著者

田中 伸一

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.3, pp.29-40, 1997-12-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

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The present paper compares the phonology of two typologically-unrelated languages, Japanese and Winnebago, and characterizes their 'accent' in terms of phonetic interpretation, basic tone melody, tonal rules, sonority hierarchy, prosodic structure (mora, syllable, foot, etc.), and word minimality. I will show that in spite of the existence of their apparently distinct typological and structural properties, these languages nonetheless exhibit striking similarities when seen from accentual typology in the generative paradigm, or universal grammar. My arguments will lead to the following specific claims: 1) they both are pitch-accent languages although they are different in some tonal rules; 2) they both are mora-counting, syllable-accenting languages and constitute a mirror-image pattern with distinct moraic structures; 3) in theoretical terms, they have moraic feet and foot extrametricality in common, which, however, are assigned from the opposite directions; and 4) they each have a distinct minimal word requirement, which is evidenced by the minimal size of a word and the existence of unaccented words. I will also demonstrate that the apparent diversities of their accentual characters directly follow from a few differences in rules and parameter values for tonal and prosodic structures.

著者

Bridget D. Samuels Pedro T. Martins Cedric Boeckx

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.71-78, 2017-04-30 (Released:2017-09-12)

参考文献数

81

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We consider here several properties of phonological stress systems, including the midpoint pathology, an unattested pattern in which stress is confined to a word-medial syllable in short words but reverts to an edge-based window in longer words. Previous attempts have been made to rule out midpoint systems by eliminating the phonological constraints that yield them, or by alluding to difficulties in learning them. We suggest that a preference for representing word edges in memory and limits on subitization—evolutionarily older “fossil” abilities which are neither specific to humans nor to language—are sufficient to rule out the midpoint pathology. We take the same approach to motivate accentual window size and some left-right asymmetries observed in the typology of attested stress systems. This approach highlights the relevance of descent in accounting for human cognition, as well as the benefits that evolutionary thinking can bring to the study of language.

著者

井上 史雄

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.12-15, 2000

著者

曺 秀弦

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.58-67, 2016-08-30 (Released:2017-07-04)

参考文献数

17

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The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the voiced-ness of Japanese affricates and long and short vowels following the affricates, influence the length of those affricates produced by Korean learners. 46 words produced by 40 students were judged for the naturalness in terms of their length. The results revealed the voiced affricate [ʥ] preceding a short vowel /o/ and the voiceless affricate [ʨ] preceding a long vowel /oo/ were rated highly unnatural. An acoustic analysis shows the differences between the affricates judged as natural and those as unnatural ascribe to the duration of frication.

著者

Kazuo Okanoya

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.23-30, 2017-04-30 (Released:2017-09-12)

参考文献数

40

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A set of hypotheses regarding the evolutionary emergence of human speech is proposed. Animal acoustical communication probably originated from noises contingent with respiratory gestures. These noises and orofacial movements were gradually ritualized, forming fixed action patterns for communication. Combinations of calls were used by young animals to induce parental behavior. This effect was utilized by male animals to attract females. Extremes of such vocalizations are songs, used for mate attraction and territorial defense in many species. Songs are an honest signal of vigor. Songs and behavioral contexts were gradually associated through a mutual segmentation process and proto-words emerged in ancestral hominids.

著者

邊 姫京

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, 2002-12-30

著者

前川 喜久雄

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.1-15, 2010-08-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

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Weakening of stop articulation in Japanese voiced plosives was analyzed using the phonetically annotated part of the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ). It turned out that the weakening of/b/ and /d/ into [ß] and [ð] could be best described as a function of TACA (time allotted for consonant articulation) as was the case in the affricate-fricative variation of Japanese /z/. The location of the voiced plosive phonemes in a linguistic unit showed secondary importance as the factor of the variation, but it was the location in a higher-level unit like accentual phrase or utterance that played a crucial role. The weakening of /g/ into [ϒ] or [η], on the other hand, is somewhat different in that it should be treated differently depending on whether the phoneme was immediately preceded by a moraic nasal /N/. When it was preceded by an /N/, the TACA-RSA (rate of stop articulation) relationship reached a plateau much earlier (at around 70%) than in /b/, /d/, and /g/ not preceded by an /N/ (where the RSA values reaches the level of 90%). It also turned out that the curve of TACA-RSA relationship changed systematically reflecting the complexity of phonological contrast at the point of articulation of the phoneme in question. The more complex the contrast is, the earlier the curve reaches a plateau. Statistical modeling by means of logistic regression analysis revealed it was possible to predict the variation with 68-76% accuracy (closed data) using only the TACA information. The accuracy reached 72-81% when TACA and all other linguistic and extra-linguistic variables were used.

