著者

村上 淳一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.35-47, 2008-09

著者

東野 治之

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.1, pp.1-16, 2022 (Released:2022-12-12)

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Rare is such a historical figure who has been the subject of review for so many generations as Prince Shōtoku (574–622). His image alone serves as an entire research topic. This paper focuses on Prince Shōtoku Hōsankai, an honoring party founded in 1921, and examines how it impacted the modern view of Prince Shōtoku. In general, Prince Shōtoku is known as the regent and prince to Empress Suiko, suppressing tyranny of the Gōzoku (prominent clans) and striving for a central government led by the emperor. Prince Shōtoku established diplomatic relations with the Sui dynasty and promoted the civilization of Japan by proactively adopting the Chinese culture. This perception was based on the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan, written in 720). However, modern research has denied the existence of a prince or regent during the Suiko dynasty. Additionally, Prince Shōtoku was most likely an advisor to Empress Suiko and Soga no Umako, without much involvement in government policies. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

久保田 淳

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.1, pp.1-19, 2021 (Released:2021-11-20)

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The widely-held notion that Hyakunin isshu (“One Poem Each by One Hundred Poets,” also Ogura hyakunin isshu) represented an anthology of waka poems chosen by Fujiwara no Teika for their particular excellence—until then almost an axiom—was shaken in the early 1950s by the discovery of another collection of outstanding poems called Hyakunin shūka (“Poems of Excellence by One Hundred Poets”). Hyakunin isshu is a miniature anthology containing 100 waka poems of excellence by one hundred different poets, beginning with works by Emperor Tenji and Empress Jitō and ending with works by Go-toba and Juntoku, two retired emperors condemned to exile on remote islands after the Jōkyū Disturbance. In the work Hyakunin shūka, by contrast, these final poems by the two retired emperors are missing, with works by the Ichijōin Empress and two others in their place for a total of 101 poems in all. Various theories have been advanced to explain this difference: one theory sees Hyakunin shūka as likely an earlier, draft version of Hyakunin isshu; another theory—assigning with high confidence the compilation of Hyakunin shūka to Teika himself—ascribes the replacement and reordering of poets and poems within Hyakunin isshu instead to Tameie, Teika's son. As such, the identity of Hyakunin isshu's compiler remains, even today, a problem not yet unambiguously resolved. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

塩野 宏

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.1-33, 2008

被引用文献数

1

著者

小田 滋

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.31-73, 2010 (Released:2017-04-05)

著者

中村 元

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.39-146, 1992 (Released:2007-06-22)

参考文献数

48

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When Japan opened the gate to the world and Japanese intellectuals began to introduce Western ideas into this country in the 19th century, Japanese intellectual leaders made great efforts to have them understood by people in general. They tried to coin new words to translate Western ideas. In order to convey the idea of‘religion’, they adopted the traditional word‘shukyo’, which had already been in use among Buddhists of China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan. (Contemporary Chinese pronounce it as chiou tsong.)But the word shukyo does not necessarily correspond to the Western word religion.The author of this article exhaustively checked passages where the word shukyo is mentioned throughout Chinese versions of Buddhist scriptures and various scriptural texts of Japanese Buddhism, and tried to make clear the various nuances of the use of the term with implications.One of the noteworthy results of this research is as follows;In the Lankavatara-sutra shu is the Chinese and Japanese translation of the Sanskrit term siddhanta, whereas kyo is the Chinese translation of the Sanskrit term desana. The word shukyo is a combination of shu and kyo.Then what is the meaning of the term shu or siddhanta? And what is the meaning of desana?The author of this article discusses in this connection the meaning of siddhanta in various philosophical texts of India and the Four Kinds of Siddhanta in the Mahaprajnaparamita-upadesa-sastra traditionally ascribed to Nagarjuna. The author discusses also the meaning of desana (teaching) in relation to siddhanta.One of the conclusions to which we are led is: siddhanta means something fundamental or the ultimate principle which is ineffable, i.e. beyond our thinking and conceptualisation, whereas desana is something provisional, conveniency.Dharma as the ultimate principle in Indian thought is also discussed in this connection.In the Appendix the author mentioned similar ideas and thoughts held by some Western thinkers.[The epitome of this article was published in the author's article:“The Meaning of the Terms‘Philosophy’and‘Religion’in Various Traditions”, included in Gerald James Larson and Eliot Deutsch (ed.): Interpreting Across Boundaries, New Essays in Comparative Philosophy, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 137-151.]

