著者

勝木 渥

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.243, pp.167-171, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.243, pp.201-205, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

著者

全 相運

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.243, pp.172-176, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

著者

小山 俊士

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.243, pp.155-166, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

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This article outlines research and development using the electron beam lithography system conducted by Eiichi Goto and his colleagues at the Information Science Laboratory in the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN). Because the system can be used for production of very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI), leading Japanese computer manufacturers organized the "VLSI Technology Research Association. " Supported by the government, the association worked diligently to develop the system. Meanwhile, the developments were also worked on by IBM, the Bell Telephone Laboratories and other companies. In this severe competition, Goto and his colleagues' contribution was notable. In particular, they were the first to invent the "variable shaped beam forming technique, " which was a very effective method for LSI pattern generation. Subsequently, they collaborated with the Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Co., and produced apparatuses with variable shaped beam lithography. They succeeded in this challenge, not because they were experts on semi-conductor devices, but because their approaches were original. As physicists, they researched electron optics, the basis of electron beam systems, and resolved difficulties concerning electron beam aberrations. Because they were familiar with computer systems which manipulated figures and algebraic formulas, they could program and use computer-aided design systems to design electrodes for the system. Their research did not just end up by the completion of the device. They also advanced improvements in the computer systems used as tools for development.

著者

鈴木 善次

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.106-109, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

中山 茂

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.110-113, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

杉本 舞

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.243, pp.145-154, 2007 (Released:2021-08-09)

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C. E. Shannon formalized the concept of "the amount of information " and presented its formula H=-Σ^n_<i=1> p_i log p_i in 1940s, mainly in his paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication ". His way of study had two progressive characteristics. Firstly, Shannon applied probability theory into his measure of information, which is more mathematically abstract and fruitful than those formalized by his precedent engineers, H.Nyquist and R.V.L.Hartley. By Shannon's expression it has been possible to measure "redundancy " and even "equivocation " which is the amount of lost information on the channel by using Bayesian probability. Secondly, Shannon regarded the discrete channel as the fundamental case and the continuous channel as its application, in spite of the fact that a continuous type was usually dealt as a basis at that time. In this point, his study of the cryptography affected his communication theory. In 1940s Shannon conducted researches on the communication theory as well as the cryptography simultaneously. Indeed "A Mathematical Theory of Communication " (1948) and his unpublished paper "The Mathematical Theory of Cryptography " (1945) have a lot of similar descriptions about the amount of information. Namely, Shannon's concept of information was influenced by both the preceding results on the communication theory and his own research on the cryptography. Boltzman's H formula seems to bear a close resemblance to Shannon's one, but any descriptions showing some direct relations between them have not been found.

著者

三浦 伸夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.114-117, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

吉山 青翔

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.97-101, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

嘉数 次人

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.91-96, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.118-125, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

谷本 勉

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.102-105, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

詫間 直樹

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.241, pp.14-24, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

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In the 1990s, Japan undertook to improve its national measurement standards with a view to assisting the country's advanced R&D programs. I discussed in an earlier paper that this was achieved by the expansion of the notion of R&D infrastructure. This paper shows the importance of industrial measurement standards for corporate R&D, production and maintenance. The New Standard Code revised at the GATT Uruguay Round required the global harmonization of technical standards and conformity assessment procedures. This New Standard Code played a major role in the recognition of importance of industrial measurement standards dissemination system in Japan in the 1990s. This paper considers the establishment of industrial measurement standards dissemination system in Japan for over a period of 30 years. By doing so, we can obtain a rough pattern of evolution of the industrial measurement standards dissemination system : In the 1970s an attempt to imitate the American traceability system was made, but it proved futile. Then, in the 1980s a Japanese alternative traceability system began to take form. A full-fledged traceability system emerged only in the 1990s thanks to external pressures. This historical pattern connotes Japan's backwardness in establishing a measurement standards dissemination system.

著者

平岡 隆二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.65-77, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

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This paper discusses the content and characteristics of a hitherto unexamined manuscript Tenmongata kakitome (Astronomical Note), Isahaya City Library, Nagasaki. This anonymous and undated manuscript is a compilation of 83 short passages concerning mainly Western astronomy and geography. Although almost all the passages lack information about the sources from which they are taken, textual comparison clearly reveals that a half of them (41 passages) corresponds to the text of the Nigi ryakusetsu, a typical of Nanban astronomy books which originated from Jesuit missionary activities during the 'Christian century' in Japan (1549-1650). Moreover, the other passages contain much information relating to Rangaku (Dutch studies), such as Latin and Dutch texts with Japanese translations. Textual comparison reveals that some of them obviously correspond to those seen in the Nichigetsukei wage (Translation about the sundial and moondial) of Motoki Ryoei (1735 -1794), a famous Nagasaki interpreter of Dutch. These facts show that this compilation was completed later than the Tenmei era (1781-1788), probably around Nagasaki, by extracting and combining several texts of the two books as well as the other sources. In effect, the Tenmongata kakitome is not only a rare example which illuminates the transmission of these two books, but also provides the evidence that the two lines of circulation, i.e. those of Nanban and Rangaku astronomy, which were hitherto thought un-interrelated, certainly met each other at least later than the Tenmei era.

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.241, pp.56-61, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

今井 正浩

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.242, pp.78-90, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

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The Hippocratic treatise De Vetere Medicina (On Ancient Medicine) has been the focus of attention among classical scholars and historians of medicine. The author attacks in ch. 20 doctors and sophists who base their own medical theories and methods on philosophical anthropology taken from the contemporary natural philosophers. Many attempts have been made to elucidate, as opposed to their philosophical inquiry into human nature, the author's way of understanding it, which still remains unclear. I draw attention to the following points to make it clear that the conceptual framework of the author's medical anthropology is different from theirs. Their philosophical inquiry into human nature has its starting point in fundamental element(s), from which human beings were originally formed. The author focuses on human beings as existent in their present states, whose conditions and functions must be investigated through interrelations between them and their external factors, such as foods and drinks. A medical investigation into the interrelations will give us a scientific idea about human body, whose constituents are taken to be a large number of humors, reacting against some external factors and accordingly making us feel pain. This may presuppose that, in the author's medical anthropology, human body is conceptually demarcated as the physical or material aspect of human being, within which all physiological events depending on external factors and the humors take place. In their philosophical anthropology, however, human body doesn't seem to have been clearly conceptualized as such, because our experience of feeling pain should be judged to take place within the actions of the fundamental element(s), which must be supposed to constitute our cognitive self.

著者

兵藤 友博 蔵原 清人 高橋 智子 江沢 洋 木本 忠昭

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.241, pp.35-55, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

牧野 正久

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.241, pp.30-34, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

著者

金山 浩司

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.241, pp.25-29, 2007 (Released:2021-08-11)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.240, pp.265, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)