著者

近藤 ゆう子

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.11-21, 1999-08-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

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Coarticulation is the effect of one sound on another in the speech stream. It has traditionally been considered universal phenomena constrained by limitations in motor control. However, current studies have revealed that coarticulation is also constrained by the language-specific phonological system. In the present paper, coarticulation , in particular, the effect of context on vowel in Japanese and English will be discussed in the light of differences in phonological systems.

著者

松倉 昂平 新田 哲夫

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.81-94, 2016-12-30 (Released:2017-07-04)

参考文献数

12

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The authors have discovered various types of three-pattern accent systems exist in the coastal area of the northeast of Fukui Pref., although it was considered in previous studies that dialects in the area have only two accent patterns or they have no lexical distinction of accent. This paper will outline accent systems of the three dialects (Kuriya, Kitagata, Antoh) and describe the characteristics of each dialect regarding domain of accent assignment or accent rules found in the process of suffixation or compounding. Also comparisons between the dialects will reveal what characteristics are commonly shared and which ones are not.

著者

郡 史郎

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.41-56, 2004-12-31

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Differences between the typical pronunciation of Tokyo and that of Osaka were studied using "Kyonen Narano momizio Yumito mita," a sentence in which both varieties of Japanese have the same lexical tonal pattern. Twelve speakers from Tokyo and 12 from Osaka uttered the test sentence. The recordings were submitted to 36 listeners from Tokyo and 32 from Osaka to judge the speakers' provenience. A correlation analysis revealed that the utterances successfully recognized as Tokyo dialect by the Tokyo listeners have a shorter duration of [jo] in "kyonen" and of the first [a] in "Nara" and an irregular vibration of vocal cords at the end of the sentence, while those recognized as Osaka speech by the Osaka listeners have earlier F0 rise-falls and a less dynamic pitch movement.

著者

郡 史郎

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.59-78, 2012-12-30

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In the Keihan-type accent system, which includes the Osaka dialect, the lexically specified pitch patterns (i.e., accents) of words are classified into the following two categories: high-beginning and low-beginning. During the pronunciation of isolated words, the low-beginning type has two characteristics, which are an initial low pitch, and a gradual pitch rise from the beginning to the accent nucleus. A number of researchers claim that the latter characteristic is more consistent and therefore more pertinent. This paper provides a detailed phonetic description of the behavior of this type of accent in various sentence conditions and argues the relative importance of the two characteristics. An acoustic analysis performed on 15 sets of sentences uttered by a total of 26 speakers revealed the following: An initial low pitch is a firm characteristic that does not easily disappear in a sentence context; A gradual rise may be acoustically flat or even slightly descendent in some conditions, but it is also a firm characteristic that distinguishes low-beginning words from high-beginning words. These results suggest that it is not legitimate to conclude that one of the two characteristics is more important.

著者

門田 修平

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.11-22, 2002-08-30

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The article explores the relevance of phonology or inner speech activation in processing printed words and sentences. The first half of it focuses on the phonological activation in accessing written words, particularly in understanding the word meaning. Attempts are made to list up the factors affecting lexical processing, which is then to be followed by the introduction of the major lexical access models. The orthography-to-meaning lexical access is discussed by means of the psycholinguistic dual coding model suggested by Kadota (2002) and others, which corresponds largely to the Iwata's (1996) neuropsychological model of processing Kanji-Kana words. The second half of the present article turns its attention to the role of inner phonological activation in comprehending the written textual materials. After reviewing some of the major psycholinguistic works, the author provides a piece of empirical evidence in which for Japanese EFL learners the phonological coding is shown to be specifically occurring in reading rather than in listening. Also suggested is a tentative diagram incorporating both phonological-analytic and visuospatial-global processing channels, based upon the Baddeley's working memory model.

