著者

松沢 哲郎

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.135-160, 2009 (Released:2009-07-28)

参考文献数

221

---

This paper aims to reflect the 30 years of Ai project that started in 1978. Ai project started as a sort of ape-language project. However, it was uniquely different from the previous studies in terms of the computer-interfaced system and the introduction of psychophysical measurement. The original version of Ai project may be summarized as an attempt to know the perceptual world of a nonhuman animal. It combined the psychological studies on learning and perception and utilized the language-like skill as a window through which we can access to the chimpanzee mind. This paper put the Ai project in a historical context, summed up the research results, showed the fieldwork on the wild chimpanzees, and illuminated the establishment and the perspective of a new discipline named Comparative Cognitive Science.

著者

山越 言 竹元 博幸 松沢 哲郎 杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.101-114, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

169

被引用文献数

4 4

---

This review summarizes the findings from 40 years of research on a chimpanzee group at Bossou, Guinea, conducted mainly by two research teams, one from the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and the other from Kyoto University, Japan, and reports the current conservation status of the chimpanzee group.Research in the 1960's by the Dutch team consisted of short-term, ‘testing-a-hypothesis’ type projects, which focused on the chimpanzees' agonistic behavior towards predators. They used a unique field-experiment method, with an artificial leopard, to see how the chimpanzees responded to the stimulus. The experiments revealed a variety of agonistic reactions by chimpanzees, including tool-using behavior such as throwing a branch and using a stick as a club.In 1976, the Japanese team launched a long-term project, based on recognizing each chimpanzee individually. Although diverse topics have been covered to date, a focus has been tool use. Starting with the first substantial direct observation of nut cracking by wild chimpanzees, many other types of tool use have since been described, including ant dipping, pestle pounding, and algae scooping. A series of field experiments followed that revealed many details about nut cracking by chimpanzees: hand preference, metatool, developmental process, etc. Feeding ecology is a more recent topic, and the utilization of oil palm as a ‘keystone resource' when fruit is scarce, using two types of tool, proved to have significant ecological importance. Unique social characteristics like male immigration, close between-female relationships, and females’ high reproductive performances have been brought to light and require more ecological and genetic study to understand their uniqueness comprehensively.As for the conservation status of Bossou chimpanzees, the population size has fluctuated, but has been essentially stable during the study period. The reproductive parameters appear good, but juveniles of both sexes tend to disappear for unknown reasons. The people of Bossou have a strong religious motivation for conserving small patches of forest and the chimpanzees living there, and there is good collaboration among the Bossou people, government institutions and researchers when dealing with conservation problems. Current concerns seem to be the genetic isolation from a neighboring chimpanzee population on Mt. Nimba, and crop damage caused by the chimpanzees.

著者

山越 言 森村 成樹 松沢 哲郎

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.41-41, 2016

---

<p>ギニア共和国ボッソウでは、1976年より同村周辺を生息域とするチンパンジー一群の長期継続観察が行われてきた。研究開始当初から個体数は約20個体で推移して来たが、2003年の感染症によりほぼ3/4の個体が失われた。その後も個体数は減少を続け、2016年4月現在で8個体を残すのみである。また、8個体のうち半数は老齢個体であり、近い将来、個体数がさらに半減する可能性が高い。2013年末に発生したエボラウィルス病による研究中断を挟み、2015年末から研究活動を再開したところであるが、現状においてギニア政府筋からは、個体群の「持続性」の担保をもくろみ、同国内のサンクチュアリ施設からの個体導入の検討を強く求められている。ボッソウのチンパンジー個体群の存続のために何ができるのか,という問いを真剣に検討する時期に来ているといえる。周辺群との個体の移出入の促進と近親交配回避の現状、地域個体群の遺伝子の「真正性」の維持、道具使用等の地域文化の継続性、地域住民の観光資源となっている社会的継続性の問題など、この問題に影響を与える要因は多様である。ギニア政府からの要望にどのように対処するかも含めた当面の対策として、観察者との接触頻度を抑え、過剰な人馴れを防ぐことで周辺群からの移入を促すという暫定的方針を提案する。1970年代以降、「地域絶滅」していたオナガザルが、エボラによる中断期にボッソウの森で確認されたことをひとつの希望と考えたい。</p>

著者

松沢 哲郎

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.135-160, 2009

---

This paper aims to reflect the 30 years of Ai project that started in 1978. Ai project started as a sort of ape-language project. However, it was uniquely different from the previous studies in terms of the computer-interfaced system and the introduction of psychophysical measurement. The original version of Ai project may be summarized as an attempt to know the perceptual world of a nonhuman animal. It combined the psychological studies on learning and perception and utilized the language-like skill as a window through which we can access to the chimpanzee mind. This paper put the Ai project in a historical context, summed up the research results, showed the fieldwork on the wild chimpanzees, and illuminated the establishment and the perspective of a new discipline named Comparative Cognitive Science.

著者

松沢 哲郎

出版者

渋沢栄一記念財団

雑誌

青淵 (ISSN:09123210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.808, pp.21-23, 2016-07

著者

武田 庄平 筒井 紀久子 松沢 哲郎

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.207-214, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

13

---

Sand manipulations in four captive female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were experimentally analysed. Every experimental session was done at the individual situation. Each individual was observed in the experimental booth under four 30min. conditions; with an experimenter and no object, with an experimenter and 16 objects, with an experimenter and 7 objects, and with no experimenter and 7 objects. In every conditions, 10kg. sand was mounted at the centre of floor in the booth. Comparing the amount of time of sand manipulations under each conditions, the conditions with an experimenter and objects facilitated chimpanzees to manipulate sand, although the small number of objects was more efficient. For the ultimate purpose of abstracting the intelligence of chimpanzee, we made the ethogram of sand manipulation. Each bout of sand manipulation observed was categorized into four contexts; relating with their own body and object, relating with only their own body, relating with only object, and specific manipulation. The cases of sand manipulation initiated with “scoop”, “drop”, “grasp”, “scrape”, and “touch” were the most popular for all contexts. Chimpanzees could spontaneously construct the triad relationship of sand (with objects), experimenter, and themselves. Apparent “pretend play” could not be observed in the present study, but some of nearly “pretend play” were observed. These observational evidences allowed us to speculate that chimpanzees can symbolically manipulate sand.