著者

根岸 隆

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.75-91, 2010 (Released:2017-04-05)

著者

伊藤 誠

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.109-135, 2011-01

著者

樋口 陽一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.17, 2016 (Released:2017-01-20)

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Préliminaire――pourquoi eux deux ? 1. Schmitt et Capitant en tant que contemporains 2. Schmitt et Capitant, pour l’itinéraire intellectuel de l’auteur de l’article Ⅰ.Pouvoir constituant = volontarisme 1. Capitant et Schmitt:une lecture partagée sur Thomas Hobbes 2. 《die liberale Rezeption》 de Schmitt ? Ⅱ.Pouvoir constituant = décisionnisme (1):le contraste de manières dont le pouvoir constituant s’exerce 1. Décision chez Schmitt;exceptionnalité 2. Décision chez Capitant:quotidienneté Ⅲ.Pouvoir constituant = décisionisme (2):le contraste de valeurs poursuivies 1. Capitant:《l’individu》 2. Schmitt:《Volk》 ? 《inhaltliche Indifferenz》 ? En guise de conclusion――les carrières vécues à l’opposé l’une et l’autre

著者

菊池 勇夫

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.21-42, 1972 (Released:2007-05-30)

著者

荒井 献

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.237-251, 2007-12

著者

宮澤 健一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.13-37, 2001 (Released:2007-06-22)

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Will it be possible to achieve a convergence of agreement on social order? How can“efficiency”and“fairness”in the paradigm for evaluating system operation be harmonized and coordinated? These questions are explored on both the logical level of principle and the actual level of reality. By juxtaposing the two, the distance between principle and reality is sought and the meaning of that distance considered.

著者

上野 善道

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.15-70, 1987 (Released:2007-06-22)

参考文献数

78

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In part (2), the central type (1/2•3/4/5) is described. It covers a wide area over most of the Kinki districts around Kyoto and Osaka. It is also found in Shikoku districts such as Kochi, Tokushima and Matsuyama.The proto-accent of the central type is reconstructed as follows:From this, the following varieties of South Kinki dialects are derived historically:The second-stage accent (V) 1/2•3/4/5-Tanabe, Ryuzin, Kyoto, Katsuura, Owase, Kumano, AtawaThe third-stage accents {(ム) 1/2•3/4•5 (Nairin type)-Kitayamagawa, Totsukawa (ワ) 1•4/2•3/5 (Tarui Type)-HonguThe fourth-stage accents {(a) 1/2•3•4•5-Furue, Nakatani, Sakamoto (h) 1•4/2•3•5-Nishi-hiura The transition from (V) to (ム) on the Kumano-nada coast is gradual both structurally and geographically.

著者

田岡 良一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.3, pp.153-175, 1967 (Released:2007-05-30)

著者

塩野 宏

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.67-85, 2006 (Released:2007-06-22)

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National universities in Japan, since their establishment under the Meiji Constitution, have been defined as administrative organs of the Ministry of Education or the Ministry of Education and Science. However, the National University Corporations Law of 2002 changed that structure. Effective April 2004, all national universities have been recharacterized as National University Corporations.