著者

山本 武史

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.63-72, 2011-04-30

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This paper aims to reconsider the education of the pronunciation and phonics of the vowels of General American by introducing Yamamoto (2006), who argues that the vowel system of this variety of English can be analyzed as five vowels plus /r/. His cluster analysis, together with modification of his notation and arrangement of the vowels in a tabular form, will help reduce the difficulties encountered in teaching vowels to Japanese-speaking students. The last part of the paper Will discuss the relationships between his cluster analysis and the English spelling system, which will lead to a new approach to phonics education.

著者

北原 真冬

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.63-69, 2008-04-30

著者

坂本 薫

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, 2010-12-30

著者

高山 知明

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.44-52, 2002-04-30

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The aim of this article is to emphasize the necessity for further investigation into the relationship between Sino-Japanese and Yamato, and to present a couple of topics on the historical phonology of Japanese. One of the main questions that deserves to be challenged is how the indigenous structure extended to SJ word formation, such as geminations, of which the earlier stage can be hardly attested by historical records. Another topic concerns vowel coalescence. The interesting interaction between SJ word types and Yamato accounts for these sound changes.

著者

能田 由紀子 本多 清志

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.28-34, 2004-12-31

被引用文献数

1

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This review focuses on the localization and function of the neural center for speech motor control based on recent trends in re-evaluating the traditional views and our own brain imaging experiments using functional MRI. The first experiment with repetitions of short Japanese phrases indicated that the region in the inferior cerebellum for speech breathing and vocalization was more medial than that for articulation. The second experiment with changing and repetitive syllables revealed that the activity of the left anterior insula was found only in the task of changing syllables, and suggested that the insula was involved in phonetic encoding and motor planning.

著者

定延 利之

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.27-39, 2010-12-30

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This paper examines the nature of filler speech in conversation by observing its five characteristics: untranslatability; unmistakability; essentiality/prohibitivity; capability of being "hopeless"; and privilegedness. Firstly, it is pointed out that no language's filler is rigidly translatable into other languages, which indicates that filler has a social as well as cognitive aspect. In order to integrate both aspects, we need a new socio-cognitive view of filler as a manifestation of the cognitive process the speaker is undergoing. The traditional view of conversational speech as an intentional act of transferring information cannot explain the facts of fillers, such as that fillers are inherently unmistakable for native speakers, that fillers look to be necessary/prohibited in accordance with situations, that fillers can be "hopeless," and that fillers can the privilege only of particular people of special status in the conversation.

著者

尹 帥 里 麻奈美 羅 穎芸 五十嵐 陽介 酒井 弘

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.1-12, 2015-12-30

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Previous studies have shown that prosodic information plays an important role in spoken word recognition by L2 learners (Cooper et al. 2002). However, it remains unclear exactly how and when learners use prosodic cues during the word recognition process. This study addresses the question of whether Chinese (Mandarin) learners of Japanese utilize prosodic information incrementally by investigating the patterns and timing of their use of accentual information in the course of the word recognition process. We conducted eye-tracking experiments with a visual world paradigm, using artificial Japanese words. The analysis of saccadic eye-movement patterns revealed that Chinese L2 learners can use prosodic cues incrementally in word recognition.

著者

梁 辰

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.13-23, 2015-12-30

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First language experience affects the processing of Japanese pitch accents; however, the influence of second language learning experience is unclear. The present study utilized identification experiments to compare the difference among native Japanese speakers (JN), native Chinese speakers with no experience of Japanese (CN), and native Chinese speakers with high Japanese proficiency (CJ). The results showed that identification responses to high-low vs. low-high accent differed between CN and CJ, indicating that Japanese learning experience alters listeners' perception of Japanese pitch accent. CN are more sensitive to stimuli with gradual decreases in pitch, and tend to identify them as high-low accent. On the other hand, CJ are not sensitive to such stimuli, and tend to identify them as low-high accent.