著者

松沢 哲郎 WATSON C.f. WATSON C.F.

出版者

京都大学

雑誌

特別研究員奨励費

巻号頁・発行日

2012

---

Within the last fiscal year I have carried out a complete experimental study investigating cultural transmission of an arbitrary gesture in Japanese macaques using the group diffusion paradigm. I also collected data regarding the observation of a Japanese macaque carrying her dead infant for an unusually long period, followed by mother-infant cannibalism. I will present the findings of both studies at an International conference, this summer, and will write them up as an original research article and an observational case study, respectively, for submission to journals. The JSPS grant has enabled me to collaborate with Japanese researchers. I plan to attempt to carry out a survey of potentially cultural behaviours across Japanese macaques in Japan.

著者

松沢 哲郎 ハムル タチアナ クープス カテリーナ ビロ ドラ 林 美里 ソウザ クローディア 水野 友有 加藤 朗野 山越 言 大橋 岳 杉山 幸丸 クールマ マカン

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.45-55, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

1 15

---

The present paper reports the death of wild chimpanzees through a flu-like epidemic at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. The community at Bossou has been studied continuously since 1976. Records from the past 28 years show that the number of chimpanzees in the Bossou community has been relatively stable, at around 20 individuals. In late November 2003, chimpanzees at Bossou began to cough. Within a month, five chimpanzees died: two very old females, one adolescent male, and two infants. The mothers of the two dead infants continued to carry the corpses, which eventually mummified. One mother used a stick to chase flies away from the dead infant's body in addition to using her hands. The transportation of infants' mummified bodies may be yet another example of cultural behavior unique to this community. A 12 year-old young mother, who lost her first offspring in this epidemic, remained with the community for two months following the death of the infant, after which she disappeared, most likely immigrating to a neighboring community. We inspected the year-by-year change of age-sex composition in the Bossou community. This revealed that the proportion of old members gradually increased while many young members immigrated. Such a gradual change in the population in addition to the epidemic suggests that this community is in serious danger. The paper also introduces our conservation efforts to attempt to save this important community: the "Green corridor project" which entails the planting of trees in the surrounding savanna in order to create a passage between Bossou and the Nimba Mountains, 4 km away. This might be a model case of connecting chimpanzee habitats that have become isolated through increasing human activity, a very common problem in West Africa.

著者

松沢 哲郎 友永 雅己 田中 正之 林 美里 森村 成樹 大橋 岳

出版者

京都大学

雑誌

特別推進研究

巻号頁・発行日

2008-06-04

---

人間の認知機能の発達をそれ以外の霊長類と比較した。進化的に最も近いチンパンジーが主な対象である。チンパンジーの子どもには人間のおとなより優れた瞬間記憶があるという新事実を見つけた。いわばチンパンジーは「いま、ここという世界」を生きているが、人間は生まれる前のことや死んだあとのことに思いをはせ、遠く離れた人に心を寄せる。人間の「想像するちから」はそれ以外の動物には見出しがたいことが明らかになった。

著者

井上 (中村)徳子 外岡 利佳子 松沢 哲郎

出版者

一般社団法人日本発達心理学会

雑誌

発達心理学研究 (ISSN:09159029)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.148-158, 1996-12-20

被引用文献数

1

---

西アフリカ, ギニアのボッソウにおいて継続研究されている野生チンパンジーの道具使用行動の形成過程について検討した。1990年から設置されている野外実験場では, おもにチンパンジーのヤシの種子割り行動に関する直接観察およびピデオカメラによる録画がおこなわれてきた。本稿では, 1992年度と1993年度におこなった2回の調査で録画したピデオテープ資料をもとに, とくにチンパンジー乳幼児6個体(0歳以上3歳未満)におけるヤシの種子割り行動の発達過程を分析した。逐次記録法により, 各個体にみられるヤシの種子割りに関連する行動すべてをリストアップし, 全部で計310の行動事例からなる行動目録を作成した。この行動目録を(1)種を扱う行動, (2)石を扱う行動, (3)種と石の両方を扱う行動, (4)他個体に関わりつつ種や石を扱う行動, (5)ヤシの種子割りをする他個体に関わる行動, という5つの行動カテゴリーに分類した。さらに各行動カテゴリー内の行動事例を, 操作の方向・段階・複雑性などに着目して, 2〜4つのサブカテゴリーに分類した。こうした行動カテゴリーないしサブカテゴリーに属する行動事例の相対頻度を年齢群ごとに比較したところ, 加齢とともに, (1) 種と石の両方を扱う行動が増加する, (2)種や石に関する2種類以上の操作を連鎖する行動が増加する, (3) 種や石を同時並行に操作する行動が増加する, (4) 他個体の扱う種や石に対して働きかける行動が増加する, (5)他個体に接触しないで観察する行動が増加する, ことなどが明らかになった。チンパンジー乳幼児がヤシの種子割り行動を形成するには, エミュレーションによって自らの試行錯誤を繰り返しながら, これらの柔件を満たすことが必要であると示唆された。