著者

山田 雄三

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.3, pp.205-218, 1984 (Released:2007-06-22)

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Economics has been titled“Political Economy”for a long time since the Classical School. The word economy is etymologically related to oikos (house), so in order to tell social economy, an adjective“political”(that is“social”in Greek origin) must be attached to economy. At the same time, “Political Economy”had another meaning, implicating“the science of a statesman”as Adam Smith called it, although no clear distinctions between policy and theory were observed.Alfred Marshall used“Economics”in place of Political Economy. He dealt with laws of causality in economic facts, but did not admit to give valuations for them. Even in his work on economic welfare, the thesis was to inquire into the causes of welfare (or wealth) in society, putting welfare as an objective of valuations aside.Nowadays, we find that“Political Economy”is adopted as a political science or a policy science, by some heterodox economists, especially those of Neoinstitutionalism. Among others, Gunnar Myrdal deserves to be paid attention in the methodological point of view. In his opinion, any economic thinking could not be neutral in regard to political situation, left or right. Then he asserts that it is required for a policy science to set value premises as hypotheses, not value judgements themselves, and to examine the relevance of them to the reality. The recent“Political Economy”, it seems to me, may be a way to tear off the mask of neutrality in economic thinking and to find, if any, common ground of knowledge for conflicting opinions.

著者

根岸 隆

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.81-97, 2007-09

著者

荒井 献

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.3, pp.173-187, 2010-03

著者

松井 洋子

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.Special_Issue, pp.273-285, 2018-04-11 (Released:2018-05-23)

被引用文献数

1

著者

難波 精一郎

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.53, 2017 (Released:2017-02-14)

参考文献数

76

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G. T. Fechner proposed his logarithmic law between physical continuum of stimulus and an attribute of sensation in 1860. Fechner also proposed the distinction between outer and inner-psychophysics. Outer-psychophysics deals with the relation between the observable participant's response and stimulus. In outer-psychophysics, it can be postulated that the response is located on the interval scale when the logarithmic law between stimulus and response is established. In inner-psychophysics, the logarithmic law is established in mind on the assumption that the equality of subjective size of just noticeable difference (jnd). However, it is difficult to verify the equality of jnd using empirical procedures. Bergson strongly criticizes that Fechner's law is based on an assumption that cannot be verified. Zwislocki (1991) defines that the measurement entails matching of common attributes of things or events. According to his definition of “Natural Measurement”, we can match the different things or events on the common psychological continuum. As a result, matching operation can ensure the point of subjective equality (PSE) to be a common attribute among different objects. When an appropriate measure is applied, the same PSE from different things or events confirms the same point on the continuum of common attribute of sensation. The PSE is a physical measure. It can be measured using objective or empirical procedure. An important role of psychophysics is to find an appropriate physical measure. Usually, the standardized physical measure of adequate stimulus is modified on the basis of psychophysical data and reflects the characteristics of sensation. Therefore, a good relationship between subjective response to adequate stimulus and a standardized measure can be expected. It is true that the relation between the loudness judgment of various kinds of nonsteady sounds and a standardized index (e. g. equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level: LAeq) exhibits a high coefficient correlation. However, a law derived from the experimental results depends on the psychophysical method used. For example, the method of category scaling results logarithmic law and magnitude estimation results power law. The result of the experiment using the scale discriminative method was introduced to verify whether the logarithmic law or the power law was valid for the loudness judgment. The results showed that participants' quantitative judgments were well adapted to the experimental procedure. Torgerson (1960) suggests that the participants seem to judge the stimulus taking a different strategy depending on the purpose of the experiment. In daily life situations, we are very adaptive to quantitative behavior for satisfying the purpose of the behavior. This poses a problem of ecological validity in psychophysics. Therefore, it is necessary to select the appropriate stimuli and method to simulate the daily life situations in the psychophysical experiments. Main attributes of auditory sensation are loudness, pitch and timbre. Both loudness and pitch are one dimensional, but timbre or tone quality is multidimensional. It is difficult to constitute rating scale of tone quality expressed by only one physical dimension, and at present, it is far from to establish a general psychophysical rule for applying to tone quality. However, if the sound source is limited, a possibility of establishing a physical scale to predict tone quality. Some examples of the machine sound's tone quality control were introduced.