elementary and junior high school students. Second, we point out that establishing their identity is of great importance for high school students, as Eduard Spranger's "Conscience education" suggests. The state of children who have been taught under the yutori curriculum further suggest that high school students need moral education. Erik Erikson's Identity formation theory and Abraham Maslow's desire development theory lend further support. We conclude that high school students, like elementary school students, need overall moral education based on various activities that stress the relationship between students' own experiences and morality.

著者

久下 裕利

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.773, pp.15-26, 2005-03-01

著者

川瀬 由照

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.862, pp.36-37, 2012-08-01

著者

中西 裕

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.841, pp.49-68, 2010-11-01

著者

堀内 正昭 HORIUCHI Masaaki

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.873, pp.32-42, 2013-07-01

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During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 it became necessary to construct a Provisional Makeshift Imperial Diet Building in Hiroshima. The building was completed that year in only 20 days, with the Diet assembling there the day after it was finished. It was demolished in 1898. The person in charge of the design and construction was Yorinaka Tsumaki(1859-1916). In this paper the author focuses on the method adopted in constructing the roof truss of its assembly hall, which had the largest roof, and analyzes various extant materials such as Tsumaki's transcribed lecture on how it was built, its plans, and diagrams from historical documents. Based on this research, the author has attempted to restore the truss. The roof truss of the building was not simply based on the standard roof truss technique though the techniques of queen post truss and German roof frame were applied. The time this building was built was a transition period when Japanese carpenters were not familiar with western roof truss technique, and Tsumaki needed to employ methods with which local carpenters would be comfortable. The author concludes that this roof truss is an interesting instance of the gradual diffusion of Western building techniques into Japan.

著者

日野 由希 大津 玉子 Yuki Hino Tamako Otsu

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.805, pp.A49-A58, 2007-11-01

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Our country experienced remarkable economic growth after World War II through the construction of a production system based on capitalism. Under such circumstances, many traditional technologies, which had been handed down from generation to generation orally, were judged to have low productivity from the viewpoints of sales volume and labor cost. Accordingly, the social structure for manufacturing such traditional products was decimated, and numerous precious techniques (know-hows) and technologies have disappeared. In this research, the dyeing and weaving industry was selected as a target for study, especially the industry for traditional dyeing technology Bingata in Naha-city of Okinawa prefecture. The change of the methods for the passing down of technologies before and after World War II as well as various structural and social problems the district has been experiencing, were investigated through the on-site interviews and the collection of historical materials.

著者

秋山 智久 Tomohisa AKIYAMA

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.832, pp.66-77, 2010-02-01

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What relationship is there between social welfare and the religion? How has religious social welfare been understood? Where is religious social welfare placed in the context of modern Japanese social welfare handled by administrative systems, governed by the law, and supported by fiscal resources from the state? With these questions in mind, the author explores how social welfare has been practiced in the world under the three major religions. The author argues that social welfare originates from various religious traditions and that religion has been essential in motivating practitioners of social welfare. The author also points out that in Japan, the value of religion for social welfare is apt to be underestimated.

著者

鈴木 円 Madoka SUZUKI

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.892, pp.83-95, 2015-02-01

---

The term Spartan education, translated into Japanese as "Suparuta kyoiku" is widely used nowadays to mean "severe education." This paper reviews 12 Japanese books or articles on Spartan education published from the 1870s to the 1970s and examines how the authors have understood Spartan education and in what context they have used the term. The above materials, published from the early Meiji to post-war period, suggest that Japanese learned about the education system of ancient Sparta from Western academic sources. However, after the influential bestseller, Shintaro Ishihara's Suparuta Kyoiku(Spartan Education; A book for raising tough kids), was published, leading Japanese educators seem to have begun using the term "Suparuta kyoiku" to mean Japanese militaristic education. Historically, Western classical scholars have acknowledged the value of Spartan public education in contrast to Athenian individualistic education. However, Japanese educators seem to have failed to understand the value of Spartan education because of the change in the understanding of the term "Suparuta kyoiku." The author concludes that educators ought to have used that term with that original sense in mind.

著者

栗原 涼子

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.835, pp.76-88, 2010-05-01

著者

久下 裕利

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.903, pp.28-51, 2016-01-01

著者

関口 靜雄 岡本 夏奈 阿部 美香 昭和女子大学歴史文化学科 昭和女子大学大学院生活機構研究科生活文化研究専攻一年 昭和女子大学歴史文化学科

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.898, pp.55-61, 2015-08-01